Reactive power market development considering power system security

In the new open access environment, in pursuit of profit, power producers tend to operate closer to the security boundaries and consequently, the voltage instability, which is caused by insufficient reactive power support, threats system security and reliability. This paper presents a day-ahead reactive power market based on uniform auction price scheme considering voltage security. First, expected payment function (EPF), identified earlier in the literature to construct a bidding framework for synchronous generators, is modified. Then, the modified EPF is used as the objective function of optimal power flow problem to clear reactive power market. Finally, the OPF, including overload, voltage drop and voltage stability margin in its constraints, is solved by binary coded genetic algorithm. The validity of the proposed reactive power market is studied based on the IEEE 24-bus reliability test system.     

Voltage security constrained active and reactive power pricing considering reactive market power

Reactive power support and voltage stability are considered to be very essential for preserving system security. This paper proposes a new market-based approach for voltage security constrained active and reactive power pricing. The problem is modeled as a multi-objective OPF in which the social welfare and the distance to voltage collapse point are maximized at same time. An important feature of the proposed approach is using the reactive market power index, Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), to assign optimal weighting factors of the multi-objective function. In addition, in this method not only the reactive power is considered but typical price is also provided based on real costs. The results show that the proposed method allows market operators and participants to preserve the level of security and social welfare within acceptable range by controlling the weighting factors and monitoring the HHI with regard to reactive market power. Using the proposed method and considering reactive power market, a suitable range of weighting factor can be determined ensuring the optimal bidding as well as satisfying the voltage security of the system.     

A new Optimal reactive power planning based on Differential Search Algorithm

This paper proposes a new multi-level methodology based on the optimal reactive power planning. The developed methodology is designed to solve the problem of the non-feasibility solution of the fuel cost minimization problem (for a given operating point) where the classical method such as interior point method (IPM) is applied. The proposed solution to solve this problem is based on the application of the optimal reactive power planning problem considering voltage stability as the initial solution of the fuel cost minimization problem. To improve the latter the load voltage deviation problem is applied to improve the system voltage profile. For à good result improvement, the reactive power planning problem and the load voltage deviation minimization problems are solved using a new optimization method namely the Differential Search Algorithm (DSA). Moreover, the fuel cost minimization problem is solved using IPM. To identify the candidate placements of compensation devices for the optimal reactive power planning problem, a new voltage stability index namely: The Fast Voltage Stability Index (FVSI) is used. The methodology has been tested with the equivalent Algerian power system network, and the simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed approach to improve the reactive power planning problem and to minimize the system voltage deviation.     

Two-stage optimization algorithm for short-term reactive power planning based on zonal approach

There are various methods for procurement of reactive power as an ancillary service in deregulated market environment. Reactive power market model based on voltage control zones and two-step optimal power flow algorithm is proposed in this paper. Zones are formed by splitting the power system or a control area of an interconnected power system into autonomous voltage sub-areas with sufficient reactive power reserves using the electrical distance method. Every zone formes a single reactive power market. First step of an optimization algorithm determines zonal reactive power prices based on generator's cost functions for reactive power production. Total cost minimization is the goal of the second optimization step where the final dispatching decision is made according to transmission losses and zonal reactive power prices respecting power system planned conditions and security constraints. Proposed algorithm is tested on IEEE 39 bus test system ensuring the system operator's minimal payment for reactive power and transmission losses, without jeopardizing power system security.     

