热电冷联产系统节能性分析

为评价热电冷联产与热电联产、冷分产及热电冷分产的节能性，建立了相应的节煤量、当量热力系数、热电冷联产系统供电煤耗3种评价指标的数学模型，并应用于对国产供热式机组的评价，认为热电冷联产系统节能是有条件的，并与评价指标有关，节煤量指标适用于分析热电冷联产系统节能性。     

Impact of CO2-induced climate change on residential heating and cooling energy requirements in Ontario,Canada

Space-heating energy requirements per household (or customer) for different fuels for the heating season (October–March), and space-cooling energy requirements per household for the cooling season (July–September), in Ontario, were computed for two scenarios of climate change caused by a doubling of atmospheric CO₂ concentrations (2 × CO₂) assumed to occur during 2025–2065. These computations were done by developing appropriate regression equations in the present climate and then using them for the 2 × CO₂ climate scenarios. Total heating energy consumption was computed by taking into consideration three population growth scenarios. A sensitivity analysis which provides the total heating energy consumption for various increases in temperature and number of households is presented. Compared to 1976–1983 consumption, total space-heating energy consumption/household in the two climate scenarios would decrease by 31–45%. Natural gas consumption/customer would decrease by 19–28% and the oil and electricity consumption/customer would decrease by 49–71%. The actual total energy consumption in the year 2065 for medium (3.6% per decade) and low (1.9% per decade) population growth scenarios is estimated to be less than the current consumption; however the consumption in 2065 would be higher for a high (11.7% per decade) population growth scenario despite climatic warming. The space-cooling energy requirement would increase by 6–7% in the 2 × CO₂ climate scenarios but would still be only 10% of the heating consumption. Cooling-season length would increase, thereby forcing utilities to alter their operation patterns.     

Contrastive analyses on annual energy consumption characteristics and the influence mechanism between new and old residential buildings in Shanghai, China, by the statistical methods

The purposes of this research are to contrast the energy use characteristics of old residential buildings and new residential buildings in Shanghai, China, to look into influence factors of residential energy consumption, and to further analyze the reasons which result in the differences of energy consumption quantities between high-energy use family group and low-energy use family group. 1610 families in Residential District A and 819 families in Residential District B were chosen to trace their monthly energy consumption data in the whole year of 2006. Buildings in District A were all constructed in the 1980s, while those in District B were built in the 2000s. 300 families in each district were further selected from all above investigated families to do questionnaires in the year of 2007, so as to understand building characteristics, the possession and utilization of space heating and cooling appliances, and energy-saving consciousness. Annual energy consumption of the two kinds of buildings is contrasted and energy consumption quantities of spacing cooling and heating are also calculated. Influencing factors of residential energy consumption are analyzed by Quantification Theory I. Quantification Theory III is used to classify all the families into different categories based on the differences in their energy consumption amounts, and to further find out the reasons leading to the different energy consumption between different groups. Conclusions are as follows: (1) the average annual energy consumption quantity is 23.27 GJ/household for new buildings and 14.40 GJ/household for old buildings. The ratio of space heating and cooling to total annual energy consumption is just 16% and 11.6% for new buildings and old buildings respectively; (2) energy consumption and its variance lie on the integration of many factors, such as the floor area, materials of window frames, the number of family members, operation months of space heaters in winter and air conditioners in summer, and energy-saving actions; (3) all the families in the two districts can be classified into two categories: Household Region M of much energy use, and Household Region N of little energy use. Adopting the aluminum window frames, large floor areas and the large number of family members (above 4 person) are the main reasons leading to more energy use in Household Region M, while the small number of family members (1-2 persons/household) and small floor areas are the main reasons resulting in the less energy use in Household Region N; the long period of space heating, using illumination as little as possible are also the reasons causing the differences in energy consumption quantities between the two categories, but their influences on the samples clustering are smaller than the main reasons above; (4) compared with the energy consumption in some developed countries, the ratio of space heating and cooling to total residential energy use is much smaller in Shanghai. Indoor thermal environment is very poor besides that. With the growth of economy and the improvement of living standard, people will have the higher requirement for good-quality indoor thermal environment, and hence space heaters and coolers will be used much more frequently, so the residential energy consumption in China will still continuously increase rapidly, if few energy-conservation strategies are adopted; (5) considering current little prevalence of energy-saving actions with low efficiency, more effective energy-saving actions should be fully adopted in China.     

