Thermoplastic films from plant proteins

Films developed by thermoprocessing of plant proteins have better mechanical properties and are relatively inexpensive and environmentally friendly compared to casting films from solutions. Common plant proteins such as soyproteins, wheat gluten, and corn zein and proteins from lesser grown cereal crops such as peanut, barley, sunflower, and sorghum have all been injection or compression molded into films. Since plant proteins are non‐thermoplastic, it is necessary to chemically or physically modify the proteins and make them thermoplastic. Extensive studies on the addition of plasticizers, pre‐treatment of proteins with alkali, steam, chemical modifications such as acetylation and blending of the proteins with other biopolymers and synthetic polymers have been done to modify proteins and develop thermoplastics. Despite the extensive work, thermoplastic films obtained from plant proteins do not have the properties that can meet or exceed properties of films made from synthetic polymers. Poor water stability and brittleness are the two major limitations of plant protein films. This review presents an overview of the methods and processing conditions used to develop thermoplastic films from plant proteins and the properties of the films. A critical assessment of approaches that have been used so far, limitations of these approaches and potential considerations for future studies to overcome the current limitations have been discussed. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 729‐738, 2013     

Epoxy oils from plant seeds

Epoxy acids have been reported in seed oils from more than 60 species in 12 plant families. The discovery of 9,10-epoxyoctadec-12-ynoic and 9,10-epoxy-trans-3,cis-12-octadecadienoic acids brings to six the number of natural epoxy acids now known to occur in seed oils. These latest epoxy acids and 15,16-epoxy-cis-9,cis-12-octadecadienoic acid have been found in only one species each and at levels lower than 5% of the oil. Coronaric (9,10-epoxy-cis-12-octadecenoic) acid and 9,10-epoxystearic acid have been encountered in several seed oils, the first as much as 15% of the oil and the latter in only small amounts. Vernolic (12,13-epoxy-cis-9-octadecenoic) acid, which has been identified in numerous oils, is the only epoxy acid known to occur in seed oils at levels above 15%, and it may constitute as much as 75%. On the basis of data available to date,Vernonia anthelmintica appears to have the best potential for commercial production of an epoxy oil. Although one improved line has been selected, continued improvement is needed. Formation of epoxy acids in oilseeds during storage after harvest has been demonstrated, and may be partly responsible for the small amounts of epoxide detected in oils from a wide variety of seeds. Presented at the AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, April 1970. No. Utiliz. Res. Dev. Div., ARS, USDA.     

Volatile seed germination inhibitors from plant residues

Volatile emissions from residues of the winter cover legumes, Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.), hairy vetch [Vicia hirsuta (L.) S.F. Gray], and crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), inhibited germination and seedling development of onion, carrot, and tomato. Using GC-MS, 31 C₂-C₁₀ hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, furans, and monoterpenes were identified in these residue emission mixtures. Mixtures of similar compounds were found in the volatiles released by herbicide-treated aerial and root residues of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) and the late-season woody stems and roots of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Vapor-phase onion, carrot, and tomato seed germination bioassays were used to determine the time- and concentration-dependent inhibition potential of 33 compounds that were either identified in the plant residue emissions or were structurally similar to identified compounds. Cumulative results of the bioassays showed that (E)-2-hexenal was the most inhibitory volatile tested, followed by nonanal, 3-methylbutanal, and ethyl 2-methylbutyrate. All the volatile mixtures examined contained at least one compound that greatly inhibited seed germination.Mention of a commercial or proprietary product does not constitute an endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture.     

磷铵系统污水的利用

通过对磷铵系统生产用水、排放污水的平衡计算 ,将磷铵系统的污水用于湿法磷酸生产 ,实现了污水零排放 ,降低了水耗 ;并对污水治理过程中出现的问题进行分析 ,对污水的利用提出处理意见     

日本化妆品技术者会(SCCJ)研讨会论文植物来源的羊毛脂类似脂质的开发

1.绪言 羊毛脂具有优异的皮肤感觉、亲水性,并赋皮肤和毛发予光泽.所以长期来,大量用于配制化妆品,也是外用软膏类产品基剂.动物来源的羊毛脂因色泽、气味和氧化稳定性差而给应用带来了很大的不便.从这些羊毛脂的特性来看,其组成非常特别:多种脂肪醇与脂肪酸共存;存在有支链的化学结构:分子量大(平均分子量为700～800).在醇类中甾醇含量较多.     