考虑电压稳定约束的无功规划研究综述

随着电力市场进程的加快,系统运行不断逼近极限,电压稳定已成为影响系统安全的焦点问题,而合理的无功规划对保持系统电压稳定具有重要意义。首先解释了考虑电压稳定约束的无功规划基本概念,接着对目前基于静态和动态电压稳定约束的无功规划模型和求解方法进行总结与评述,提出了该领域需要深入研究的五个关键问题,强调了考虑安全性和经济性的无功规划是当前该领域的发展趋势,最后指出了建立基于动态电压稳定裕度的无功规划模型是避免系统电压崩溃的关键。     

A particle swarm optimization for reactive power and voltagecontrol considering voltage security assessment

This paper presents a particle swarm optimization (PSO) for reactive power and voltage control (volt/VAr control: VVC) considering voltage security assessment (VSA). VVC can be formulated as a mixed-integer nonlinear optimization problem (MINLP). The proposed method expands the original PSO to handle a MINLP and determines an online VVC strategy with continuous and discrete control variables such as automatic voltage regulator (AVR) operating values of generators, tap positions of on-load tap changer (OLTC) of transformers, and the number of reactive power compensation equipment. The method considers voltage security using a continuation power flow and a contingency analysis technique. The feasibility of the proposed method is demonstrated and compared with reactive tabu search (RTS) and the enumeration method on practical power system models with promising results     

基于无功辅助服务补偿的发电厂AVC系统机组无功出力分配策略

运行机组间无功出力分配是发电厂AVC系统的重要技术环节,分配策略的优劣影响着AVC控制的安全性及发电厂运行的经济性。从提高发电厂收益角度,提出了基于无功辅助服务补偿的发电厂AVC系统机组无功出力分配策略,建立了优化模型。该优化模型考虑了发电厂参与无功辅助服务后机组及变压器损耗增加的成本,在满足调度机构AVC系统下发的控制目标及机组安全运行等约束条件的前提下,以电厂收益最大为优化目标,求取参与AVC控制机组的无功出力控制量并下发相应机组执行。算例仿真验证了基于无功辅助服务补偿后发电厂运行机组间无功出力分配的有效性,能在满足调压要求的同时明显地提高电厂的经济效益。     

A new reactive power planning procedure for Iranian Power Grid

Reactive power planning has received considerably attention during the last few years. Allocation of reactive power resources of both static (ex. switchable capacitors and/or reactors) and dynamic (ex. static VAr compensators, or SVCs) types can have major impacts on voltage security (i.e. voltage profile and stability) and active power losses. They, however, impose costs so that the planning procedure is, indeed, an optimization problem in which the resources should be so allocated and sized that optimum performance, in terms of voltage profile and stability and minimum active power losses are achieved while, at the same time, minimum reactive power resource costs are imposed.This problem is addressed in this paper for the multi-zone Iranian Power Grid. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is employed to solve the resulting multi-objective optimization problem. The system under study is a large-scale test case so that new approaches are proposed to tackle the problem. Implementation of the results are underway.     

基于模糊决策树的变电站电压无功控制方法研究

变电研制的电压无功控制是保证电能质量和电力系统安全可靠运行的重要措施。本文分析当前电压无功控制方法存在的不足，把模糊决策树应用到这一领域，提出基于模糊决策树的变电站电压无功控制方法。模糊决策树融合了模糊理论和决策树的优点，不仅能很好地解决电压越限的模糊边界问题，而且能依据调压控制的限制条件优化原则和设备保护闭锁等信息进行综合决策，以实现电容器和变压器分接头在变电站各种运行状态下的最佳配全。用于某110kV变电站的实验表明，本方法能提高电压质量，减少设备调节次数，具有良好的控制性能。     

Probabilistic reactive power procurement in hybrid electricity markets with uncertain loads

This paper presents a novel probabilistic algorithm for optimal reactive power provision in hybrid electricity markets. The proposed algorithm is a six-stage multiobjective nonlinear constrained optimization problem which takes into account load forecasting inaccuracies. Considering a set of probable forecasted loads, a three-component expected total market payment function is suggested being minimized as cost function of the first stage. Besides economic issues, expected voltage security margin, deviation from multilateral and pool based energy transactions, deviation from spinning reserve contracts, having adequate local reactive power reserve in each voltage control area of the system and transmission congestion probability are well thought out in stages 2-5 as technical aspects of the market. Finally, in the last stage, using different weighting factors to compromise between all objects, a probabilistic multiobjective function is presented to find the best reactive power market schedule. The proposed algorithm is applied on IEEE 24-bus test system. As a benchmark, Monte Carlo Simulation method is utilized to simulate the market of given period of time to evaluate results of the proposed algorithm, and satisfactory results are achieved.     

