导热油供热系统的优越性

导热油供热系统的优越性山东省济宁市能源监测站郑刚１前言载热体加热炉是国务院推广的节能技术项目，导热油加热炉是载热体加热炉的一种，它以导热油为载热体（供热热媒），闭路循环，连续加热，以其独特的热力性能及优越性广泛应用于石油、化工、轻纺、机械、建材等行业...     

热管在热载体加热炉中的应用

热管在热载体加热炉中的应用虞斌，涂善东，庄骏南京化工大学热管技术开发研究院一、前言导热油加热炉的应用日趋广泛，在石油、化工、纺织、印染、塑料、造纸、食品加工等行业取得了良好的经济效益，然而由于各种原因，导热油加热炉设备的事故时有发生，不能不引起足够的...     

高温有机载热体燃煤加热炉

高温有机载热体加热炉又称导热油炉、该炉是石油、化工、纺织、印染、轻工等工业等常用的能量转换设备，具有其他工业锅炉所不能比拟的工艺特点。其最大特点是“低压高温”且不发生相变。这种加热炉早已被国外一些国家所利用、尤其是美、俄、日、英、法等国。在40年前就形成自己的系列产品被广泛应用。国外这种加热炉的加热方法均为燃气或燃油。采用这种燃料，在我国大城市以外的部分地区不能满足要求，所以开发高温有机载热体燃煤加热炉在我国有广阔的发展前景。     

某天然气净化厂供热系统设计

某天然气净化厂需设置一套供热系统,为工艺装置及冬季采暖提供热负荷.根据热用户对用热参数的要求,可采用蒸汽锅炉供热系统或导热油加热炉供热系统.从投资、运行、管理及维护等方面对两种供热系统进行方案比较.导热油加热炉供热系统具有以下优点:运行和维护费用低、不消耗水资源、可露天布置、导热油倾点低,适合当地严寒气象条件.推荐选用...     

YD系列导热油的最高允许膜温

提出了ＹＤ系列导热油的稳定性机理，简要介绍了ＹＤ系列导热油在加热炉管内的最高允许膜温的计算方法。给出了它在最高允许膜温以下工作的适宜流速值及不同管径的膜温修正系数Φ。     

热管式导热油加热炉的研制

介绍了一种新型热管式导热油加热炉的工作原理,性能及结构特点,该加热炉采用高温热管为主,配以部分中,低温热管作为传热元件,具有独特的优点和显著的节能效果,有着重要的推广价值和广阔的应用前景。     

有机热载体炉设计中常见问题的探讨

文章着重对有机热载体锅炉结构型式的选择、受热面的布置,以及工艺流程等作了阐述。对于大容量加热炉应考虑布置尾部受热面,不仅是为了提高锅炉的热效率,同时对引风机的使用寿命大有益处。对受热面布置,应考虑到介质的流动方向。“低进高出”更有利,即低温导热油从锅炉的最低点输入,加热后的高温导热油应从锅炉的最高点输出,有利于导热油的脱水排汽。     

一体式软密封高温铸钢球阀──导热油专用阀

我国在六十年代至七十年代,热油炉都靠进口,其配套的阀门也靠进口。七直年代末,八十年代初,我国自行设计有机热载体加热炉,其配套的阀门则由国家劳动部指定厂家生产。由于导热油易燃易爆,因此对阀门的质量要求也特别严格。国内生产的导热油阀门价格昂贵,因此有些使用单位就选用价格便宜的截止阀,闸阀代用,故此近年来经常出现因阀门泄漏而发生大灾等事故。化工部加热炉技术委员会和中国通用机械阀门的建议下,由浙江省玉环县楚门亨特阀门厂,承担试制,价格较低的导热油专用阀门。该阀门的设计单位是甘肃工业大学。"亨特"片一体式软…     

卧式燃油燃气炉炉胆传热计算方法的比较研究

对卧式燃油燃气锅炉或加热炉,炉胆传热计算是热力计算中的重要计算,其主要目的是确定炉胆出口烟温。本文对已有的卧式内燃燃油燃气锅炉炉胆传热计算公式进行了比较,提出了适合加热炉炉胆传热计算的方法和简化算法。     

烟气气流控制器在工业炉窑上的应用

烟气气流控制器替代烟道闸板是一种新式技术，描述了烟气气流控制器的结构、原理和在工业炉上实际应用效果。实践验证烟气气流控制器对燃油加热炉节能降耗效果明显，在燃油加热炉上有很大推广价值。     

Effect of fatty acid composition of soybean oil on deposit and performance of plant oil pressure stoves