Occupant related household energy consumption in Canada: Estimation using a bottom-up neural-network technique

A national model of residential energy consumption requires consideration of the following end-uses: space heating, space cooling, appliances and lighting (AL), and domestic hot water (DHW). The space heating and space cooling end-use energy consumption is strongly affected by the climatic conditions and the house thermal envelope. In contrast, both AL and DHW energy consumption are primarily a function of occupant behaviour, appliance ownership, demographic conditions, and occupancy rate. Because of these characteristics, a bottom-up statistical model is a candidate for estimating AL and DHW energy consumption. This article presents the detailed methodology and results of the application of a previously developed set of neural network models, as the statistical method of the Canadian Hybrid Residential End-Use Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Model (CHREM). The CHREM estimates the national AL and DHW secondary energy consumption of Canadian single-detached and double/row houses to be 248 PJ and 201 PJ, respectively. The energy consumption values translate to per household values of 27.8 GJ and 22.5 GJ, and per capita values of 9.0 GJ and 7.3 GJ, respectively.     

The estimation of energy consumption and CO2 emission due to housing construction in Japan

Basic sector classification Input/Output Tables of Japan (Research Committee of International Trade and Industry, Tokyo, Japan, 1988) were applied to quantify the total energy consumption and CO₂ emission including direct and indirect effects due to the construction of various types of houses. As a result, energy consumption for construction is calculated as 8–10 GJ per square meter of floor area for multi-family SRC (steel reinforced concrete) houses, 3 GJ for wooden single-family houses, 4.5 GJ for lightweight steel structure single-family houses. CO₂ emission resulting from construction is 850, 250 and 400 kg/m², respectively.     

Detailed research for energy consumption of residences in Northern Kyushu,Japan

Energy consumption in residential sector has been increasing year by year since 1965. To improve this situation, it is necessary to reconsider the traditional energy supply systems. Distributed power source systems, such as photovoltaic (PV) system and micro co-generation system, are considered as solutions to current residential energy problems. In order to utilize these systems effectively, understanding detailed energy consumption of residences is required. The purpose of this research is to clarify detailed energy consumption; seasonal and annual energy consumption classified by uses, the effect of energy-saving apparatus and heating demand of residences located in the north of Kyushu, Japan. Major results are as follows: (1) energy consumption for hot water supply is larger than ones for lighting, air-conditioning and cooking among most houses, in the north part of Kyushu, (2) PV system is quite effective to save energy of residential buildings, and (3) Heat demand and electric power demand of residences are clarified by detailed measurement for installing individual dispersed power source system, some houses show high thermoelectricity ratio enough to move micro co-generation system effectively, even at present.     

天津市办公建筑能耗调研及分析

对天津市552个办公建筑进行了调研,获得了建筑概况、耗电量等基础数据,筛选确定了24个样本建筑。分析计算得出,样本建筑2010年单位面积年总耗电量为26.79～125.45kW.h/(m2.a),平均值为64.25kW.h/(m2.a);2010年供暖期单位供暖面积耗热量为0.21～0.37GJ/(m2.a),平均耗热量为0.27GJ/(m2.a)。调研结果表明,天津市办公建筑存在较多问题,建筑能耗较大,具有较大的建筑节能空间。     

Measured energy savings from residential retrofits: Updated results from the BECA-B project

This study summarizes measured data on energy savings from conservation retrofits in existing residential buildings. We have compiled building performance data on approximately 115 retrofit projects (almost twice the size of the initial study) that we put into four general categories: utility-sponsored conservation programs, low-income weatherization programs, research studies, and multifamily buildings. The sample size for each project varies widely, ranging from individual buildings to 33 000 homes. Retrofits to the building shell, principally insulation of exterior surfaces, window treatments, and infiltration-reduction measures, are the most popular, although data on various heating system retrofits are now available. The average retrofit investment per unit in multifamily buildings is approximately $695, far lower than the average of $1350 spent in single-family residences. The median annual space heat savings in the four categories range from 15 to 38 GJ. Savings achieved are typically 20%–30% of pre-retrofit space heating energy use although large variations are observed both in energy savings and in costs per unit of energy saved. Even given the wide range in savings, most retrofit projects are cost-effective. Approximately 75%–80% of the retrofit projects have costs of conserved energy below their respective space heating fuel or electricity prices.     

