维生素的分析方法研究进展

本文对维生素的分析方法进行了综述。维生素的分析方法主有高效液相色谱、荧光分析法、紫外-可见分光光度法和流动注射化学发光分析法等。     

带色水体浊度分析方法的研究

研究了浊度与色度的相互关系,针对浊度测定中色度的干扰问题,根据多组分分光光度法测定的原理,提出了不经分离即能同时测定水中浊度和色度的新方法,经过理论推导,建立了计算方程,选择了分析测定的最佳波长.对实际水样的测定结果表明,该方法具有较高的精密度和准确度.     

硼分析技术研究进展

综述了硼的分析方法及这些方法的优缺点及其应用,提出电感耦合等离子体质谱法灵敏度高、检出限低、仪器线性动态范围宽,可对硼的同位素（10B,11B）比值和总硼进行测定,是今后测定硼的主要方法。     

锗量的分析方法进展

对多种含锗原料不同的前期预处理方式、后期锗含量分析方法及其原理以及适用的条件、范围进行了概述,包括传统方法具有的一些优势以及存在的问题。指出锗含量分析方法的难点主要在于含锗原料中极低的锗含量、成分的复杂性、干扰元素的存在。对锗含量分析方法的改进和发展方向进行了展望：1）传统方法包括一些细节上的操作需要更多的经验把握,简单、高精度、高效率、无毒害、不污染环境等是未来锗分析方法的主要发展方向;2）将不同的前处理方法与后期分析方法相结合,有时候还可以结合多种方法来进行分析,减小实验带来的误差;3）分析方法不应局限于实验室,更应推广到实际生产中;4）针对复杂含锗原料中除锗之外共存干扰元素太多的问题,一方面需要采取更合适的前处理方法将锗与共存干扰离子分离,另一方面需要提高分析方法中的元素抗干扰能力。     

汽油中硫含量的分析方法进展

综述了汽油中硫含量的分析方法,主要有燃灯法、X射线荧光光谱法、氧化微库仑法、紫外荧光法以及近年来发展迅速的利用气相色谱的各种联用技术,如气相色谱-火焰光度检测器联用(GC-FPD),气相色谱-原子发射检测器联用(GC-AED)和气相色谱-硫化学发光检测器联用(GC-SCD)等,并总结了不同分析方法的优缺点.     

臭氧分析方法的研究和进展

介绍了近年来国内外的臭氧浓度检测方法,主要包括碘量法、分光光度法、化学发光法、电化学法等方面研究的新成果.介绍了各种方法的优缺点和适用性,在具体应用时可根据实际情况和检测要求选择,或通过几种方法测定结果的比较来确定最适合的方法.     

Synthesis methods of hydroxyapatite from natural sources: A review

Synthetic HAp becomes a major concern among researchers as it poses a risk of being expensive, complex, employing a time consuming method while also producing low biological activity HAp with lack of trace elements. Considering these issues, synthesizing HAp using natural resources had become a popular alternative way in order to obtain a high-performance HAp powder due to the presence of trace elements that improve the efficiency of HAp powder. However, only a few studies have focused on the synthesis of HAp by using natural sources in a simple and cost-effective manner to produce HAp with properties comparable to synthetic HAp. Thus, this review provides in depth analysis on the diverse methods that can be used to synthesize HAp from various natural resources. This would aid in finding the best method possible in synthesizing HAp with optimum properties to meet the requirements of tissue engineering applications.     

Trypsin inhibitors in soy bean-based food: critical review of thermal destruction kinetics, and analytical methods

The possible kinetic mechanisms for thermal destruction of trypsin inhibitors (TI) are analyzed in this work, based on literature data and on the authors'data. The authors suggest that first order kinetics describes the destruction mechanism. On the other hand, it is demonstrated that temperature effects on the reaction rate constant for thermal destruction of TI can be quantified in terms of Arrhenius' equation. The kinetic data are used for illustrating thermal process optimization, maximizing microorganisms and TI destruction, and minimizing the destruction of a nutrient. The analytical methods for TI activity determination are discussed, with special emphasis on the AACC Official Method. The authors show that the original method for calculating TI activity is neither correct nor appropriate. The same can be said about several recent modifications. In order to solve this situation, the authors developed a mechanistic model, to explain the reactions occurring in the reaction mixture, when analyzing TI activity. Furthermore, it is demonstrated in this paper that the model solves the uncertainties and calculation problems found in the AACC Official Method and in its modifications. Lastly, some practical suggestions for the application of the new calculation method are proposed.     