Preparation of fuel briquettes from plant biomass

The applicability of fallen leaves as a raw material for the production of solid briquette fuel was assessed. In the course of a laboratory study performed with the use of the raw material gathered within the city of Novosibirsk, test samples were obtained and their properties were characterized. A conclusion on the applicability of the new form of solid biofuel was made.     

磷铵装置污水的综合利用

陕西华山化工集团有限公司对磷酸、磷酸二铵、磷酸一铵装置污水进行了综合利用的技改,介绍装置污水来源及组成,采取清水循环利用、轻度污水与重度污水分别回收利用的技改方案。技改后3个装置污水实现了零排放,每年可回收NH4 -N和P2O5约480 t,节约水30万t,合计价值150万元,投资仅100多万元。     

Nitrogen leaching and plant uptake from controlled-release fertilizers

Controlled-release N fertilizers are commonly used in the production of container-grown ornamental crops, yet the relative effects of various nutrient sources on N leaching are not well known. A 27-week experiment was conducted to evaluate N leaching loss and plant growth following two applications of six controlled-release N fertilizers and one soluble N fertilizer to container-grownEuonymus patens Rehd. The controlled-release fertilizers evaluated were (noncoated) isobutylidene diurea, oxamide, urea formaldehyde, and (coated) Osmocote, Prokote Plus, and sulfur-coated urea. Of the fertilizers tested, the coated fertilizers generally out-performed the noncoated fertilizers in reducing N leaching losses, stimulating plant growth, and increasing tissue N concentrations. Low N concentrations in the leachate of some treatments indicated efficient nutrient use by the plant. In other treatments, low N concentrations in the leachate merely reflected incomplete N release from the fertilizer. A daily application of NH₄NO₃ resulted in a constant rate of N loss but was not the most effective in promoting growth. Plant growth, tissue N concentrations, and N leaching losses were all increased by doubling the fertilizer application rate from 1 kg N m^–3 to 2 kg N m^–3.     

磷肥装置含氟气体的利用

探讨回收利用磷肥装置逸散的含氟气体的意义 ,介绍回收的含氟气体可生产的各种氟化学品品种 ,分析我国含氟气体回收利用较差的原因并提出建议     

Analysis of hydroxylated fatty acids from plant oils

A novel process has been described recently for the preparation of hydroxylated fatty acids (HOFA) and HOFA methyl esters from plant oils. HOFA methyl esters prepared from conventional and alternative plant oils were characterized by various chromatographic methods (thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as well as¹H and¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. HOFA methyl esters obtained fromEuphorbia lathyris seed oil, low-erucic acid rapeseed oil, and sunflower oil contain as major constituents methylthreo-9,10-dihydroxy octadecanoate (derived from oleic acid) and methyl dihydroxy tetrahydrofuran octadecanoates, e.g., methyl 9,12-dihydroxy-10,13-epoxy octadecanoates and methyl 10,13-dihydroxy-9,12-epoxy octadecanoates (derived from linoleic acid). Other constituents detected in the products include methyl esters of saturated fatty acids (not epoxidized/derivatized) and traces of methyl esters of epoxy fatty acids (not hydrolyzed). The products that contain high levels of monomeric HOFA may find wide application in a variety of technical products.     

复肥污水治理

我公司复肥厂有一污水处理站,由于原设计对硫酸生产过程中所排污水的处理方案不尽合理,加之对治污的长远意义认识不足,使所排污水达不到排放标准,人工劳动量大,沉淀后的污泥无法回收而排入石堤河,造成了石堤河的二次污染。随着环保意识的深入,复肥污染问题引起了各级领导的关注,华山化工集团公司领导决心在企业经费十分紧张的情况下,对复肥厂污水彻底治理,使石堤河清澈如前。复肥厂的污染源主要为：(1)硫酸车间硫酸脱气塔、增湿器所排污水,排放量15 m３／h,污染物为悬浮物(铁粉)、铁离子;(2)磷酸车间因冲盘水过剩引起的排污水…     

