茄子果实采后软化过程中细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的变化

研究了细胞壁组分及其降解酶活性的变化与茄子果实采后软化的关系。结果表明,采后茄子果肉硬度随贮藏时间的延长而不断下降。贮藏期间果肉水溶性果胶(WSP)含量在贮藏前12天不断增加,之后快速下降,而共价结合型果胶(CSP)、半纤维素和纤维素等细胞壁组分含量持续减少。果肉果胶甲酯酶(PME)、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)和纤维素酶(CX)活性均呈先升高后下降趋势,分别在贮藏至第6、9、12天达到最大值;β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)活性始终保持较高水平,且在整个贮藏期间活性变化不明显。相关性分析结果表明,CSP、半纤维素和纤维素的降解与采后茄子果实软化密切相关,PG和CX在茄子果实采后软化过程中起着重要的作用。     

Structural and chemical differences in the cell wall regions in relation to scale firmness of three onion (Allium cepa L.) selections at harvest and during storage

BACKGROUND: Firmness in vegetables is an important textural attribute affecting consumer attitudes toward freshness and quality. Firmness, structural carbohydrates, polygalacturonase (PG), and pectin methylesterase (PME) activity were measured in three onion (Allium cepa L.) lines at harvest and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks of storage. RESULTS: The high‐dry‐matter onion, MBL87‐WOPL, had the firmest bulbs at harvest and delayed softening during storage. MBL87‐WOPL had the thickest cell wall/middle lamella region, and highest levels of dry matter and total uronic acid. Furthermore, MBL87‐WOPL had the lowest levels of PG and PME activity during storage. Pegasus, a poor‐storing cultivar, had the softest bulbs at harvest, lowest levels of uronic acid, and thinnest cell wall/middle lamella. A good storing, moderately firm onion cultivar (MSU4535B) presented intermediate levels of firmness and total uronic acid content. Differences in uronic acid in water‐soluble pectin accounted for much of the difference in total uronic acid among lines. Cellulose concentrations were similar among all lines at harvest. In addition, cellulose concentrations decreased in all lines during storage. Transmission electron microscopy performed on bulbs at harvest and after 12 weeks of storage indicated that degradation of the middle lamella had occurred during storage, leading to cell separation. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that differences in onion scale firmness at harvest may be due to differences in water‐soluble pectin uronic acid concentrations. Furthermore, the rate of bulb softening during storage at 6.6 °C was greater in onion lines with higher levels of PME and PG activity in storage. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

1-MCP suppresses ethylene biosynthesis and delays softening of 'Hami' melon during storage at ambient temperature

BACKGROUND: ‘Hami’ melon is susceptible to softening during postharvest storage at ambient temperature, which enhances postharvest deterioration and limits transportation and storage. To look for a method of softening control, the effect of 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) on regulating postharvest softening of ‘Hami’ melon fruit was investigated. RESULTS: 1‐MCP treatment at 1 µL L^?1 significantly reduced ethylene production and maintained higher levels of fruit firmness. It also markedly inhibited the accumulation of 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) and maintained lower activities of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase. In addition, 1‐MCP treatment reduced the activities of fruit‐softening enzymes such as pectin methyl esterase, polygalacturonase, endo‐1,4‐β‐glucanase and β‐galactosidase. CONCLUSION: 1‐MCP was effective in suppressing ethylene production and delaying fruit softening in ‘Hami’ melon by decreasing the activities of ethylene biosynthesis enzymes and inhibiting fruit‐softening enzymes. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Isolation,purification and characterisation of polygalacturonase from ripened banana (Musa acuminata cv. Kadali)

Bananas are the most important fruit crop in the world. Short shelf life of the fruit is the major limiting factor in international trade, and this is due to the softening of the pulp during ripening. Fruit softening is an important aspect of ripening process in fleshy fruits and is caused by the cumulative action of a group of cell wall‐modifying enzymes. Polygalacturonase (PG) is the key enzyme involved in the fruit softening process in banana, and this study reports the isolation, purification and characterisation of polygalacturonase enzyme from ripened fruits of a delayed ripened banana cultivar found specifically in Kerala (Musa acuminata cv. Kadali). PG was purified by ammonium sulphate fractionation followed by DEAE cellulose ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration using Sephadex G 100. The purified protein showed two subunits on SDS‐PAGE and a single band on native PAGE. Enzyme showed maximum activity at pH 3.5 and 40 °C. Fe³⁺ enhanced the activity more, while Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ slightly stimulated the activity of purified enzyme. Km value for substrate polygalacturonic acid was 0.06%.     

