Fuzzy model representation of thermosyphon solar water heating system

The aim of this paper is to focus on improvement in prediction accuracy of model for thermosyphon solar water heating (SWH) system. The work employs grey-box modeling approach based on fuzzy system to predict the outlet water temperature of the said system. The prediction performance results are compared with neural network technique, which has been suggested by various researchers in the last one decade. The outlet water temperature prediction by fuzzy modeling technique is analyzed by using 3 models, one with three inputs (inlet water temperature, ambient temperature, solar irradiance), next with two inputs (inlet water temperature, solar irradiance) and last one with single input (solar irradiance/inlet water temperature). An improved prediction performance is observed with three inputs fuzzy model.     

两种太阳能集热器的瞬时效率对比分析

对强制循环全玻璃真空管太阳能热水系统和强制循环热管式真空管太阳能热水系统的瞬时效率进行了对比分析,发现全玻璃真空管热水系统的效率曲线的斜率大于热管式真空管热水系统,这说明两种热水系统在运行温度相同时,热管式真空管的热损失较小,瞬时效率较高,有较好的高温特性和保温特性,并且热管式真空管太阳集热器的集热效率波动较小,能稳定在较高的水平。     

太阳能-空气复合热源热泵热水器的性能模拟与分析

介绍了一种新型太阳能—空气复合热源热泵热水装置(SAS-HPWH)。该装置通过使用独特设计的螺旋翅片蒸发管的平板型集热/蒸发器,可以在不同的天气情况下切换运行太阳能热源热泵模式、太阳能与空气双热源热泵模式和空气源热泵模式,制取生活热水。论文主要针对自行设计的一台150L的SAS-HPWH,建立系统的数学模型,并以太阳能输入比例为准则研究系统的运行模式与特性。模拟结果显示该热水器在不同天气特征情况下可高效率地制造55℃热水。论文还分析了太阳辐射、环境温度以及压缩机的容量对系统特性的影响,提出使用变频压缩机,根据不同的天气情况调节制冷剂流量,进一步提高系统的整体性能。     

An analysis of solar heating systems that use vapor-compression cycles

This paper analyzes the technical and economic performance of solar heating systems that use vapor-compression cycles, circulating a compressible fluid as the working fluid. With conventional solar heating systems that use water or as their working fluid, the collector inlet temperature is equal to that of the storage outlet temperature. Operating the system on a cold day can result in large thermal losses to the surroundings and, thus, low useful heat gains. A vapor-compression cycle may be attractive because it allows the collector inlet temperature to be lowered so that the heat gain of the collector can be increased. Such a system is simulated and a preliminary economic analysis performed. The results indicate that the vapor-compression system can collect almost 50% more solar energy than a conventional system if the collector area of the two systems are the same.     

A renewable source based hydrogen energy system for residential applications

In this study, both concentrated solar power and wind energy systems are integrated with electrolyser, fuel cell and absorption cooling subsystems to supply power, cooling, heating and hydrogen to residential applications in an environmentally benign and efficient manner. These subsystems are integrated in a unique way to manage the excess power through water electrolysis to produce and store hydrogen. Integrated systems are thermodynamically analyzed, and their performance is assessed comparatively. Solar radiation intensity, inlet temperature and wind velocity are taken into account, and hence their effects on the system performance are investigated. The results of this study show that the present system appears to be efficient, environmentally friendly and hence sustainable.     

Experimental performance analysis and optimisation of medium temperature solar thermal collectors with silicon oil as a heat transfer fluid

Heat transfer fluids (HTFs) play an essential role in solar water heating systems by transferring collected energy from the collector, perhaps via a heat exchanger to the store. If the store is at a much higher temperature than the fluid, the store acts as a heat source, whereas the fluid acts as a coolant, thus reversing the collection process. This action must be avoided through good controls. Experimental performance analysis and comparison of three different types of solar collectors; a non‐concentrating evacuated tube heat pipe and two concentrating single‐sided and double‐sided coated evacuated tube heat pipes collectors are installed and tested using Dow‐corning 550® silicon oil as an HTF under the same operating in‐door control conditions, and results are presented in this paper. The performance of these solar collectors was determined from the overall increase in inlet and outlet fluid temperatures, overall fluid temperature differential, energy collection rate, optical efficiencies, and thermal performances. Temperature differential, energy, and collection efficiency diagrams plotted against time were used to represent and compare the solar collectors. Finally, a comparative analysis of these solar collectors using either pressurised water or Dow‐corning 550 silicon oil as HTF is presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Parametric analysis and optimization of a building cooling heating power system driven by solar energy based on organic working fluid

