针铁矿促进剩余污泥厌氧消化中的脱氮除碳

剩余污泥厌氧消化因其较低的能源转化率使其发展有所受限,且污泥中高浓度有机质也会影响脱氮效果。理论上,在含铁(Ⅲ)（氢）氧化物的厌氧消化系统中,微生物能通过异化铁还原去除有机物和氨氮（Feammox）,但两者同步去除还有待验证。因此本研究通过向污泥厌氧消化系统中添加针铁矿,探究铁(Ⅲ)（氢）氧化物对同步脱氮除碳的影响。结果显示,随着针铁矿添加量的增加,反应器中有机物浓度逐渐减少。当添加50mmol/L针铁矿时,甲烷累积产量达到695.1mL,相较于没有添加针铁矿的厌氧系统提升了30.3%;TS/VS去除率也提升了21.1%/33.8%,说明针铁矿可有效促进污泥减量化。添加针铁矿的反应器中总氮去除率也有一定提升,当针铁矿添加50mmol/L时,去除率达到21.0%。以上结果表明,添加针铁矿可以在污泥厌氧消化中起到同时脱氮除碳的效果。     

猪粪废水的厌氧处理工艺研究进展

介绍了近几年国内外厌氧工艺处理猪粪废水的研究,详述了猪粪废水的厌氧发酵特性,对比了各种厌氧技术对猪粪废水的处理效果和经济效益,总结了猪粪的厌氧处理工艺中应当关注的因素和运行条件,对该领域的研究前景进行了展望,提出应当加强新型高效反应器与创新耦合厌氧工艺的研究与应用。     

Effect of sonolysis on waste activated sludge solubilisation and anaerobic biodegradability

Activated sludge processes are key technologies in wastewater treatment. These biological processes produce huge amounts of waste activated sludge (WAS) or otherwise biosolids. Mechanical, thermal, and/or chemical WAS conditioning techniques have been proposed to reduce the sludge burden. Among the WAS treatments, the pre-treatment with ultrasound (US) is one of the most innovative processes. In many anaerobic digestion processes for the treatment of the sludge produced in wastewater treatment plants, the hydrolysis of the organic matter has been identified as the rate limiting step.This study is focused on the effect of US pre-treatment of WAS to the anaerobic digestion. Particle size reduction, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) solubilization and biodegradability by anaerobic digestion were monitored in order to find the optimal dose in US pre-treatment.The results show the better sonolysis conditions (US density, sonication time, specific energy) which can significantly improve the COD solubilisation and the anaerobic biodegradability.     

Simultaneous removal of carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater by coupling two-step anaerobic digestion with a sequencing batch reactor

The objective of this study was to develop an integrated process for simultaneous removal of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus from industrial wastewaters. The process consisted of a-two step anaerobic digestion reactor, for carbon removal, coupled with a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) for nutrient removal. In the proposed process, carbon is eliminated into biogas by anaerobic digestion: acidogenesis and methanogenesis. The volatile fatty acids (VFA) produced during the first step of anaerobic digestion can be used as electron donors for both dephosphatation and denitrification. In the third reactor (SBR) dephosphatation and nitrification are induced through the application of an anaerobic–aerobic cycle. This paper describes the first trials and experiments on the SBR and a period of 210 days during which the SBR was connected to the acidogenic and methanogenic reactors. It was shown that nitrification of ammonia took place in the SBR reactor, during the aerobic phase. Furthermore, denitrification and VFA production were achieved together in the acidogenic reactor, when the efflux of nitrates from the SBR reactor was added to the first reactor influx. The proposed process was fed with a synthetic industrial wastewater, the composition of which was: total organic carbon (TOC)=2200 mg dm⁻³, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN)=86 mg dm⁻³, phosphorus under phosphate form (P-PO₄)=20 mg dm⁻³. In these conditions, removals of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus were 98%, 78% and 95% respectively. The results show that the combination of the two-step anaerobic digestion reactor and an SBR reactor is effective for simultaneous carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus removal. Reactor arrangements enabled zones of bacterial populations to exist. Complete denitrification occurred in the acidogenic reactor and hence the anaerobic activity was not reduced or inhibited by the presence of nitrate, thus allowing high TOC removal. Stable phosphorus release and phosphorus uptake took place in the SBR after coupling of the three reactors. A fast-settling compact sludge was generated in the SBR with the operational conditions applied, thus giving good separation of supernatant fluid. The benefits from this process are the saving of (i) an external carbon source for denitrification and phosphorus removal, (ii) a reactor for the denitrification step. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry     