考虑直流输电的电力系统无功备用优化

目前无功备用研究较少涉及包含直流输电线路的电力系统。提出一种针对交直流混联系统的电力系统无功备用优化模型。基于交直流混联潮流方程,该模型首先利用发电机端电压及无功功率控制灵敏度定义直流输电系统的有效无功备用。以此为目标,在考虑各种系统约束的情况下建立考虑交直流混联的电力系统无功备用优化模型。针对无功备用优化模型耦合两个运行状态而难以准确求解的缺陷,提出一种解耦方法进行求解。对改进IEEE 39节点系统的算例分析结果表明,所提无功备用定义可有效衡量系统的无功电压水平,而所提模型可以有效提高含直流输电线路电力系统的无功备用和电压稳定裕度,保障电力系统的安全稳定性。     

基于灵敏度计算的发电机无功资源价值分析

无功对电力系统的经济、安全和可靠运行具有重要的作用,因此必须对无功的成本和价值进行分析,才能科学解决无功定价问题。鉴于有大量的文献对无功生产成本做了分析,该文从系统侧阐述了不同节点发电机发出或吸收的无功对系统电压和网损的影响,从而提出了基于网损灵敏度和无功灵敏度的分析方法,合理地说明了发电机无功对系统价值,并以算例进行说明。     

考虑源网荷储协调互动的配电网无功优化

无功电压控制是保障电网安全稳定运行的基础,高比例新能源发电是新型电力系统的主要特征,挖掘新能源发电、储能以及柔性负荷等柔性可控资源的无功电压潜力能有效保障新型电力系统安全稳定运行。文中提出了一种考虑源网荷储互动的配电网无功电压控制方法,从负荷需求侧响应出发基于市场实时电价信息以负荷转移成本和用户购电成本为基础实现价格驱动需求响应的负荷平移策略;利用储能系统协调新能源发电出力和负荷平移规则,构建综合考虑源网荷储互动的配电网无功优化模型。通过调节无功补偿设备、储能充放电策略协调新能源出力,在满足负荷需求侧响应需求的基础上达到系统无功电压的最优控制。通过改进的IEEE33节点系统仿真分析,实验结果表明通过源网荷储的充分互动能够有效提高系统无功电压调节能力,实现配电网安全、经济运行。     

Multi-objective optimal reactive power flow including voltage security and demand profile classification

This paper proposes a method to optimize reactive power flow (ORPF) with regard to multiple objectives while maintaining system voltage security across a time-domain. Compromise programming is employed in the ORPF formulation, which is designed to minimize both losses and payment for the reactive power service in the framework of the UK daily balancing market. In coordination with ORPF, continuation power flow (CPF) is applied to evaluate and maintain the voltage security margin of the system. Prior to the optimisation procedure, the related control parameters can be grouped with the aid of a load classification method in order to simplify the control actions. During the optimisation, through the application of both ORPF and CPF, multi-objective optimisation can be achieved with voltage security at an acceptable level. The Ward and Hale 6-bus system and a 60-bus UK test system are presented to illustrate the application of the proposed modeling framework.     

基于分布式电源有功无功调节能力的配电网无功规划

传统的无功规划方法在应对小概率极端电压场景时往往要求配电网投资大量的无功补偿装置。为此,基于分布式电源及负荷场景,提出一种配电网无功规划模型,该模型充分利用了分布式电源的有功、无功调节能力,在小概率极端电压场景下将分布式电源有功调节作为一种附加电压调节手段,并以无功补偿装置投资费用和分布式电源有功调节费用之和最小为目标以减少系统总支付费用。提出一种嵌入原始对偶内点法的粒子群优化算法对模型进行求解。通过对自定义IEEE 30节点系统进行仿真分析,验证了所提模型的经济性和所提算法的有效性。     