Building cooling heating power (BCHP) systems as a kind of distributed energy resource have shown a great potential in improving energy efficiency and meeting multiple energy demands in buildings. In this paper, we present a BCHP system driven by solar energy with flat‐plate solar collectors. A modified system efficiency is introduced to evaluate the whole day performance of the system more accurately. Based on the mathematical models and simulation platform established, we have investigated the influences of some key thermodynamic parameters, namely condensation temperature, turbine inlet temperature and turbine inlet pressure on the system performance. In order to find the optimum combination of these parameters that leads to the best performance, we have performed parametric optimization by means of the genetic algorithm. Results indicate that the best performance and the highest efficiency of the system are achieved when the working fluid reaches its saturated state and the corresponding efficiencies of the system operating in the combined heating power mode, the combined cooling power mode and the power production mode turn out to be 19.10%, 27.24% and 10.47%, respectively. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Thermal advantages for solar heating systems with a glass cover with antireflection surfaces

Investigations elucidate how a glass cover with antireflection surfaces can improve the efficiency of a solar collector and the thermal performance of solar heating systems. The transmittances for two glass covers for a flat-plate solar collector were measured for different incidence angles. The two glasses are identical, except for the fact that one of them is equipped with antireflection surfaces by the company SunArc A/S. The transmittance was increased by 5–9%-points due to the antireflection surfaces. The increase depends on the incidence angle. The efficiency at incidence angles of 0° and the incidence angle modifier were measured for a flat-plate solar collector with the two cover plates. The collector efficiency was increased by 4–6%-points due to the antireflection surfaces, depending on the incidence angle. The thermal advantage with using a glass cover with antireflection surfaces was determined for different solar heating systems. Three systems were investigated: solar domestic hot water systems, solar heating systems for combined space heating demand and domestic hot water supply, and large solar heating plants. The yearly thermal performance of the systems was calculated by detailed simulation models with collectors with a normal glass cover and with a glass cover with antireflection surfaces. The calculations were carried out for different solar fractions and temperature levels of the solar heating systems. These parameters influence greatly the thermal performance associated with the antireflection surfaces.     

太阳能地板辐射系统用于夜间采暖时系统性能的实验研究

利用太阳能集热器制得低温热水作为地板辐射采暖系统的热源,是一种清洁、节能、舒适的采暖方式。在南京地区搭建了太阳能地板辐射采暖系统实验台,系统运行策略为白天集热、夜晚采暖,通过实验得到了集热器集热效率、地板进出水温度、室内不同朝向围护结构温度、不同高度的空气温度等参数,最后对系统的性能进行了概括和总结。     

Numerical analysis of an integrated storage solar heater

This work aims to evaluate the performance of an integrated phase change material (PCM) solar collector. The dynamic behavior of the system is investigated via a theoretical model based on the first law of thermodynamics and oriented to deliver a maximum outlet water temperature. A parametric study is used to assess the effects of the inlet water temperature, the PCM thicknesses and properties and the mass flow rates on the outlet water temperature and the melt fraction. A comparison with a conventional solar water heater without heat storage is made. Results indicate that charging and discharging processes of PCM offer six stages. It is observed that the complete solidification time is longer than the melting one. The latent heat storage system increases the heating requirements at night. The rise is most enhanced for higher inlet water temperature, melting PCM temperature and PCM thickness and for lower mass flow rate.     

Augmentation of solar-assisted humidification-dehumidification water desalination system using heat recovery and thermal energy storage system

In previous investigations, humidification-dehumidification (HDH) solar-assisted desalination systems were designed produce the daily fresh water during sun hours which lead to big sizes and unsteady systems. In the present study, integration of solar-assisted HDH desalination system with heat recovery and thermal energy storage unit is developed to enhance system productivity, reduces auxiliary power consumptions and system size and assure system continuous operation. The mathematical modelling based on energy and mass conservation equations is presented and solved using iterative techniques by C++ and engineering equation solver software. Detailed parametric study of the developed system is conducted for wide ranges of operating conditions and design parameters to study the effects of integrating the HDH system with solar collectors, heat recovery and thermal energy storage units on the system performance. The results revealed that (i) this integration improves system productivity and reduces operating cost, (ii) increasing air to water mass ratio and sea water temperature and decreasing ambient humidity decrease water productivity and gained output ratio (GOR) and increase operating cost parameter (OCP) and (iii) increasing air inlet temperature and sea water flow rates increase GOR and decrease OCP. Comparison with previous systems showed that the proposed system reduces the electric heating power of the system at solar noon by 37% at MR = 0.5 and gives daily fresh water productivity (123.7 kg/h) two times more than previous systems with comparable OCP (0.099 $/kg).     