污泥预处理-厌氧消化体系的能源经济性评价

在污泥的厌氧消化中，降低过程能耗与提高甲烷产量是实现污水处理系统“碳中和”的主要思路之一。热、化学、机械预处理是打破厌氧消化限速水解的有效手段，主要着眼于甲烷增产以形成更多的“碳补偿”。但从热力学角度，预处理是通过消耗电能、热能、化学能使有机物大量溶解，从而获得更多生物质能的过程，其本身作为一种能量输入形式增加了厌氧消化的能耗。以往的研究通常以污泥液相中有机物溶出、固相中有机物去除以及甲烷产量作为厌氧消化性能的评价指标，难以客观评估各类厌氧消化预处理的实际效益。本文从能源转换的角度出发，综述了各类污泥预处理方法的作用机理及对厌氧消化的抑制因子等方面的研究进展，对比了典型的热预处理、碱预处理、超声预处理及其联合处理分别在甲烷产量、净能量和净利润等指标上的研究结果，并在污泥厌氧消化效率评价基础上分析了上述预处理方法在能源和经济层面的可行性，为预处理方法和预处理条件的选择提供多维度依据。     

气质联机-气相色谱仪测定UASB处理猪废水中挥发性脂肪酸

挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）是厌氧消化过程中主要的中间产物,是判断厌氧降解阶段的主要指标.本实验采用一种新型测定方法,一方面利用气质联机仪定性分析养猪废水中有机物的组分并准确定位各组分的保留时间,与标样在气相色谱仪中挥发性脂肪酸保留时间比较,有效避免了因废水中有机物与挥发性脂肪酸保留时间相近而带来的误差；另一方面气质联机仪测定出废水中的有机物成分,根据其链式结构采用顶空法直接使水样进入气相色谱仪中,减少了水样复杂的前处理过程,缩短了检测时间.     

Dry anaerobic batch digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste

Anaerobic digestion at high solid concentrations (dry anaerobic digestion) is an attractive method for the stabilization of solid organic wastes. A new concept for dry anaerobic batch digestion (BIOCEL) of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste is presented. The start up of a BIOCEL reactor was studied with several methods of process set up and operation. Dry anaerobic digestion of the pure undiluted organic fraction obtained from a shredding/separation process was not accelerated by partial spatial separation of substrate and methanogenic inoculum (granular sludge) or leachate recycle, or both. With these three methods after 30 days the high organic acids concentration and low pH in the reactor indicated a sour reactor, unable to establish significant methane production. When the organic fraction was digested in combination with compost addition (40% (w/w) of the initial solids) and leachate recycle, the stabilization rate increased significantly. Leachate recycling in combination with partial spatial separation of the substrate/compost mixture and the inoculum showed the shortest lag phase in the methane production and the shortest digestion time. When the digested residue of a completed digestion was applied as the methanogenic inoculum (40% (w/w) of the initial total solids) the digestion time was slightly shorter. It is concluded that dilution with compost had a positive effect on the start up of the dry anaerobic digestion and compensated for a suboptimal amount of initial methanogenic biomass. During the start up of dry anaerobic batch digestion of municipal solid waste the rapid recovery of methane formation from an initial overloading was observed and was found to be the result of a population shift in the methanogenic biomass and the existence of zones in the reactor with more optimal conditions (higher p H, lower organic acids concentration). The observed digestion time was 36 days. Recommendations are given to shorten the period needed, for complete digestion.     