Quality Change of Apple Slices Coated with Aloe vera Gel during Storage

Fresh‐cut apples are easily susceptible to browning and microbial spoilage. In this study, an edible coating prepared from Aloe vera gel containing antibrowning solution was applied to preserve the quality of fresh‐cut apples during storage. Fresh‐cut apples were treated with both an Aloe vera gel and an Aloe vera gel containing 0.5% cysteine and then stored at 4 °C for 16 d. The color, firmness, weight loss, soluble solid content, titratable acidity, microbial analysis, and sensory evaluation were analyzed during storage. Fresh‐cut apples coated with the Aloe vera gel showed delayed browning and reduced weight loss and softening compared to the control. The Aloe vera gel coating was also effective in reducing the populations of the total aerobic bacteria and yeast and molds. In particular, Aloe vera gel containing 0.5% cysteine was most effective in delaying browning and the reduction of microbial populations among the treatments. These results suggest that an Aloe vera gel coating can be used for maintaining the quality of fresh‐cut apples.     

秋水仙碱处理对采后莲雾果实在冷藏期间品质、活性氧代谢和能量代谢的影响

目的：研究0.01%秋水仙碱处理对采后莲雾果实在冷藏期间生理品质、活性氧代谢和能量代谢的影响,探讨秋水仙碱影响采后莲雾的衰老机制。方法：分别用0、0.01%的秋水仙碱溶液浸泡莲雾果实15 min,于4 ℃贮藏,检测果实品质、活性氧代谢和能量代谢的变化。结果：秋水仙碱处理可以抑制贮藏期间絮状绵软指数的上升,第4天之后效果显著（P＜0.05）,处理后的果实质量损失率整个贮藏期间显著低于对照组（P＜0.05）;秋水仙碱处理可以减缓超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的下降,抑制过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性高峰的出现,保持较低CAT活性,显著提高贮藏后期第8～12天过氧化物酶（POD）活性（P＜0.05）;同时可以保持较高琥珀酸脱氢酶（SDH）和细胞色素C氧化酶（CCO）活性,处理组的SDH活性在第4、8、12天显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,CCO活性在第2、6、8天显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）;秋水仙碱处理还可以减缓贮藏后期ATP含量和能荷水平的下降,与对照组有显著差异（P＜0.05）。结论：0.01%的秋水仙碱处理能显著延缓采后莲雾果实絮状绵面积的增加;采后莲雾果实絮状绵软面积与能荷水平呈显著负相关性（r=－0.793,P＜0.05）,能量亏缺会加剧莲雾果实衰老;能荷水平与活性氧代谢指标H2O2含量呈显著负相关（r=－0.766,P＜0.05）,与SOD活性呈显著正相关（r=0.802,P＜0.05）,能量代谢会影响活性氧代谢;秋水仙碱主要依靠调节能量代谢起作用。     

采后1-甲基环丙烯与自发气调处理对冰温贮藏火柿软化及相关生理变化的影响

为解决柿果实采后快速软化的问题,以火柿为试材,探究1.0 μL/L 1-甲基环丙烯（1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP）、气调贮藏（modified atmosphere packaging,MA）及二者协同处理（1-MCP＋MA）对有、无萼片火柿采后冰温（－0.5±0.3）℃贮藏期间软化及相关生理指标的影响。结果表明,各处理方式均能在一定程度上延缓火柿软化。保留萼片联合MA处理维持贮藏环境内高CO2、低O2体积分数效果最好,并能有效抑制β-半乳糖苷酶活力。去除萼片联合1-MCP处理在延缓果肉硬度下降、抑制纤维素酶和多聚半乳糖醛酸酶活力、降低呼吸强度和乙烯生成速率、减少总黄酮损失方面效果最佳; 1-MCP＋MA协同处理可明显延缓果皮硬度下降,减少VC、总酚损失。此外,去萼片处理有效延缓了火柿二次乙烯释放高峰。综合分析不同方式贮藏的火柿品质,去除萼片联合1-MCP处理能显著延缓火柿软化进程,对冰温贮藏火柿有较好的保鲜效果。本研究可为柿果保鲜新技术开发提供理论参考。     