Plant oil as household energy could be a sustainable and locally available alternative for fossil fuel. However, the use of pure plant oil in pressure stoves leads to deposit in the vaporizer. Therefore, objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the degree of unsaturation of plant oils on performance and deposit formation. Soybean oil with an iodine value of 128 g I₂/100 g was used as well as partly hydrogenated soybean oil with an iodine value of 62 g I₂/100 g, hydrogenated soybean oil with an iodine value of 1 g I₂/100 g, and a blend of 50% refined soybean oil and 50% partly hydrogenated soybean oil was confected to obtain an iodine value of 95 g I₂/100 g. In burning trials, the specific fuel consumption, the required frequency of nozzle cleaning and the amount of deposit in the vaporizer were measured. Results showed an exponential increase of deposits in the vaporizer when iodine value of soybean oil was increased: deposits amounted to 0.26 g/kg of consumed fuel for hydrogenated soybean oil and 0.70 g/kg for the original (untreated) soybean oil. However, an increase in the soybean oil iodine value did not affect fuel consumption, which was 0.296 kg/h for hydrogenated soybean oil compared to 0.286 kg/h for original (untreated) soybean oil. Further research is necessary to investigate the chemical reactions in the vaporizer to identify key precursors (factors) and reactions mechanisms that could influence the formation of deposits in plant oil pressure stoves.     

Optimization of conditions for the extraction of phorbol esters from Jatropha oil

The production of Jatropha curcas seeds as a biodiesel feedstock is expected to reach 160 Mt by 2017. The present study aims at extracting phorbol esters (PEs) as a co-product from Jatropha oil before processing it to biodiesel. The conditions were optimized for extraction of PEs in organic solvents by using a magnetic stirrer and an Ultra turrax. The extent of reduction in PEs was >99.4% in methanol using any of the stirring tools. However, the extraction using Ultra turrax affected considerably the colour of the remaining oil. Therefore, further solvent:oil ratio, time and temperature were optimized using a magnetic stirrer to get PE rich fraction-I (48.4 mg PEs g^?1) and virtually PE-free oil. PEs were 14 fold higher in this fraction than the control oil. PEs, extracted in methanol from the untreated Jatropha oil, at 1 mg L^?1 produced 100% mortality in snails (Physa fontinalis). The methanol extract from virtually PE-free oil when concentrated 20 and 25 time the untreated Jatropha oil (equivalent of 20 mg L^?1 and 25 mg L^?1 PEs in the control oil) was nontoxic to snails. PE rich fraction-I, obtained as a co-product, can be used in agricultural, medicinal and pharmaceutical applications and the remaining oil can be used for biodiesel preparation. The remaining oil will be friendly to the environment and workers.     

Effect of nanoparticle size on nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of refrigerant/oil mixture with nanoparticles

Effect of nanoparticle size on nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of refrigerant/oil mixture with nanoparticles was investigated experimentally. For the preparation of the test fluid, refrigerant R113, ester oil VG68, and Cu nanoparticles with three different average diameters of 20, 50 and 80 nm were used. Experimental conditions include a saturation pressure of 101.3 kPa, heat fluxes from 10 to 80 kW m^?2, nanoparticle concentrations in the nanoparticles/oil suspension from 0 to 30 wt%, and nanoparticles/oil suspension concentrations from 0 to 5 wt%. The experimental results indicate that the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient of R113/oil mixture with Cu nanoparticles is enhanced by a maximum of 23.8% with the decrease of nanoparticle size from 80 to 20 nm under the present experimental conditions, and the enhancement increases with the decrease of nanoparticles/oil suspension concentration or the increase of nanoparticles concentrations in the nanoparticles/oil suspension. A general nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficient correlation for refrigerant/oil mixture with nanoparticles is proposed, and it agrees with 93% of the existing experimental data of refrigerant/oil mixture with nanoparticles within a deviation of ±20%.     

The future of oil and bioethanol in Brazil

This work compares the return on investments (ROI) of oil versus biofuels in Brazil. Although several renewable energy sources might displace oil, the country's forte is sugarcane biofuels. In our analysis we carry out simplified benefit–cost analyses of producing oil fields, pre-salt oil fields (without and with enhanced oil recovery), a business as the usual ethanol scenario, and a high ethanol scenario. Excluding the ROI from existing oil fields, which is the highest, when the discount rate is 4% or more, the ROI of the high ethanol scenario is greater than that of the ROI of pre-salt oil. Considering a US$40/t CO₂ tax, the high ethanol scenario's ROI is greater than the pre-salt oil's ROI if a discount rate of 2% or more is adopted. Moreover, the high ethanol scenario throughput up to 2070 compares to 97% of the pre-salt oil reserve without EOR, and demands 78% of its investment. Pre-salt oil production declines beyond 2042 when the country might become a net oil importer. In contrast, ethanol production reaches 2.1 million boe per day, and another 0.9 million boe of fossil demand is displaced through bioelectricity, yielding a total of 3 million boe (62% of the country's oil demand).     

Effect of orange peel oil on ethanol production by Zymomonas mobilis

The effect of orange peel oil on ethanol production by the ethanologenic bacterium Zymomonas mobilis was investigated. Orange peel oil was added in various amounts to determine its effects on ethanol production. Fermentation of model sugar solutions was conducted at 30 and 37 °C. The minimum orange peel oil concentration that inhibited ethanol production by Z. mobilis was determined after 24, 48, 72 and 96 h for both temperatures. Minimum inhibitory orange peel oil concentrations for ethanol production at 30 °C were 0.05% after 24 h, 0.10% after 48 h, 0.15% after 72 h, and 0.20% after 96 h. Minimum inhibitory orange peel oil concentrations for ethanol production at 37 °C were 0.05% after 24 h, 0.10% after 48 h, and 0.20% after 72 h. Orange peel oil did not inhibit ethanol production after 96 h at a temperature of 37 °C.     