Fabrication and testing of a non-glass vacuum-tube collector for solar energy utilization

An evacuated tubular solar collector was fabricated from acrylics for improved resistance to shattering. A plasmatron was employed to apply a thin gas-barrier coating to the surfaces of the plastic tube to prevent/alleviate gas infiltration. Experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of vacuum level on the performance of the non-glass vacuum-tube solar collector. Inserted in the evacuated tube was a finned heat pipe for solar energy collection and heat transfer to a water tank. Time variations of temperatures on the heat pipe surface and in the water tank were recorded and analyzed for different degrees of vacuum in the collector. The steady-state temperature of the non-glass collector was compared to that of a commercial glass vacuum-tube collector to assess the feasibility of the use of evacuated plastic tubes for solar energy collection. A simple analytical model was also developed to assist in understanding and analyzing the transient behavior and heat losses of the vacuum-tube solar collector.     

DSG太阳能槽式集热器动态特性

采用数值模拟方法,分析了以水,水蒸气为工质的DSG槽式集热器的动态流动与传热特性.首先建立了管内流体的一维多相流动与传热模型,并利用差分法对该模型进行求解,计算结果与现有文献数据吻合较好.分析了稳态条件下,集热器出口流体工质参数受太阳辐射强度、流体质量流量、人口温度和入口压力的影响规律.在动态分析中,研究了辐射强度变化所导致的出口参数变化特性.从阶跃响应和脉冲响应的分析中得出,虽然热惯性存在,但短期的辐射强度波动对出口温度仍有较大影响,但对出口压力的影响较小.辐射波动将对一次直通DSG系统出口温度产生很大波动.     

Negative buoyant plume model for solar domestic hot water tank systems incorporating a vertical inlet

Thermal stratification in solar energy storage tanks plays an important role in enhancing the performance of solar domestic hot water systems. The mixing that occurs when hot fluid from the solar collector enters the top of the tank is detrimental to the stratification. Mathematical models that are used for system analysis must therefore be able to capture the effects of this inlet jet mixing in order to accurately predict system performance. This paper presents a computational study of the heat transfer and fluid flow in a thermal storage tank of a solar domestic hot water system with a vertical inlet under negative buoyant plume conditions. The effects of parameters such as the fluid inlet velocity and temperature as well as inlet pipe diameter on the thermal mixing were considered. The work culminated in the development of a one-dimensional empirical model capable of predicting the transient axial temperature distribution inside the thermal storage tank. Predictions from the new model were in good agreement with both experimental data and detailed computational fluid dynamics predictions.     

基于相变储能的太阳能空气源热泵系统的研究

针对由天气变化导致太阳能利用不稳定和寒冷地区热泵性能低的问题,文章介绍了一种基于相变储能的太阳能空气源热泵系统,该系统能够根据气象情况灵活切换4种供暖模式,大大减少了系统耗电量。文章通过独特设计的储能冷凝器,不仅可以调节太阳能空气源热泵系统能量分配,改善太阳能空气源热泵系统制热量和建筑热负荷之间不平衡的供需关系、提高太阳能利用率,还可以提高空气源热泵低温性能,快速恢复供暖,从而实现提高太阳能空气源热泵系统整体性能的目的。文章以石家庄农村某户为研究对象进行研究,研究结果表明,太阳能空气源热泵系统供暖效果较好,太阳能空气源热泵系统COP最大值为5.19,节能环保效益十分明显。     

Study on a compact silica gel–water adsorption chiller without vacuum valves: Design and experimental study

A compact silica gel–water adsorption chiller without vacuum valves was manufactured and experimentally studied. This chiller contains two adsorption/desorption chambers and one chilled water tank. Each adsorption/desorption chamber consists of one adsorber, one condenser and one evaporator. The chilled water tank is adopted to mitigate the variation of the chilled water outlet temperature. A mass recovery-like process, which is a heat recovery process between the two evaporators, was carried out in this chiller. A novel heat recovery process was also fulfilled after the mass recovery-like process to improve the coefficient of performance (COP). The cooling power and COP were 9.60 kW and 0.49 respectively when the average hot water inlet temperature, cooling water inlet temperature, and chilled water outlet temperature were 82.0, 31.6 and 12.3 °C, respectively.     

中深层地热地埋管实际运行影响因素研究

为研究中深层地热地埋管运行的影响因素,分析西咸新区中深层地热地埋管供暖系统的长期运行结果,并结合关中地区地质数据,建立深度为2510 m的中深层地埋管换热器全尺寸模型,采用数值模拟法研究实际岩层分布下地埋管的运行、结构和材料因素对其取热能力的影响。结果表明,西咸新区某项目1号地埋管和2号地埋管两个地埋管,其平均取热功率均在310 kW以上,具有优良的取热能力。地埋管进水温度随季节变化明显,并引起用户侧负荷及热泵回水温度的波动。在结构方面,随内管径由63 mm增至125 mm,平均出口水温和换热功率分别降低1.9%和4.8%,但内管径过小将影响内管运行的安全性,综合安全和换热两方面因素,最佳内管径应选取ϕ110 × 10mm规格;随外管径由168.3 mm增至244.5 mm,平均出口水温和换热功率分别增加3.5%和9%,综合成本和换热两方面因素,最佳外管径应选取ϕ 177.8 × 19 mm规格;在运行方面,地埋管出口水温随着流量的增加而减小,换热功率随着流量增加而增加;出口水温随着进水温度的升高而上升,换热功率也随之减小。在材料方面,减小内管导热系数和增加固井材料导热系数均能增加地埋管出口水温和换热功率,考虑换热功率变化和成本因素,在工程中导热系数为0.42 W/（m∙K）的内管和导热系数为3 W/（m∙K）左右的固井材料。     

Optimization of the heat exchanger in a flat plate indirect heating integrated collector storage solar water heating system

Due to the environmental impact of energy usage, consumers need to be encouraged to use renewable energy sources such as solar energy. The indirect heating flat plate integrated collector storage solar water heating system is one of the compact systems for domestic water heating. It incorporates the collection of a solar energy component and a hot water storage component in one unit. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of different parameters on the thermal performance of this system with the aim of reducing both the initial and the running costs. The outlet service water temperature was used as a measure of performance, because it is an indicator of the energy acquired from the solar radiation. The continuity, momentum and energy equations of the fluids involved in the system were numerically solved in a steady state condition, using FLUENT software. Three-D CFD models were developed and validated using previous experimental results. A standard k–ω turbulent model was used in the optimization of the heat exchanger because it produced good agreement with the experimental results. The surface-to-surface radiation model was included. The effect of single and double row heat exchangers with different lengths was investigated. Circular and elliptic cross-section pipes were also examined. Mass flow rates of 500 and 650 L/h were chosen. The results showed that the single row HX of 10.8 m length for both the elliptical and type B tube gave high service water outlet temperature (acceptable for heat exchanger design) and with low pumping power. This resulted in an increase in the thermal efficiency and a significant reduction in both the initial and the operating costs of the system.     

渐缩型混合室引射式低压加热器加热性能实验研究

提出了一种渐缩型混合室结构的引射式低压加热器,用实验方法研究该加热器低进汽压力下的加热性能,分析了加热器入口参数对引射系数、出口温度和加热效率的影响。结果表明:在一定蒸汽压力下入水压力越高,引射系数越小;进水温度20℃下加热器出口温升达到或超过60℃;加热效率达到90%;加热器对入口参数的变化有良好的适应性,基本消除运行中高压入水进入低压蒸汽管道的危险,该装置可望在热力发电厂低压加热系统中得到应用。     

槽式太阳能集热器热性能实验测试

针对天津市槽式太阳能集热系统性能测试平台,对不同太阳辐射强度、入口流体温度以及不同工质流量状况下集热效率和集热管压降变化规律进行实验测试,通过测试数据对槽式太阳能集热器热性能进行分析.试验结果表明:在天津地区槽式太阳能集热器集热效率可以达到66.1％;太阳辐射强度的增强,会提高集热效率,并且集热器进出口的压降会随之降低...