城市污水自养脱氮系统中有机物与磷的回收

厌氧氨氧化的发现使开发低能耗城市污水处理技术成为可能,可通过生物吸附实现污水能源与资源的回收。强化除磷系统污泥龄(SRT)仅为2 d,系统抗冲击性强,污泥沉降性良好,污泥体积指数(SVI)低于50,可为自养脱氮系统提供稳定的进水,但系统污泥碳含量仅为37%。将反应器内好氧水力停留时间(HRT)降至 40 min后,实现有机物去除序批式反应器(SBR)的稳定运行,厌氧段COD去除率占总COD去除率的93.8%,这表明系统对有机物的去除主要为生物吸附作用,同时污泥碳含量提升至48%。由于异养菌对有机物的消耗利用与除磷菌的吸磷过程同时进行,若试验废水C/P比较低,可降低系统水力停留时间、提升碳的回收率并辅助少量的化学除磷手段,对系统厌氧搅拌时间、曝气时间及污泥龄进行优化,从而实现C与P的高效回收。     

厌氧生物处理低浓度污水研究进展

厌氧生物处理技术具有节能降耗及回收资源的优点,但在处理低浓度污水（COD<1000mg/L）时,污泥活性较差、处理效率偏低等问题使其应用受到严重限制。为促进厌氧生物处理低浓度污水技术的发展,本文在介绍微生物间电子传递类型和厌氧功能菌的基础上,阐明厌氧生物处理的作用机理;随后基于厌氧消化原理,探讨了温度、pH、挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）和氨氮等因素对厌氧生物处理的影响;接着从厌氧膜生物反应器、厌氧微生物活性及直接种间电子传递三个层面出发,对强化低浓度污水厌氧生物处理的方法进行归纳总结;最后从“耐饥饿”菌种的筛选和微生物活性强化途径角度展望了厌氧生物处理低浓度污水的发展趋势和研究方向,旨在为推广厌氧生物处理低浓度污水、加快污水中有机物的资源化利用提供参考。     

湿垃圾组分对厌氧消化抑制作用的研究进展

随着人民生活水平的提高以及垃圾分类工作的开展,我国湿垃圾产量预计将进一步增大,这对湿垃圾的处理处置形成新的挑战。厌氧消化可以实现湿垃圾的资源利用,是目前主流的处理工艺,但湿垃圾组分理化特性可能会对其厌氧消化产生抑制作用。通过文献调研,本文总结了国内外湿垃圾的理化特性,发现不同地区湿垃圾的组分差异较大,并且湿垃圾具有高易腐有机物、高蛋白、高油脂、高盐分、高粗纤维等特性,这会使厌氧消化系统容易产生酸化、氨抑制、反应速率慢等问题。在此基础上,针对湿垃圾组分特性带来的抑制问题,本文提出了共消化、投加添加剂、去除抑制因子和选用合适的工艺形式等优化缓解方法,最后对未来的研究方向提出了展望,以期为湿垃圾资源化提供参考。     

餐厨垃圾厌氧消化技术研究进展

综合评述了厌氧消化技术研究进展。从脂肪及离子含量、温度、固含率及稀释率、接种物和接种量等方面对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化技术进行了介绍。     

基于资源和能源回收的城市污水可持续处理技术研究进展

在全球可持续发展的背景下,传统的污水处理模式由于未考虑到废水中资源和能源的回收利用而日显弊端,而视污水为资源和能源载体的可持续水处理技术逐渐引起人们的重视。从污水现有处理技术存在的问题出发,立足于资源化和能源化的理念,论述了基于废水碳源回收的厌氧消化产甲烷、厌氧发酵制氢、基于生物电化学原理的水处理新模式及微藻能源的水/烟气联合处理技术,以及基于氮源低能耗处理的短程硝化反硝化、厌氧氨氧化和同步硝化反硝技术,基于废水磷源回收的P-RoC、MBR、REM-NUT及纳米工艺技术,和基于废水回用的深度处理技术,并介绍了其最新的研发进展,提出了城市污水可持续处理技术的研究和发展方向。     