Diverse metabolism of cell wall components of melting and non‐melting peach genotypes during ripening after harvest or cold storage

The mode of change in a range of physiological, physicochemical and biochemical parameters during fruit ripening between distinct peach genotypes (Prunus persica L. Batsch) after cold storage for up to 4 weeks was determined. The nectarine cultivar ‘Caldesi 2000’ was selected as a genotype with melting flesh (MF) characteristic (fruits characterized by extensive flesh softening during ripening) and the cultivar ‘Andross’ as a genotype with non‐melting flesh (NMF) characteristic (fruits characterized by limited flesh softening during ripening). Flesh firmness, ethylene production, physicochemical and biochemical properties of the cell wall were determined and significant differences between the fruits of the two genotypes were recorded. Fruits of the NMF genotype were characterized by higher tissue retention and ethylene production during their ripening, higher content of uronic acids, as well as higher capacity for calcium binding in the water‐insoluble pectin fraction compared with fruits of the MF genotype. Additionally, the ripening of MF‐type fruits was characterized by higher losses of neutral sugars, especially those of arabinose and galactose than the NMF‐type fruits and these losses were more intense after extended cold storage periods. In fruits of the NMF genotype the decreased activity of pectin methyl esterase (PME) combined with higher levels of calcium in the water‐insoluble pectin fraction possibly provided less substrate for polygalacturonase (exo‐, endo‐PG) activity and less solubility of cell wall pectin compared with fruits of the MF genotype. Overall, the data indicate the existence of a wide range of diverse metabolic pathways during fruit ripening of fresh fruits with MF and NMF characteristics. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

INFLUENCE OF 1-METHYLCYCLOPROPENE AND NATURESEAL ON THE QUALITY OF FRESH-CUT "EMPIRE" AND "CRISPIN" APPLES

Wounding during processing triggers physiological reactions that limits shelf life of fresh‐cut apples. Exposure of “Empire” and “Crispin” apples at harvest to the ethylene antagonist, 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP), on the maintenance of fresh‐cut quality was evaluated in combination with post‐cut dipping of NatureSeal^TM Efficacy of 1‐MCP on fresh‐cut physiology and quality depended on the storage duration and apple cultivar. Ethylene production of apple slices was inhibited by 1‐MCP but not by NatureSeal. Total volatiles produced by fresh‐cut apples were not affected by NatureSeal but by 1‐MCP when 1‐month stored “Crispin” apples were used. 1‐MCP influenced the quality attributes of fresh‐cut slices prepared from apples stored either 4 months in cold storage or 6 months in controlled atmosphere. Enzymatic browning and softening of the cut‐surface, TSS and total microbial growth were suppressed by 1‐MCP in “Empire” apples. The influence of 1‐MCP on quality attributes in “Crispin” apple slices was marginal.     

EFFECT OF SLAUGHTER METHOD ON DEGRADATION OF INTRAMUSCULAR TYPE V COLLAGEN DURING SHORT-TERM CHILLED STORAGE OF CHUB MACKEREL SCOMBER JAPONICUS

The present paper demonstrates that a nonstntggling slaughter method can delay degradation of type V collagen in meat of chub mackerel Scomber japonicus and softening of the meat during postharvest chilled storage. The fish were slaughtered by piercing a knife into nape (nonstruggling method) or by leaving on ground (struggling method) and then stored in an ice box. Sensory study revealed that the postharvest softening of the meat was moderated at 4 and 8 h by the non‐struggling slaughter method in comparison with the struggling method. On the basis of the specific solubilization of type V collagen and reduced tyrosine content in it, a cleavage of the nonhelical regions (telopeptides) of the type V collagen occurred during the chilled storage in the fish slaughtered by the struggling method. The degradation of type V collagen was also slower in the meat of the fish slaughtered by the nonstruggling method, which can be directly linked to the moderation of the postharvest softening.     

MODELING THE SENSORY QUALITIES OF PROCESSED APPLES AFTER CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE STORAGE AND FROZEN STORAGE1

Durational effects of controlled atmosphere storage (CA) and frozen storage on apple quality were studied for commercially processed pies made from Northern Spy, Idared and Nova Spy apples. Sensory tests on apple pie quality indicated that the duration of apples in CA significantly affected the quality of the processed apple. Extending the CA duration of the apples to 45 weeks resulted in a pie filling with reduced apple flavor, tartness and astringency, and with increased sweetness and off‐flavor. To minimize flavor/taste changes throughout the processing season, close attention must be given to the product's sugar/acid formulation: by week 27 for Idared apples and by week 33 for Northern Spy and Novaspy apples. The texture and appearance of processed Novaspy and Idared fruits were affected earlier in CA than Northern Spy apples. The frozen product was relatively stable for all three varieties, especially for apples processed early in the storage season (15–27 weeks). A strategy that utilizes short‐ to medium‐term CA with longer‐term frozen storage would optimize quality across the season.     

