Novel modeling for the prediction of aged transformer oil characteristics

The effect of aging on transformer oil physical, chemical and electrical properties has been studied using the international testing methods for the evaluation of transformer oil quality. The study has been carried out on twelve transformers in the field and for monitoring periods up to 8 years. The properties which are strongly time dependent have been specified and those which have a great impact on the transformer oil breakdown voltage have been defined. Mathematical models for the breakdown voltage, total acidity and water content as a function of service periods have been given. The validity and applicability of these models for future prediction of these properties have been verified by the good agreement between the measured end predicted values. A multiple linear regression model for each transformer oil breakdown voltage as a function of its water content, total acidity and service period has been introduced and its adequacy has been illustrated by statistical analysis. Another multiple linear regression model has been developed by combining the results of a group of transformers into that of a single equivalent transformer. This model has been validated by predicting the properties of some other transformers and comparing them with the measured values. The comparison showed a good agreement for the results of transformers which have either been used or not in the derivation of the model.     

Artificial neural network and non-linear models for prediction of transformer oil residual operating time

This paper presents two modeling techniques for the prediction and monitoring of the characteristics of transformer oil. The first employs artificial neural network (ANN) and the second employs non-linear modeling (nlm). The proposed techniques are implemented for predicting the transformer oil residual operating time (t_rot) which is defined as the service period after which the breakdown voltage (BDV) violates the limits given in the standard specifications.The selection of the most influential characteristics on residual operating time (t_rot) in the proposed techniques is obtained by statistical analysis. The non-linear model depends on linear combination of non-linear functions for each characteristic. The ANN technique for modeling these characteristics preserves the non-linear relationship between these characteristics and (t_rot). The results are compared with previously published modeling techniques namely multiple linear regression and polynomial regression models. Different evaluation indices have been used to justify the superiority of the proposed modeling techniques for predicting (t_rot).     

利用反向传播神经网络研究变压器油多关联参数

介绍用反向传播（back propagation,BP）神经网络对变压器油的重要参数——击穿电压建立预测模型,实现对变压器油性能监测的方法,阐述了网络层数、神经元个数、训练函数的设计过程,样本训练的实验结果证明该网络模型具有较好的预测能力;同时,基于BP神经网络的建模方法建立包括变压器油击穿电压、闪点、酸值、总烃、水分等参数之间关联的BP网络预测模型,将2种模型进行比较发现,网络预测模型的预测结果与实际结果的相对误差较小,从而证明该预测模型具有一定的实际意义。     

数据融合在变压器油击穿电压测试仪中的应用

为提高变压器油击穿电压测试仪的测量准确性和测试结果的可靠性,采用了基于单传感器重复采样的不要求测量数据任何先验知识的数据处理方法,仅依据有限次测量数据的测量精度确定不同数据的相应权数以计算出误差最小的击穿电压测定结果。介绍了单片机控制的击穿电压测试仪的硬件组成和工作原理;论述了具有最小均方误差的自适应加权数据融合方法;给出了计算击穿电压融合值的流程。试验表明,这种融合算法能有效提高击穿电压测试仪的抗干扰能力,提高测量的准确性和重复性。     

多种外部因素对变压器油冲击击穿特性的影响

变压器油是保障电力变压器安全运行的重要绝缘介质,在变压器实际运行过程中,变压器油所处运行环境复杂,多种外部因素影响其绝缘性能。为了解其相互关系,设计试验研究了不同电极结构下水分、油温、油中酸值及纤维量对变压器油50%冲击击穿电压以及板-板电极下U-t特性的影响并基于流注理论针对试验结果进行了探讨。试验发现,水分、油温、油中酸值及纤维量的升高均使得变压器油50%冲击击穿电压有所下降。水分、温度、酸值及纤维量对于U-t特性曲线有不同程度的影响,其影响与流注发展模式相关。     

基于BP神经网络的多参数关联变压器油击穿电压的预测研究

电力变压器的安全、稳定和经济运行是电力输送的重要保证。基于变压器油的日常监督数据,预测变压器油的击穿电压,将为变压器故障的早期诊断、预测防范和及时处理提供重要的科学依据。笔者鉴于BP神经网络具有任意的非线性映射、强大的自学习功能和良好的容错特性,采用BP神经网络的方法进行多参数关联变压器油击穿电压的预测研究。利用变压器油的日常监测数据,用BP算法和改进BP算法训练网络,分别建立了击穿电压与4个影响因素的关联模型。结果表明,基于改进BP算法模型的预测结果精度较高,预测值相对误差在5%以内,具有重要的实际应用价值。     

Optimum design for residential photovoltaic‐thermal binary utilization system by minimizing auxiliary energy