中温和高温厌氧消化的比较

厌氧消化目前已广泛应用于市政污泥、有机废水、城市有机垃圾、养殖粪便等有机废弃物的资源化处理,由于其具有在实现有机废弃物处理的同时产生甲烷燃料,剩余物还可以作为肥料使用的优点,全球各地已建立了许多大规模的厌氧消化工厂。温度是影响厌氧消化的重要因素,中温和高温厌氧消化是目前常采用的两种工艺,二者各有优劣,但是我国存在对高温厌氧消化的重视程度远远不及中温厌氧消化的问题。因此,本文首先对中温和高温厌氧消化及比较两种工艺的中英文文献进行了统计分析,然后重点从运行参数、有机物降解率、系统稳定性、产沼气性能、消化污泥特性（包括脱水性能、起泡潜力和病原菌含量）和微生物特性等运行性能、厌氧消化模型、经济效益和应用现状等方面对中温和高温厌氧消化进行了详细的比较,并对厌氧消化的应用和发展提出了建议。     

沂沭河底泥中污染物空间分布特征及评价

测定沂沭河底泥的有机质(OM)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)及有效磷含量,分析了污染物之间的相关性,评价了沂沭河底泥的污染状况.结果表明:沂沭河流域表层沉积物中TN、TP分布特性相似,沂河中OM含量远低于沭河,OM、TN、TP分布的空间差异较大.有效磷含量约占TP含量的17.7％,表明农田及人类活动对流域水环境造成了一定...     

Evaluation of relationship between biogas production and microbial communities in anaerobic co-digestion

Anaerobic co-digestion (ACD) has been used to treat various organic wastes because nutrient balance in the feed can be improved by mixing different organics. Until now, the correlation between characteristics of feedstocks and biogas production by ACD has been studied mainly in terms of biochemical methane potential. It has been rarely tried to understand the co-digestion process in terms of microbial community development. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of batch anaerobic digestion (AD) reactors fed with activated sludge (AS), swine slurry (SS) and food waste (FW) individually or in a mixture of the three wastes (FW: SS : AS=1 : 3 : 2). The AD reactors fed with the mixture showed better performance than those fed with a single substrate. Microbial communities of the batch AD reactors fed with a single substrate or the mixture were analyzed and the result was related to the performance of the AD reactors.     

水热预处理对剩余污泥有机物释放的影响

针对剩余污泥中有机能源利用率低的问题,研究了水热预处理对剩余污泥有机物释放及污泥厌氧消化过程中累积产气量的影响。结果表明:水热处理是一种有效的污泥预处理方法,当水热温度为200℃、水热时间为1 h时,污泥减量度达76.56%,污泥SCOD为原泥的34倍,大大减少了污泥固相有机物含量。经水热处理后,污泥厌氧消化最大产气量为2 950 m L,较原泥提高了69%;厌氧消化后,水热预处理污泥SCOD减少量为原泥的30倍。     

微波预处理剩余污泥的研究进展

介绍了微波预处理污泥的作用机理及作用过程,包括污泥絮体破解、污泥细胞破碎及有机物的释放、有机物水解、美拉德反应等,总结了微波预处理污泥的作用效果（物理特性、化学特性、生物特性）、影响微波预处理效果的因素（污泥特性、处理条件）和微波预处理污泥对其后续厌氧消化的影响。指出了目前研究中存在的主要问题是试验规模偏小,预处理方式为间歇处理,在对污泥中有毒有害有机物和病原微生物的去除研究方面还需加强。提出今后应重点开展微波组合工艺对污泥中有毒有害有机物和病原微生物去除的基础研究,同时积极开发相关设备,开展微波预处理污泥的连续和中试研究,推动微波技术在污泥资源化、减量化和无害化处理中的应用。     

A novel combination of methane fermentation and MBR — Kubota Submerged Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor process