1-MCP处理对“岳帅”苹果冷藏软化及相关生理指标的影响

研究1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)处理对"岳帅"苹果低温贮藏期间与软化相关的主要物质含量及酶活性的影响,探讨1-MCP处理对"岳帅"苹果果实软化的调控机理,为"岳帅"苹果贮藏保鲜提供理论依据。以"岳帅"苹果为研究对象,使用0.0、0.5、1.0、2.0μL/L的1-MCP处理后,于(0.0±0.5)℃、相对湿度90%~95%的冷库内贮藏,定期测定果实硬度、呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、细胞壁组成成分及相关酶活性。"岳帅"苹果采后呼吸强度和乙烯释放量均于第30天时达到峰值,多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(polygalacturonase,PG)也在第30天达活力高峰,果胶甲酯酶、纤维素酶(cellulose,Cx)、β-葡萄糖苷酶第45天达活力高峰,同时果实可溶性果胶含量迅速上升,原果胶、纤维素含量不断下降。0.5μL/L 1-MCP处理可推迟果实呼吸强度高峰、乙烯释放量高峰、PG和Cx活力高峰的出现,对抑制可溶性果胶含量升高和原果胶含量的降低作用显著(P0.05),但对冷藏结束时果实硬度的降低抑制效果不显著(P0.05);1.0μL/L和2.0μL/L 1-MCP处理对果实呼吸强度、乙烯释放量、细胞壁降解酶、可溶性果胶含量均有显著抑制作用(P0.05),并且能显著抑制果实硬度下降(P0.05)。"岳帅"苹果在冷藏期间原果胶、纤维素不断被分解,可溶性果胶不断生成,果实硬度迅速下降;除PG外,各细胞壁降解酶活力高峰均出现在呼吸强度和乙烯释放量高峰之后。1-MCP处理通过改变"岳帅"苹果呼吸强度和乙烯释放量,抑制果实细胞壁降解酶活性并推迟活性高峰,从而减缓果实细胞壁组成成分降解,抑制果实软化。1.0μL/L和2.0μL/L的1-MCP处理效果较为显著。     

Effect of cutting and storage on sensory traits of cantaloupe melon cultivars with extended postharvest shelf life

Fresh cut cantaloupe melons (Cucumis melo L var reticulatus) from fruits with extended postharvest shelf life were analysed for changes in their volatile aroma compounds and polygalacturonase activity during storage. The total volatile aroma contents and the number of volatile compounds in fruits with extended shelf life were significantly less than those present in the traditional shelf life cultivar Mission. Esters were the major volatile compounds present in the fruits, and their concentrations decreased considerably with storage of the cut fruit for 24 h at 4 °C. Polygalacturonase activity was detected from measurements of the hydrolytic release of reducing groups after storage of the cut fruit for 3 days. Enzymatic activity decreased thereafter in all fruits. The results indicate a lack of correlation between the postharvest shelf life of whole cantaloupe and that of fresh cut fruit. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

1-MCP和乙烯利处理对采后‘金冠’苹果常温贮藏过程中生理变化及活性氧代谢的影响

以‘金冠’苹果为试材,研究1μL/L 1-甲基环丙烯（1-MCP）和0.2 mmol/L乙烯利处理对其采后常温贮藏过程中生理变化及活性氧相关代谢的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,1-MCP处理有效延缓果实软化、可滴定酸（TA）含量下降及可溶性固形物（TSS）含量上升,明显抑制叶绿素降解、呼吸强度及乙烯生成,提高超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）和过氧化物酶（POD）的活性,减缓O-2·产生速率、H2O2及丙二醛（MDA）的积累;乙烯利处理主要在前期促进果实软化和TA含量下降,促进叶绿素降解及乙烯生成,使呼吸高峰提前,对上述活性氧相关代谢有相反效果,但对TSS无显著影响。结论:1-MCP处理保持了采后苹果果实的常温贮藏品质,而乙烯利处理则相反,苹果果实采后贮藏过程中活性氧的代谢与乙烯有关。      