湿法磷酸生产污水治理

我公司磷酸生产装置 2 0 0 0年 5月建成投产 ,磷酸生产应用 Jacobs Dorrco二水法工艺 ,采用同心圆多桨单槽反应器、转台式过滤机、低位闪蒸冷却和强制循环真空浓缩系统。主产品为商品级 5 2 % P2 O5磷酸 ,副产品为 2 2 %氟硅酸和磷石膏 ,生产规模为80～ 90 kt/a商品级 5 2 % P2 O5磷酸。湿法磷酸生产通常免不了酸性污水排放 ,污水主要来源于 :过滤机滤布冲洗水、循环冷却水的排放水、尾气洗涤水、设备管道和地坪冲洗水。在磷酸污水治理方面 ,本装置遵循“由清到浊 ,由冷到热 ,多次利用 ,自身消化”的原则 ,采取了 3项措施 ,保证了磷酸生…     

Mechanical behaviour of reaction processed SiC ceramics from artificial precursor from plant

Mechanical behaviour of SiC ceramics synthesized from two artificial precursors from plants – coir fibreboard and bamboo pulp fibreboard – was studied and the mechanical properties – flexural strength, Young's modulus, fracture toughness and hardness – of the ceramics synthesized from the two kinds of artificial precursors were compared. The effect of processing of the artificial precursors, as reflected in the microstructure of the ceramics synthesized from them, was taken into consideration in the analysis of the mechanical property data; these data could also be possible to be explained by the empirical models of fracture mechanics. The results of the study established the possibility of application of the investigated SiC materials as structural ceramics.     

火力发电厂燃煤飞灰润湿性能

化学团聚是控制燃煤电厂细微颗粒排放最有效的方法之一。颗粒物被团聚剂润湿是化学团聚的首要步骤。以小龙潭电厂燃煤飞灰为对象,采用激光粒度仪研究了燃煤飞灰在十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)和Triton X 100(TX100)三种润湿剂溶液中的润湿性能,考察了润湿剂浓度、温度对燃煤飞灰润湿性能的影响。结果表明：水仅能将飞灰颗粒中的PM^₁₀+部分全部润湿,0.25%的SDS溶液中PM_2.5⁺可全部润湿,1%的SDS及0.4%的SDBS溶液中PM₁⁺可全部润湿;TX100溶液在低浓度条件下具有较强的润湿飞灰颗粒的能力,且0.1%的TX100溶液对细微颗粒的润湿性能较好;温度从20℃上升到60℃,润湿剂溶液表面张力降低,飞灰的润湿性能增强。鉴于飞灰在三种润湿剂中良好的润湿性能,三种润湿剂均可作为团聚剂组分以促进燃煤飞灰中的细微颗粒润湿进而被团聚成为容易脱除的大颗粒。     

利用过剩芳烃生产乙烯原料

介绍了对西欧未来几年芳烃资源的分析预测，以及目前芳烃资源的化工用途。指出为满足环保要求，将来必须抽出汽油中的部分芳烃。从而导致芳烃资源的过剩；并介绍了利用此过剩的芳烃进一步生产优质乙烯原料的两种方法。     

Stable free radical from plant litter decomposing in water

The presence of a stable radical species in both fresh straw and that which had been submerged in aerated water for up to six months has been demonstrated using electron paramagnetic (spin) resonance (EPR or ESR) spectroscopy. A radical signal was associated also with material shown to contain straw lignin markers, which was leached from the rotting straw into surrounding water. Fresh straw treated with strong alkali to remove phenolics did not show a radical signal. The possible effect of a dissolved stable free radical is discussed in relation to the antagonistic effect of rotting straw on algal and cyanobacterial growth in water to which straw has been added as a nuisance algal control agent.     

硝酸磷肥装置含肥洗水的回收

分析天脊集团硝酸磷肥装置干线部分洗水原回收方式中存在的问题 ,介绍新增洗水浓缩系统的工艺流程与设备参数。洗水浓缩系统投运后 ,回收硝酸磷肥约 5 0 0 0 t/ a,可产生经济效益 2 0 0万元 /年