Thermal and geochemical characterization of Lokpanta oil shales,Nigeria

Thermal decomposition of Lokpanta oil shale from Nigeria was studied by non-isothermal thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The experiments were performed in an inert environment with a temperature range of 25 to 600 °C. The geochemical characteristics of the oil shale were also investigated by Rock Eval. pyrolysis. Thermal breakdown of the kerogen content of the oil shale takes place mainly at the temperature range of 300 to 570 °C. The estimated decomposable kerogen content of the oil shale ranges from 4.55 to 9.64 wt.%. The activation energies of the pyrolysis process vary from 73.2 to 75.0 kJ/mol. The DTA data reveals the exothermic nature of the decomposition process. The results from the geochemical analysis indicate that the oil shale contains sufficient, good quality kerogen to generate both oil and gas upon pyrolysis.     

Experimental evaluation on the oil influence in capillary tubes

This work presents the results of an experimental study on pure refrigerant R-134a and refrigerant–oil mixtures flowing through capillary tubes in order to analyse the oil influence in component performance. Tests were carried out for capillary tubes internal diameters of 0.69 mm and 0.82 mm, condensing temperatures ranging from 40 °C to 50 °C, and subcooling degrees between 3 °C and 12 °C. Pure refrigerant flow measurements were compared to those for refrigerant–oil mixtures with oil concentrations of 1.0% and 3.0%.     

Estimation on oil demand and oil saving potential of China's road transport sector

China is currently in the stage of industrialization and urbanization, which is characterized by rigid energy demand and rapid growth of energy consumption. Therefore, energy conservation will become a major strategy for China in a transition to low-carbon economy. China's transport industry is of high energy consumption. In 2010, oil consumption in transport industry takes up 38.2% of the country's total oil demand, of which 23.6% is taken up by road transport sector. As a result, oil saving in China's road transport sector is vital to the whole nation. The co-integration method is developed to find a long-run relationship between oil consumption and affecting factors such as GDP, road condition, labor productivity and oil price, to estimate oil demand and to predict future oil saving potential in China's transport sector under different oil-saving scenarios. Monte Carlo simulation is further used for risk analysis. Results show that under BAU condition, oil demand of China's road transport sector will reach 278.5 million ton of oil equivalents (MTOE) in 2020. Oil saving potential will be 86 MTOE and 131 MTOE under moderate oil-saving scenario and advanced oil-saving scenario, respectively. This paper provides a reference to establishing oil saving policy for China's road transport sector.     

Coconut oil extraction by the traditional Java method: An investigation of its potential application in aqueous Jatropha oil extraction

A traditional Java method of coconut oil extraction assisted by paddy crabs was investigated to find out if crabs or crab-derived components can be used to extract oil from Jatropha curcas seed kernels. Using the traditional Java method the addition of crab paste liberated 54% w w^?1 oil from grated coconut meat. Oil extraction using crab paste carried out under controlled temperatures and in the presence of antibiotics showed that enzymes from crab played a dominant role in liberating oil from grated coconut meat and aqueous J. curcas kernel slurries when incubated at 30 °C or 37 °C. However, at higher temperature (50 °C), thermophilic bacterial strains present inside crabs played a significant role in the extraction of oil from both oilseeds tested. A thermophilic bacterial strain isolated from crab paste and identified based on 16s rRNA sequence as Bacillus licheniformis strain BK23, when added as starter culture, was able to liberate 60% w w^?1 oil from aqueous J. curcas kernel slurry after 24 h at 50 °C. Further studies of BK23 and extraction process optimization are the challenges to improve Jatropha oil extraction yield and process economy.     

Comparison of biodiesel production from crude Jatropha oil and Krating oil by supercritical methanol transesterification

This work compared the production of biodiesel from two different non-edible oils with relatively high acid values (Jatropha oil and Krating oil). Using non-catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification, high methyl ester yield (85–90%) can be obtained in a very short time (5–10 min). However, the dependence of fatty acid methyl ester yield on reaction conditions (i.e., temperature and pressure) and the optimum conditions were different by the source of oils and were correlated to the amount of free fatty acids (FFAs) and unsaturated fatty acid content in oils. Krating oil, which has higher FFAs and unsaturated fatty acid content, gave higher fatty acid methyl ester yield of 90.4% at 260 °C, 16 MPa, and 10 min whereas biodiesel from Jatropha oil gave fatty acid methyl ester yield of 84.6% at 320 °C, 15 MPa and 5 min using the same molar ratio of methanol to oil 40:1. The product quality from crude Krating oil met the biodiesel standard. Pre-processing steps such as degumming or oil purification are not necessary.