天然产物抗氧化活性的常见评价方法

天然产物抗氧化活性的评价是天然产物研究的重要组成部分,对其在日化领域的开发应用具有显著的指导意义。本文从实验原理、实验方法等方面对天然产物抗氧化活性的常见评价方法进行综述,详细介绍了化学分析法中的自由基(ABTS自由基阳离子、DPPH自由基、超氧自由基、羟自由基)清除实验、脂质过氧化抑制实验、还原能力测定及脂质氧化抑制等评价方法;描述了以生物细胞为模型的CAA抗氧评价方法;概述了在动物体内进行的抗氧化活性评价方法及指标,为相关领域中抗氧化天然产物的研究和开发提供实验理论基础。     

Nitric oxide emissions from agricultural soils in temperate and tropical climates: sources, controls and mitigation options

Global annual NO emissions from soil are of the order of 10 Tg NO-N. This is about half the amount fossil fuel combustion processes contribute to the annual global NO_x budget. Reducing the emissions of soil derived NO_x requires an understanding of the source of the flux and the processes that determine its magnitude. A thorough investigation of possible mitigation strategies and the consequences of their implementation is also necessary. The ratio of NO and N₂O emissions from soils can be used as an indicator of the dominant NO production pathway operating. Fertilizer application (rate, type and time of application), soil temperature, soil water content and soil management practices all affect the emission rate and are reviewed. Mitigation options include reduction in N fertilizer use through an increase in fertilizer use efficiency, preferential use of NH⁴NO₃ instead of urea, improved timing of fertilizer application, the use of nitrification and urease inhibitors, improving the fertilizer uptake efficiency of crops in tropical agriculture and changes in land management. Several of the viable mitigation strategies, mainly those increasing fertilizer use efficiency, have the capacity to reduce global annual NO emissions by 4% (0.4 Tg NO-N y^-1). For other strategies including use of inhibitors, changing cultivation or land use, the possible reductions are too uncertain to justify quantification on the basis of present knowledge.     

Exosomes: Isolation,Analysis, and Applications in Cancer Detection and Therapy

Exosomes are cell-derived small extracellular vesicles that are naturally secreted by all types of cells and widely distributed in various biofluids. They carry a variety of key bioactive molecules (e.g., nucleic acids, proteins, growth factors, cytokines) from their parent cells and convey them to neighboring or even distant cells through circulation. In recent years, tumor-derived exosomes have attracted great interest from investigators because they actively participate in nearly all aspects of tumor development and facilitate both tumor growth and metastasis through exosome-mediated intercellular communication. The vesicular contents are increasingly considered potential biomarkers for tumor diagnoses and prognosis. With the progress made in isolation and analytical technologies, the functions of exosomes and their contents in tumor development are also becoming clearer. In this review article we describe the recent developments in exosome isolation techniques and analysis of exosomal contents. We also address their applications in cancer detection and therapy.     

Process analytical technology applied for end-point detection of pharmaceutical blending by combining two calibration-free methods: Simultaneously monitoring specific near-infrared peak intensity and moving block standard deviation

Here, we describe a combination approach using Two Calibration-Free Methods with reflectance near-infrared (TCFM-NIR), which involves detecting end-points for active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) blending by simultaneously monitoring specific NIR peak intensity of APIs and calculating moving block standard deviation (MBSD). After determining the specific NIR peak range of nicaldipine hydrochloride, conditions for TCFM-NIR were established by monitoring the differential intensity of the second peak (1136 nm) while MBSD was calculated from the NIR peak intensity between 1100 and 1150 nm. In comparison with the validated reference method of UV-VIS spectroscopy, which is particularly destructive, TCFM-NIR was found to be useful in detecting end-points for blending of nicaldipine hydrochloride. TCFM-NIR monitors two important factors for estimation of blend uniformity: API concentration, using specific NIR peak intensity for APIs, and blend homogeneity, using MBSD. Also, the conditions of TCFM-NIR were confirmed to be adequate by using Partial Least Square (PLS). Further, simultaneously monitoring these two blend uniformity factors is more useful in preventing estimation errors for nondestructive monitoring of blend homogeneity than monitoring only one factor, as with NIR spectroscopy.     

木材和纸浆中树脂成分的抽提分离及分析

介绍了木材和纸浆中树脂成分的抽提、分离及现代分析方法。索氏抽提、超临界流体抽提、Soxtec抽提和固相抽提法可对木材或纸浆中树脂成分进行抽提。DEAE－SePhex离子交换色谱技术可以将抽出物分离成中性组分、弱酸性组分和强酸性组分．用于抽出物分析的现代分析技术主要包括气相色谱（GC）、高效该相色谱、凝胶渗透色谱（GPC）、薄层色谱（TL）、红外光谱（IR）和核磁共振光谱（NMR）等。     