A circuit model of an oil‐immersed transformer for use in surge analyses in the high‐frequency region is proposed, and its effectiveness is evaluated by comparison with measurements on a model winding. The circuit model is used for lightning surge analyses of a 500‐kV substation, and the effect of transformer modeling on the lightning surge voltage at the transformer terminals is investigated. When the new circuit model is used for transformer modeling, the peak value of the surge voltage is lower but the rate of voltage rise is higher than in conventional transformer modeling by a lumped capacitance. This difference can be explained in terms of the charging of capacitances in the transformer model. © 2000 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 134(1): 28–35, 2001     

基于神经网络的开关磁阻电机控制系统研究

应用神经网络精确建立了SRM的正模型网络与逆模型网络,仿真结果验证了所建模型的正确性和高精度.基于所建模型,提出了有效的SRM转矩脉动最小化控制技术,即以转矩分配函数为基础的期望电流波形控制技术.在期望电流波形控制的基础上,提出了电流滞环控制技术和基于电压模型控制技术,从不同的角度实现了SRM转矩脉动最小化控制,比较了各自的优缺点.     

基于多频超声波技术的变压器油参数检测方法

为准确检测变压器油状态,针对变压器油参数,给出基于多频超声波检测技术的变压器油检测方法。开发相应的硬件检测装置和上位机分析软件。硬件部分可利用多频超声波技术,在1 s内,将大量不同频率的超声波新信号聚集在一个扫描测量频率,进行数以百计的扫描,从而在很短的时间内完成变压器状态诊断。给出了系统的设计原理和主功能单元设计,主功能单元包括发射部分和接收部分。其次,阐述了多元统法的计算原理。基于此,上位机软件可对携带有变压器油参数信息的超声波参数进行统计和分析,以提取其特征量,进一步建立起变压器油运行状态与超声波特征量的关联,进而判断变压器的运行状态。实验检测表明该系统可在线实时检测微水含量、击穿电压(BDV)、活性水等变压器油参数,解决了传统检测装置检测步骤繁琐、不能在线检测等问题,提高检测灵敏性,降低检测成本。     

变压器油电气性能的影响因素分析

影响油浸式变压器电气性能的因素较多, 其中对变压器耐压强度有较大影响的主要因素包括变压器油中含水量、含气量、杂质、温度、流速等。文章通过分析这些影响因素对变压器油的耐压强度的影响趋势, 说明变压器电压等级越高, 油中含水量、含气量及杂质等的控制要求越严格。采用先进的工艺方法来对变压器油脱水、脱气或采用粗精装置去除油中杂质, 可以使油达到各电压等级要求。     

变压器油基础油烃组成与其脉冲击穿电压和电阻率的关联性研究

针对脉冲功率装置的Marx脉冲发生器绝缘用油的特点,开展了变压器油基础组成与其电阻率和脉冲击穿电压大小的关联性研究。结果表明:在直流电场下,温度与电阻率的大小成反比关系,变压器油的芳烃含量是影响其电阻率的关键因素。在正负性脉冲电场下,不同芳烃含量的变压器油表现出极大的差异性,在高压负脉冲电场下,变压器油的芳烃含量是影响其脉冲击穿电压的主要因素,芳烃含量的高低与负脉冲击穿电压的大小成反比关系。     

Laser triggering of electric breakdown in liquids

Electric breakdown in semihomogeneous geometries has been studied in n-hexane and transformer oil using a laser triggering method for fields far below the spontaneous breakdown field. The method uses a laser-produced plasma to initiate the breakdown. Strong self focusing in the liquids was limited by increasing the numerical aperture of the laser beam to >0.20 prior to focusing. Electrical breakdown could be triggered at fields as low as 50 kV/cm in transformer oil and 25 kV/cm for n-hexane. The time lags are between 30 and 200 μs, depending on voltage, liquid, and gap size. Current and light emission measurements of the prebreakdown phenomena are presented and a model for the triggering process is proposed     

变压器油中多频超声波的衰减计算方法

电力变压器是电网运行的关键设备之一.变压器油作为传统油浸式变压器的核心材料,通过对变压器油的日常监督,提前预测变压器油的击穿电压对于保证变压器安全可靠以及电网的稳定、安全运行有重要意义.本文首先研究了多频超声检测技术,研究了多频超声波在变压器油中的衰减特性,有利于后续研究多频超声波声学参量与变压器油击穿电压之间的联系.     

油浸式电流互感器的应用及其新产品的研发

介绍了油浸式电流互感器在高压和超高压电力系统中的应用现状和运行中存在的主要问题，以度油浸式电流互感器的发展趋势，重点介绍了采用哈佛来技术研制的新型倒立式LVB型油浸式电流互感器的特点和发展趋势。     

A fuzzy ARTMAP fault classifier for impulse testing of power transformers

The work presents an artificial intelligence (AI) based impulse test technique for oil filled power transformers. Determination of exact nature and location of faults, during impulse testing of large power transformer is of practical importance to the transformer manufacturers as well as designers. The presently available impulse test techniques more or less depend on expertise of the test personnel, and in many cases lead to ambiguity and controversy. The new AI approach presented in the paper overcomes the limitations of conventional test methods. This new technique relies on high discrimination power and excellent generalization ability of fuzzy neural networks in complex pattern classification problem. The proposed method employs a fuzzy ARTMAP pattern recognition technique to recognize the frequency responses of the winding admittance of high voltage transformers under healthy and different faulty conditions of winding insulation, and learns to establish the correlations between the nature and physical location of occurrence of an internal insulation fault in a transformer winding and its associated frequency response. The technique was tested on the winding model of typical high voltage transformer and yielded high diagnostic accuracy by successful detection and discrimination of faults of different nature and different site of occurrence in the high voltage winding.     