An expert system for voltage and reactive power control of a powersystem

A methodology called the sensitivity tree, which can be easily used to form an expert system for real-time control, is proposed. Based on this methodology, an expert system for the control of voltage and reactive power of a power system is developed. The main objective of this expert system is to help the operator detect buses experiencing abnormal conditions, select the most effective control measures, and calculate the control actions required to overcome the voltage violation. The control measures used to alleviate the voltage problem are capacitor compensation, transformer tap changes, and generator terminal voltage changes. By keeping the bus voltage in the entire system within limits, system security is increased. The expert system is written in the PROLOG language. Simulation studies with this expert system applied to a 30-bus power system show satisfactory results     

电力系统中电压与无功问题的新特点及对策

对电力系统当前的电压与无功功率现状作了阐述,提出了当前系统中无功问题的三个新特点。用三相电动机起动过程的仿真示例,说明系统的无功功率不足可引起电压下降现象。并对电压稳定问题和无功补偿问题作了简要的分析,分别就防止电压崩溃和采用动态补偿设备问题提出了相应的对策。     

考虑拓扑影响的风电场无功优化策略研究

双馈风电机组(DFIG)机群的拓扑结构对风电场无功优化有较大影响。分析了DFIG的无功出力极限,将DFIG作为风电场连续无功源,计及风电场有载调压变压器分接头设置对DFIG机端电压的影响。以风电场内部有功损耗最小为优化目标建立风电场无功优化模型。最后,以丹麦HornsRev1离岸风电场为例,采用粒子群优化算法对所建立的无功优化模型进行求解。仿真结果验证了所提优化控制策略的安全性和经济性。     

A new approach for cost allocation and reactive power pricing in a deregulated environment

Power industry has been facing restructuring problems during the past decade. Appropriate management of reactive power is very essential for supporting power system security. Reactive power has dominant effects on real energy transfer. Furthermore, it can support the secure operation of the system as an ancillary service. However, most researches have been focused on active power as the main good transacted in electricity markets. On the other hand, while reactive power production cost is highly dependent on real power output, it is mainly confined to local consumption. As a result, to avoid market power and to maintain the secure operation of the system, a fair cost allocation method seems to be very essential. Appropriate pricing of reactive power as an ancillary service has been a challenging problem during the past decade. However, most methods proposed so far for reactive power pricing are essentially based on empirical approximations. In this paper, a new method for reactive power cost allocation is proposed. The method is based on calculation of the accurate cost which will be imposed on generators due to supporting reactive power. The proposed method is fair, accurate and realistic and it can be formulated very easily. Furthermore, a new approach based on tracing algorithm is proposed for pricing of reactive power which considers the cost of both active and reactive losses allocated to each generator. Application of the proposed method on IEEE 9-bus standard network confirms its validity and effectiveness.     

考虑光热光伏混合电站内外双重电压安全的两阶段无功优化控制

针对实际运行的大规模光热光伏混合电站并网后面临的“内忧外患”电压问题，既受电站内部节点电压状态的影响，也受外部电网系统静态电压稳定状态的影响，提出一种考虑光热光伏混合电站内外双重电压安全的两阶段无功优化控制方法。首先，通过静态电压稳定裕度、节点电压均衡度和无功储备裕度3种指标表征混合电站电压安全状态。然后，结合小时级长时间尺度的光伏出力预测信息，在第I阶段实施有载变压器和电容器慢速调整。针对分钟级短时间尺度内的光伏出力波动，以混合电站内的光伏发电单元、光热发电单元和静止同步补偿器为第II阶段的优化控制对象，实现快速精细化电压调节。所提方法能有效避免全站设备频繁参与优化调整，从而提高控制效率。最后，通过测试系统验证分析结果表明：通过两阶段无功控制协调，所提方法能够抑制光伏出力的波动冲击，有效降低站内电压安全越限和失稳风险。