燃气炉分户供暖的应用探讨

比较了燃气炉分户供暖与燃煤集中供暖在实用性与经济性方面的特点,经计算分析,指,出燃气炉分户供暖用于节能建筑具有一定的优越性,这种方式在有气源的地区可作为一种供选择的热源形式,但应妥善处理排烟与安全问题。     

Building energy use compilation and analysis (BECA). Part B: Retrofit of existing North American residential buildings

BECA-B assesses the technical performance and economics of energy conservation retrofit measures. The data collected thus far represent measured energy savings and retrofit costs for over 65 North American residential retrofit projects. The samples size within each project ranges from individual homes to 33 000 dwellings participating in a utility-sponsored program. The median value of space heating energy savings is 24% of the pre-retrofit consumption. For fuel-heated homes, the median cost of conserved energy is $3.66/GJ, substantially less than the U.S. Average 1981 prices for purchased energy of $4.27/GJ for natural gas and $8.25/GJ for fuel oil. For ten of the eleven electric heat retrofits the cost of conserved electricity is less than the 1981 U.S. average price of 6.2¢/kWh.     

Statistical analyses on winter energy consumption characteristics of residential buildings in some cities of China

The purposes of this paper are to analyze winter energy use of residential buildings in different cities of China, and to figure out the influence factors of winter residential energy use. The investigated residences were located in seven typical cities of five architectural thermotechnical design zones. Questionnaire surveys revealed building characteristics, household characteristics, the utilization of domestic appliances, and thermal environment in winter. Winter energy consumption in different cities bears obvious regional characteristics. In south China, Hong Kong has the largest mean household energy use amount, and Changsha and Chongqing follow Hong Kong; Kunming in the warm zone has the small energy use. In north cities, if district space heating is excluded from total energy use, Urumqi and Xi’an have the energy use at the smallest level, but space heating use is very huge. The energy use amounts of space heating of Tangshan, Urumqi and Xi’an are several times as large as the amounts of all the end uses in the southern cities. The analysis on influence factors of winter energy use are made for Chongqing and Hong Kong, respectively, by Quantification Theory I, and the results show there exist obvious differences in influence factors between the two cities.     

寒冷地区农村住宅用能情况及优化策略研究

为深入研究农村住宅建筑节能设计措施,选择河南省汤阴县农村住宅为研究对象。从炊事、冬季采暖、夏季降温、热水供应、照明和家用电器用能方面,对农村住宅用能情况进行调研。在调研基础上,分析寒冷地区农村住宅用能情况,并结合寒冷地区气候和地域特征,提出适合农村住宅能源利用的优化策略,以期为寒冷地区农村住宅能源利用提供有价值的理论依据。     

Energy-saving potential by improving occupants’ behavior in urban residential sector in Hangzhou City, China

Besides technical measures, occupants’ behavior is one of the most important issues with respect to energy efficiency in households. This paper will discuss the relationship between electricity consumption and household lifestyle and evaluate the energy-saving potential by improving occupants’ behavior in domestic life through energy-saving education. After 124 households in three typical residential buildings in Hangzhou city of China being selected as research subjects, a series of surveys were conducted: (1) recording of the monthly electricity uses of all subject households from March 2007 to July 2008; (2) energy-saving education to the half of the households before July 2008; (3) a comprehensive survey about the household lifestyle of all subject households in the beginning of August 2008. By comparison analysis of the survey data, major findings are as follows: (1) residential electricity consumption will increase continually in the next years in China, because of the improvement of people's living standard and more dependency on electric appliances; (2) improving occupants’ behavior in domestic life can save more than 10% household electricity use; and (3) some effort on residential energy savings should be shifted from technological measures to improving occupants’ behavior in ordinary domestic life.     

我国城市住宅全生命期能源消耗分析

为了全面掌握我国城市住宅建筑的全生命期能源消耗情况,文章运用全生命期评价模型对我国2007年所建城市住宅的能耗总量加以计算,同时借助敏感度分析方法对总能耗的敏感因素进行识别。研究结果表明,运行能耗在全生命期能耗中所占比例为70%;在能源消费结构方面,煤炭和电力占据了总能耗的80%;全生命期能耗量对于建筑采暖能耗密度和其他生活终端能耗密度较为敏感。该研究加深了对我国城市住宅全生命期能源消耗的了解,将推动全生命期评价模型在我国建筑领域的应用。     

我国城镇住宅空调能耗简化算法研究

应用DeST软件逐时模拟计算了典型条件下我国主要气候区代表性城市的住宅空调能耗。通过对模拟计算结果的分析,提出了我国城镇住宅空调能耗的一种简化算法,并用一些相关调查数据验证了其准确性。     