A Comparison Of The AC Breakdown Strength Of New And Used Poly-/spl alpha/ Olefin Coolant

The breakdown performance of an advanced synthetic dielectric coolant, poly-alpha olefin, is compared to conventional transformer oil over a range of temperatures from 10 to 50degC. The poly-alpha olefin oil is first benchmarked against conventional transformer oil, and then compared to poly-alpha olefin oil that has been exposed to a large number of high-energy discharges in order to establish the effects of oil age on performance. The results obtained from the standard ANSI D877 test procedure are compared to the results of a modified test procedure that incorporates sparging of the oil with dry nitrogen. Tests to determine the effects of nitrogen sparging on the water concentration of the poly-alpha olefin are analyzed. Concerns regarding the dependence of voltage breakdown values on oil viscosity are also discussed.     

低能量下X射线辐射对变压器油影响

针对利用X射线数字成像技术对电力变压器进行透照检测时可能造成变压器绝缘油绝缘性能的变化的问题,提出了定X射线能量对变压器油进行照射研究.该研究利用便携式高频X射线机分别对带电压和不带电压的变压器油进行定能量和定时间的照射,实验结果表明,在低能量下,X射线的辐射对变压器油的击穿电压,带电倾向性和介质损耗因数没有影响.     

电压响应方法在电力变压器状态评估中的应用

Power transformer is one of the most important equipment in the power system.Its operating condition affects the reliability of power supply directly.Therefore,in order to guarantee transformer operation safely and reliably,it is necessary to assess condition of power transformer accurately.Return voltage method based on voltage response measurements is still a new non-intrusive diagnosis method for internal insulation aging of transformer.In this paper the technique and application of return voltage measurement and some results of voltage response measurements of several transformers was introduced.Voltage response measurements were performed on various transformers with different voltage grades,various operating periods,different moisture contents and aging degrees on site.Derived moisture contents from return voltage measurement were compared with the corresponding moisture contents obtained from the analysis of oil samples.Based on on-site experiments and theoretical analysis,the criteria for insulation state of transformer are proposed.Moisture condition of transformer insulation can be determined by using return dominant time constant,and a good correlation between aging degree and the return voltage initial slopes of the aged transformers.Field test performed on several transformers,its interpretation of results are also presented,which proves that return voltage measurements can be used as a reliable tool for evaluating moisture content in transformer insulation.     

交直流叠加电压下针板模型放电及产气特性

换流变压器内电场以交直流叠加电场为主,与交流变压器有明显区别,因此其局部放电和产气特性与交流变压器不同,已有的交流诊断依据不适用于换流变压器,需要重新对判定依据进行总结。搭建了一套交直流复合电压作用下油纸绝缘针板放电试验平台,通过分析放电特征的时间变化趋势及统计规律,总结不同时间的产气特性,得到了适用于换流变压器的诊断依据。研究结果表明：交直流复合电压作用下放电和产气特性表现出明显的阶段特征,整个过程可以划分为3个阶段：放电起始阶段、发展阶段及临近击穿阶段;根据局部放电和产气特性的规律及趋势可以作为换流变压器针板放电阶段的判定依据,即脉冲重复率很小,烃类气体产出极少为起始阶段;脉冲重复率明显增加,CH4产出量大为发展阶段;绝对产气速率超过0.5 mL/h,C2H2产出量最大,且出现C2H6时为临近击穿阶段。     

Positive discharge development in insulating oil: opticalobservation and simulation

Results of optical investigations of positive discharge channel development in transformer oil under divergent field configuration and impulse voltages to 650 kV are presented. The propagation of two different discharge structures (bush-like, tree-like) and the transition between these structures were observed. The conditions of their development and boundary of the bush-to-tree transition were determined. Anomalous behavior of the breakdown time dependence on applied voltage, consisting of a sharp drop in time at a critical voltage, was found. The dielectric breakdown model modified by introducing the varying channel conduction is presented. In the model discharge channel propagation is described by stochastic development of current and field instabilities. The model describes adequately the main spatial and temporal features of the various discharge structures observed in the experiments. The current and field characteristics of the simulated discharge channels which belong to different structures are compared. The bush-to-tree transition and the anomalous dependence of the breakdown time on voltage were explained by current instability in bush-structure channels