Evaluation of levels and methods of zinc application to rice in sodic soils

Field experiments were conducted in zinc-deficient sodic soil to study the effect of levels and methods of zinc fertilization on yield, concentration and uptake of zinc by rice. Zinc was incorporated in the soil at the rate of 0, 5.6, 11.2 and 22.4 kg Zn per ha as zinc sulfate; sprayed on the plants at 1% and 2% zinc sulfate solution; and roots of rice seedlings were dipped in 2% and 4% ZnO suspensions in water. Grain yield, zinc content and its uptake increased in all the experiments up to 22.4 kg Zn per ha. Soil applied zinc was significantly correlated with yield of rice (r = 0.80^**) and zinc uptake (r = 0.89^**). Zinc content in 45-day old plants gave a significantly higher correlation with grain yield (r = 0.84^**) than the zinc content of rice straw and grain at maturity. Roots of rice seedlings dipped in 2% or 4% zinc oxide suspension in water were not only comparable with soil application of Zn at 5.6 and 11.2 kg Zn per ha, but also proved to be more economical for sodic soils showing moderate zinc deficiency.     

Aging of oily soils on textile materials: A literature review

Literature covering the problems of oily soil aging on textile materials is reviewed. Difficulty of soil removal and discoloration of oily soiled fabrics were the main problems of aged oily soil reported by researchers. Yellowing of fabrics is attributed mainly to residual oily soils although there are other causes. Oxidation of unsaturated oils was suggested as the cause of problems related to aging of oily soils; thus, the autoxidation mechanisms of unsaturated lipids are an important part of this review. The effects of aging on oily soil removal are attributed to this oxidation of unsaturated oils, wicking of oils into small capillaries within the yarn structure, and possible chemical linkages of aged oils with fibers. Thus, included in this review are studies on the interactions between lipid oxidation products and proteins that suggest interaction between aged oily soils and fiber substrates.     

二安替比林甲烷及其衍生物在分析化学中的应用

对二安替比林甲烷及其衍生物在１９８０－１９９２年期间的应用作了较全面的评述。包括：试剂的类型和分析特性，试剂在分光光度法，萃取光度法，分离和富集，化学光谱法，重量法，滴定分析法，极谱分析法和色谱分析法中的应用。文献１３２篇。     

A review on pollution situation and treatment methods of tetracycline in groundwater

ABSTRACT

Tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) are widely used all over the world in recent decades. TCs are a family used as broadspectrum antibiotics and animal veterinary drugs. Among the TCs, tetracycline (TC) is the most use. Due to the rapid development of antibiotics industry, the dosage standards of TC are not yet clearly defined in most countries and regions. TC is hard to degrade in living organisms and can even be converted to more toxic substances. The overuse and wanton discharge of TC, also caused serious pollution of groundwater. This article attempts to summarize the latest knowledge on the nature, sources, pollution status, the impact on water environment toxicity of TC respectively. Meanwhile, there are many technologies to remove TC. This paper mainly included 12 kinds of degradation methods, including photodegradation, microbial removal, adsorption, electrochemical and sludge digestion. This review will provide a reference for the study of the basic properties and removal methods of TC.     

Colour in textile effluents – sources,measurement, discharge consents and simulation: a review

This paper aims to review the problem of colour in textile effluents, the different classes of dyes available and their contribution to the problem. Through new regulations, pressure is being placed on water companies all over the world to reduce the amount of colour in sewage effluent. Dyes exhibit low toxicity to mammals and aquatic organisms and therefore colour consents are normally applied for aesthetic and industrial reasons rather than for prevention of toxicity. The absorbance, ADMI values and concentrations of dyes in effluent are examined here with particular reference to reactive azo dyes used in cotton processing. Colour consents, the problem of colour in textile wastewaters and the importance for research in this area are also discussed. Dye concentrations of 0.01 g dm⁻³ up to 0.25 g dm⁻³ have been cited as being present in dyehouse effluent, depending on the dyes and processes used. ADMI values ranged from 50 to 3890 units for the dyeing of cotton. It was concluded that 1500 ADMI units was a reasonable value to aim for when simulating coloured effluents. Simulated textile effluents may be used for research purposes. These should resemble real wastes as closely as possible, but it is often difficult to replicate the ADMI values, absorbance and spectra of real effluents. The concentrations of dye used in simulated effluents examined in literature varied from 0.01 g dm⁻³ to 7 g dm⁻³. As absorbance and ADMI values change with the types of dye used, it is difficult to relate these values to dye concentrations. A concentration of 0.18 g dm⁻³ of a Red or Yellow dye or 0.43 g dm⁻³ of a blue dye would provide an ADMI of approximately 1500 units and fits within the range of dye concentrations presented in literature. A dye mixture simulating colour in a real textile effluent is suggested and some limitations of simulating actual wastewaters discussed. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry     

现代有机分析化学在食品分析及医药学分析中的应用

简要介绍了现代有机分析化学的产生、发展及应用新进展,重点综述了:(1)新型纳米材料在现代有机分析中的应用;(2)现代有机分析在医药学研究中的应用;(3)现代有机分析在食品分析及食品化学中的应用。并对现代有机分析化学的发展进行了展望。