Effect of electricity price reform on households’ electricity consumption in urban Ethiopia

Until recently, the price of electricity in Ethiopia was among the lowest in the world. Such low prices have contributed to a substantial financial deficit for the government-owned electric utility and led to a degradation in the quality of electricity services delivered to customers. In December 2018, the utility increased the electricity tariff to help to finance improvements in the quality of electricity services. This paper studies the effect of the revised tariff on urban household electricity consumption and alternative fuel expenditure. The study relied on two rounds of household survey data and six years of electricity consumption data from the utility company. The study finds that prepaid customers reduced their electricity consumption by about 22 kWh per month in the post-tariff-adjustment periods, equivalent to about 10% of electricity expenditure and 14% of daily consumption. In the overall sample, however, consumption slightly increased over time. These results imply that the price elasticity of demand for electricity in urban Ethiopia is highly inelastic. Moreover, households did not shift substantially toward the use of alternative fuels. The findings indicate that governments and utilities in settings where electricity is priced well below cost-covering levels may be able to increase revenues and improve their balance sheets with relatively modest effects on households’ electricity consumption, though effects from more substantial tariff hikes should be examined.     

Statistical analyses on summer energy consumption characteristics of residential buildings in some cities of China

The purposes of this paper are to analyse energy consumption characteristics and to find out influence factors of residential energy consumption in summer in typical cities of China. The investigated residences were located in seven cities of five architecture thermotechnical design zones. Questionnaire surveys revealed housing unit characteristics, household characteristics, the possession and utilization of domestic energy consuming appliances and indoor thermal environment in summer. Energy consumption analyses show that summer energy consumption amounts in different cities bear distinct regional characteristics: the household amounts of electricity use are largest in Hongkong, and the values are smaller but still at a high level in Beijing, Shanghai and Changsha, and at the smallest level in Kunming, Harbin and Urumqi, while the difference in gas use is small among these cities. Influence factor analyses show that city locations, housing unit characteristics, the utilization of space coolers and water heaters, household characteristics, and subjective evaluation of indoor thermal environment all contribute to the residential energy consumption in summer when taking all the families in the seven cities as the sample collectivity, while detail analyses for separate cities shows each city has its own characteristics. In Shanghai, the satisfaction rate of thermal environment, the possession and operation of air conditioners and housing unit characteristics greatly affect the summer energy consumption, but the electrical fan is judged as the non-influence factor, while in Urumqi, the possession and operation of electrical fans and the categories of water heaters have remarkable effect, and the influence of housing unit characteristics is also distinct, but the number of air conditioners and their usage contribute little to energy use due to the cool climate.     

冷凝式锅炉辅助太阳能供热系统性能分析

根据我国北方太阳能供热的特点，提出了冷凝式锅炉辅助太阳能热水器供热系统，分析了该系统的特点；并与其他两种热源辅助太阳能热水器供热系统(电加热器和家用燃气锅炉辅助太阳能热水器供热系统)进行了经济性和环保性比较。     

辽宁省农村住宅的采暖方式与能耗研究

由于"烧柴火做饭,用火炕取暖"一直是北方广大农村的传统习惯.在农村能源消耗的构成中,生产耗能占20.3%,生活耗能占79.7%.在生活耗能中,常规能源,如煤、柴油、电仅占20%,其他80%要靠秸秆、柴草及牛粪等.而这80%的能源几乎都是围绕炕、灶这两样生活中心所消耗的.着重探讨了采暖与炊事这两方面的能耗,做好农村炕灶的节能也是减少直接消耗能源的有利途径.     

基于粗糙集的夏热冬暖地区建筑能耗关键指标识别研究

对建筑能耗关键指标识别是建筑节能的基础,是进行建筑能耗预测和正确决策的前提。采用文献研究法、专家调查法对住宅建筑能耗指标进行分类,即能源种类指标、能源驱动因素指标、能源用途(能源消耗终端种类)指标。基于粗糙集理论,采用Johnson算法,利用Rosetta软件对建筑能耗关键指标进行识别。结果显示,煤、电、石油液化气、可再生能源是目前建筑能耗中主要的4种能源。人均GDP、人口总量、建筑面积是建筑能耗的主要驱动因素,家用电器、空调、炊事、照明是建筑能耗的主要因素。