Texture,composition and anatomy of spinach leaves in relation to nitrogen fertilization

BACKGROUND: The postharvest quality and shelf life of spinach are greatly influenced by cultural practices. Reduced spinach shelf life is a common quandary in the Salinas Valley, California, where current agronomic practices depend on high nitrogen (N) rates. This study aimed to describe the postharvest fracture properties of spinach leaves in relation to N fertilization, leaf age and spinach cultivar. RESULTS: Force–displacement curves, generated by a puncture test, showed a negative correlation between N fertilization and the toughness, stiffness and strength of spinach leaves (P > 0.05). Younger leaves (leaves 12 and 16) from all N treatments were tougher than older leaves (leaves 6 and 8) (P > 0.05). Leaves from the 50 and 75 ppm total N treatments irrespective of spinach cultivar had higher fracture properties and nutritional quality than leaves from other N treatments (P > 0.05). Total alcohol‐insoluble residues (AIR) and pectins were present at higher concentrations in low‐N grown plants. These plants also had smaller cells and intercellular spaces than high‐N grown leaves (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Observed changes in physicochemical and mechanical properties of spinach leaves due to excess nitrogen fertilization were significantly associated with greater postharvest leaf fragility and lower nutritional quality. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

SOFTENING AND BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES OF SAPOTE MAMEY FRUIT (POUTERIA SAPOTA) AT DIFFERENT DEVELOPMENT AND RIPENING STAGES

We investigated some of the physicochemical and biochemical factors associated with flesh softening of sapote mamey fruit during development and ripening. The activities of pectinmethylesterase (PME), polygalacturonase (PG) and β‐galactosidase (β‐GAL) enzymes were measured in fruits harvested at different development stages, and postharvest in two production seasons. The textural changes were most noticeable at the preclimacteric stage in ripening fruit. The water‐soluble pectin (WSP) increased at a different rate than firmness decreased. No correlation between PG or PME activity and changes in firmness was observed in ripening fruits, though a low correlation was seen between β‐GAL activity and softening in climacteric stage. Greatest loss of firmness occurred in climacteric stage. Fruit pulp softening was not dependent on a single enzyme activity.     

Saccharomyces cerevisiae YE‐7 reduces the risk of apple blue mold disease by inhibiting the fungal incidence and patulin biosynthesis

The yeast strain, Saccharomyces cerevisiae YE‐7, was tested to control the apple blue mold disease caused by Penicillium expansum and the accumulation of patulin mycotoxin. Compared with control, pre‐treatment of pathogen‐infected apples with YE‐7 significantly reduced the incidence of blue mold diseases and patulin accumulation in rotten apple tissue by 48% and 42.6%, respectively. Interestingly, late treatment of pathogen‐infected apples with YE‐7 did not decrease patulin accumulation in the rotten tissue compared with pre‐treatment or simultaneous‐treatment. Independently, patulin amount and gene expression of isoepoxydon dehydrogenase were also measured. YE‐7 pre‐treated apples showed 75% and four times reduction in patulin accumulation and IDH gene expression, respectively. The results indicated that YE‐7 directly affected patulin biosynthesis and did not affect accumulated patulin. On the other hand, cold storage enhanced the effect of YE‐7 on apple blue mold disease incidence.

Practical applications

Postharvest blue mold decay caused by Penicillium expansum was important postharvest disease of apples. In addition, under favorable conditions, P. expansum can cause severe losses in apple fruits due to the production of patulin. In this study, a strain of S. cerevisiae (YE‐7) was assessed for its efficacy not only in controlling apple blue mold diseases, but also in reducing patulin accumulation in fruit tissue. The research will give a practical way to control the decay in a bio‐control way instead of the chemical.     

一氧化氮对常温贮藏下芒果果实软化和细胞壁代谢的影响

为了探明一氧化氮(NO)抑制采后芒果软化的作用机理,将\     

采前喷施水杨酸对红地球葡萄采后果实软化的影响

为探究采前喷施水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)处理对红地球葡萄采后果实软化进程的影响,以红地球葡萄为材料,采前喷施1.0 mmol/L SA处理,采收预冷后在常温(22±1)℃贮藏,分析果实品质、原果胶(protopec-tin,PP)、纤维素、水溶性果胶(water soluble pectin,WSP)...