Methane fermentation is considered one of the best placed biological processes to reduce volume of organic waste while keeping small sludge production and recovering energy. One of the disadvantages of early anaerobic digestion technologies was the long hydraulic retention time thus large capacity tanks were required to hold slow growing methanogenic bacteria. New technological attempts such as upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB), fixed or fluidised bed and membrane bioreactor (MBR) appeared as countermeasures.Kubota’s submerged anaerobic membrane biological reactor (KSAMBR) process has been developed in the last decade and successfully applied in a number of full-scale food and beverage industries. It consists of a solubilization tank and a thermophilic digestion tank, the latter incorporating submerged membranes. The biogas generated can be utilized for water heating via boilers. Both permeate and waste anaerobic sludge are further treated in wastewater treatment facilities.One of the main advantages of KSAMBR is that membranes retain the methanogenic bacteria while dissolved methane fermentation inhibitors such as ammonia are filtered out with the permeate. This makes the KSAMBR process very stable. Furthermore, the digester volumes can be scaled down to 1/3 to 1/5 of the conventional digesters provided that biomass is 3 to 5 times as concentrated.Applications include stillage treatment plants for Shouchu (Japanese spirits made from sweet potato, rice or other grains), potato processing sites, sludge liquor and food factory treatment plants.In summary, it is believed that KSAMBR offers the best possible solution combining the benefits of methane fermentation process with the performance of membrane technology. More details will be presented in the proceedings paper and in the presentation.     

城市污水有机物回收——捕获技术研究进展

当今的城市污水处理系统中,有机物去除过程的高额能耗和碳排放问题逐渐被重视。随之,兼具环境意义和经济效益的有机物回收理念日益受到关注。而将污水中的有机物富集或浓缩到易利用的浓度,也即污水碳捕获,是影响其回收技术经济性的关键。大众熟知的水处理工艺,如膜分离、高负荷活性污泥法、絮凝等,凭借着高的有机物保留特性而被重新认识。本文根据这些工艺在捕获过程中有机物的转移方向,将它们归类为“转移聚集”（主要是高负荷活性污泥法、絮凝）和“被动富集”（主要是膜分离）两大类进行讨论。在介绍它们各自捕获机制、捕获率、研究进展的基础上,讨论进一步提升捕获率的途径及其在规模化应用中需要克服的问题。随后本文综述了捕获产物的能源化与产品化途径,并认为根据其性质选择合适的预处理是提升资源化程度的关键。最后围绕碳捕获工艺的成熟度、能耗及运行费用,讨论了生活污水资源化工艺流程的构建。     

Food wastes and sewage sludge as feedstock for an urban biorefinery producing biofuels and added-value bioproducts

The updated Bioeconomy Strategy document “A sustainable bioeconomy for Europe: strengthening the connection between economy, society and the environment”, which was issued by the European Commission in October 2018, encourages the exploitation of organic wastes according to a pyramidal hierarchy in which the extraction of valuable biomolecules, which will be used as they are or as precursors of high-added-value compounds, is a priority in biofuel production. This review considers a biorefinery platform in which food waste and sewage sludge are adopted to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs) through a dark fermentation process. VFA fermentation is optimized by slightly acid pH (6–7), short hydraulic retention time (1–7 days) and high organic load rate (more than 10 gTS L⁻¹ d⁻¹). Attention has been focused on VFA exploitation for polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production via a ‘feast and famine’ strategy performed in sequencing batch reactors. The obtained PHA yields are around 0.4–0.5 gPHA gCOD⁻¹. Moreover, VFAs allow for the production of biofuels, such as hydrogen and methane, through single- or double-staged anaerobic digestion. Innovative bioelectrochemical upgrade strategies for biogas helps producers to obtain biomethane for the automotive sector. Moreover, biogas has recently been tested for the production of polyhydroxybutyrate, a biodegradable and biocompatible thermoplastic made by microorganisms from C1 carbon sources (CO₂ and CH₄). Digestates from anaerobic bioreactors are still rich in nitrogen and phosphorus compounds. These latter compounds have been identified as critical raw materials due to their low availability in the European Union and to increasing demand from the growing global population. Thus, nutrient recovery from digestate allows users to close the loop of the ‘circular economy’ approach. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry