某办公楼动态能耗模拟与节能分析

以eQUEST能耗模拟软件为工具,为重庆市某办公楼建立了能耗仿真模型,分析了空调设定温度、制冷机COP值、室内照明密度对能耗的影响,并对三者相应的节能潜力进行了比较分析。结果表明,建筑电耗随照明密度的减小线性降低,照明密度对建筑节能有着巨大的影响。     

Long term building energy demand for India: Disaggregating end use energy services in an integrated assessment modeling framework

With increasing population, income, and urbanization, meeting the energy service demands for the building sector will be a huge challenge for Indian energy policy. Although there is broad consensus that the Indian building sector will grow and evolve over the coming century, there is little understanding of the potential nature of this evolution over the longer term. The present study uses a technologically detailed, service based building energy model nested in the long term, global, integrated assessment framework, GCAM, to produce scenarios of the evolution of the Indian buildings sector up through the end of the century. The results support the idea that as India evolves toward developed country per-capita income levels, its building sector will largely evolve to resemble those of the currently developed countries (heavy reliance on electricity both for increasing cooling loads and a range of emerging appliance and other plug loads), albeit with unique characteristics based on its climate conditions (cooling dominating heating and even more so with climate change), on fuel preferences that may linger from the present (for example, a preference for gas for cooking), and vestiges of its development path (including remnants of rural poor that use substantial quantities of traditional biomass).     

Computer aided energy conscious building design

The design process for an energy conscious building, which was built, along with the computer aided design tools that were applied, is presented. The building, situated in the hot-humid climate of Rehovot - Israel, houses the laboratories and offices of the Weizmann Institute's Environmental Science and Energy Research Department. Alternative bio-climatic design options were proposed and evaluated throughout the detailed design stage. A building energy performance index (BEPI) was established for each alternative. This index reflects the total amount of energy consumption for heating, cooling, ventilating and lighting used, per square meter of floor area. Thermal modeling for the different design alternatives were carried out by means of an hourly dynamic simulation model ENERGY. The design strategies were determined by the model PASYS, the shading devices were designed and evaluated using SUNSHADES and SHADING design tools. The building is monitored for the last whole year, and the measured values are close to the predictions.     

A comprehensive energy supply model in an office building based on the reference energy system

In the last decade, technological innovations have resulted in considering distributed generation with heat recovery capability in addition to centralised generation. This work aims to develop a comprehensive model analysing techno-economic parameters of energy supply in an office building. The energy model is developed on the basis of the reference energy system with the linear programming technique. The objective function is the annual value of total costs of the energy supply system. The results of the model for the building of Sharif Energy Research Institute indicate that the most appropriate generation technology is an internal combustion engine of 461 kW and a water boiler of 152 kW. In addition to supplying the final service demand, hot water feeds an absorption chiller of 507 kW to produce cold water. Furthermore, storage systems of hot and cold water are required in order to achieve high load factors in the system.     

大型机关办公建筑能耗与节能分析研究

以大型机关办公建筑为审计对象,以沈阳市某大型机关办公建筑为例,通过对该机关办公建筑的能源审计以及数据的详细统计分析,得出该类建筑的用能特点和耗能状况,并在此基础上提出相应的节能对策,为我国建立大型办公建筑节能运行监管体系,开展机关办公建筑能源审计工作提供一定参考。     

Heating energy performance and part load ratio characteristics of boiler staging in an office building

Commercial buildings account for significant portions of the total building energy in South Korea and thus a variety of research on the boiler operation related to heating energy in office buildings has been carried out thus far. However, most of the researches have been conducted on the boiler itself, i.e., the part load ratio characteristics and the corresponding gas energy consumption patterns are not analyzed in the existing studies. In this study, the part load ratio and the operating characteristics of gas boiler have been analyzed within an office building equipped with the conventional variable air volume system. In addition, the gas consumption among different boiler staging schemes has been comparatively analyzed. As a result, significant portions of total operating hours, heating load and energy consumption has been found to be in a part load ratio range of 0 through 40% and thus energy consumption is significantly affected by boiler efficiency at low part load conditions. This suggests that boiler operation at the part load is an important factor in commercial buildings. In addition, utilizing sequential boiler staging scheme can save a gas usage of about 7%. For annual heating energy saving, applying the sequential control boiler with a 3:7 proportion staging is considered to be the optimal control algorithm for maximum efficiency of boilers.     

济南市某综合写字楼能源消耗分析

为研究确定济南市大型公共建筑能源消耗状况,以济南某综合写字楼为研究对象,通过调研、现场实测、走访、查阅资料对项目水耗、燃气消耗、供暖热力消耗、电力消耗进行了详细地统计分析,得到了大楼单位建筑面积水耗指标、单位人员桶装水消耗指标、日均燃气消耗指标、单位建筑面积冬季空调热力消耗指标、单位建筑面积耗电指标以及单位建筑面积一次总能耗指标及其组分进行了统计分析。     

大型综合办公建筑能源利用模式探讨

针对济南市某大型综合办公建筑,定量分析了各项能源利用方案。从提高建筑设备及系统的能源利用效率和采用可再生能源以降低建筑暖通空调能耗的角度出发,提出最优能源利用方案。     

Active/passive heating of an office building

This paper presents a periodic analysis to predict the enclosed air temperature for an active and/or passively heated office building in a climate where the solar intensity is small and the ambient air temperature varies about the freezing temperature of water. It also suggests a way to control the enclosed air temperature by adjusting the size of the collector and air flow rate.     

Life-cycle operational and embodied energy for a generic single-storey office building in the UK

Increasing energy efficiency makes embodied energy considerations increasingly significant. The energy initially embodied in a building could be as much as 67% of its operating energy over a 25-year period. If additional embodied energy gained over the building life is also included, the total life-cycle energy could be larger than the operating energy over the same period. Currently, embodied energy cannot be predicted accurately due to lack of reliable and accurate data; there is a wide variation in the data available. The variation of life-cycle operational and embodied energy and capital cost as a function of building parameters is explored.     

Experimental study of ice storage performance in an office building

Effective reduction of electricity costs in conditioned buildings by using a cool storage installation is strictly dependent on optimal management and detailed prediction of the real operating conditions of the plant when designing the installation. Because of the multiplicity of causes which determine the final result, this is often very difficult to achieve. In this paper a monitoring test of a bank service central plant equipped with an ice storage cooling system is presented. The measured data show remarkable differences from design stage expectations. This confirms the necessity to always schedule a commissioning adjustment of this kind of system. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Impact analysis of carbon tax on the renewal planning of energy supply system for an office building

An optimal planning method is proposed for the renewal-planning problem of an energy supply system installed into building from economic viewpoint. In this method, the objective function to be minimized is the average annual total cost during the evaluation period of the objective system based on the annualized costs method, and the renewal year is considered as a decision variable together with the renewal system's structure, equipment capacities, and system's operational strategy. This problem is formulated as one of the mixed-integer linear programming problem, and a numerical study is carried out for an office building with the total floor area of 15,000 m² by using the GAMS/CPLEX solver. Impact analysis of the carbon tax introduction is mainly studied on the renewal planning mentioned above, and the following results are obtained:     

复合载体夯扩桩在某办公楼中的应用

复合载体夯扩桩是一种新桩型,它由上部的混凝土桩体和下部用于加固软土层的复合载体两部分组成.通过苏州安维科技办公楼复合载体夯扩桩的工程实例,介绍了该桩的承载特点、质量控制手段及检测效果.实践证明,复合载体夯扩桩可大幅度提高桩基承载能力,具有明显的经济效益和广泛的应用前景.     

Cooling strategies,summer comfort and energy performance of a rehabilitated passive standard office building

One of the first rehabilitated passive energy standard office buildings in Europe was extensively monitored over two years to analyse the cooling performance of a ground heat exchanger and mechanical night ventilation together with the summer comfort in the building. To increase the storage mass in the light weight top floor, phase change materials (PCM) were used in the ceiling and wall construction. The earth heat exchanger installed at a low depth of 1.2 m has an excellent electrical cooling coefficient of performance of 18, but with an average cooling power of about 1.5 kW does not contribute significantly to cooling load removal. Mechanical night ventilation with 2 air changes also delivered cold at a good coefficient of performance of 6 with 14 kW maximum power. However, the night air exchange was too low to completely discharge the ceilings, so that the PCM material was not effective in a warm period of several days. In the ground floor offices the heat removal through the floor to ground of 2–3 W m⁻² K⁻¹ was in the same order of magnitude than the charging heat flux of the ceilings. The number of hours above 26 °C was about 10% of all office hours. The energy performance of the building is excellent with a total primary energy consumption for heating and electricity of 107–115 kW h m⁻² a⁻¹, without computing equipment only 40–45 kW h m⁻² a⁻¹.     

青岛某办公建筑供热改造工程技术经济分析

分析山东青岛某办公建筑采暖工程改造情况,对改造前与改造后的系统进行技术与经济性评估.利用DeST软件对采暖期的逐时热负荷进行模拟计算,并提出四套供暖方案,以7 d为一个运行周期,记录机组运行工况,计算其初投资与运行年费,从不同角度分析对比.研究表明:采用空气源热泵方案的运行年费相较于传统集中供热有明显优势,虽然初投资较...     

Passive cooling in a low-energy office building

In office buildings, the use of passive cooling techniques combined with a reduced cooling load may result in a good thermal summer comfort and therefore save cooling energy consumption. This is shown in the low-energy office building ‘SD Worx’ in Kortrijk (Belgium), in which natural night ventilation and an earth-to-air heat exchanger are applied. In winter, the supply air is successively heated by the earth-to-air heat exchanger and the regenerative heat exchanger, which recovers the heat from the exhaust air. In summer, the earth-to-air heat exchanger cools the ventilation air by day. In addition, natural night ventilation cools down the exposed structure which has accumulated the heat of the previous day. In this article the overall thermal comfort in the office building is evaluated by means of measuring and simulation results. Measurements of summer 2002 are discussed and compared to simulations with a coupled thermal and ventilation simulation model TRNSYS-COMIS. The simulations are used to estimate the relative importance of the different techniques. The evaluation shows that passive cooling has an important impact on the thermal summer comfort in the building. Furthermore, natural night ventilation appears to be much more effective than an earth-to-air heat exchanger to improve comfort.     

办公建筑制冷系统容量对建筑能耗的影响

本文通过对一幢建筑进行全年能耗模拟，分析了建筑全年能耗的基本构成和影响因子。同时根据该建筑的空调负荷情况，分别选用了三组容量不同的制冷机组，利用能耗分析软件将三组空调制冷系统所产生的能耗进行了对比，指出制冷机组的选型过大是造成建筑全年能耗过大的一个重要因素。     

Overall energy performance of semi-transparent single-glazed photovoltaic (PV) window for a typical office in Hong Kong

This paper develops an overall methodology for investigating the thermal and power behaviors of semi-transparent single-glazed photovoltaic window for office buildings in Hong Kong. In order to estimate its overall energy performance, this study is conducted in terms of total heat gain, output power and daylight illuminance. Three simulation models are established, including one-dimensional transient heat transfer model, power generation model and indoor daylight illuminance model. A typical office room reference is chosen as case study, and the weather data from 2003 to 2007 from the Hong Kong Observatory are used as the simulation inputs. By incorporating the simulation results, the overall energy performance can be evaluated in terms of electricity benefits corresponding to five orientations of the studied typical office. The priority of office orientation considering overall energy performance is: south-east, south, east, south-west and west. The findings show that thermal performance is the primary consideration of energy saving in the entire system whereas electricity consumption of artificial lighting is the secondary one. The overall annual electricity benefits are about 900 kWh and 1300 kWh for water-cooled and air-cooled air-conditioning systems respectively. The application of semi-transparent PV glazed window can not only produce clean energy, but also reduce building energy use by reducing the cooling load and electrical lighting requirements, which definitely benefits our environmental and economic aspects.     

An analysis of future building energy use in subtropical Hong Kong

Principal component analysis of prevailing weather conditions in subtropical Hong Kong was conducted, and a new climatic index Z (as a function of the dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb temperature and global solar radiation) determined for past (1979–2008, measurements made at local meteorological station) and future (2009–2100, predictions from general circulation models) years. Multi-year (1979–2008) building energy simulations were carried out for a generic office building. It was found that Z exhibited monthly and seasonal variations similar to the simulated cooling/heating loads and building energy use. Regression models were developed to correlate the simulated monthly building cooling loads and total energy use with the corresponding Z. Error analysis indicated that annual building energy use from the regression models were very close to the simulated values; the difference was about 1%. Difference in individual monthly cooling load and energy use, however, could be up to 4%. It was also found that both the DOE-simulated results during 1979–2008 and the regression-predicted data during 2009–2100 indicated an increasing trend in annual cooling load and energy use and a gradual reduction in the already insignificant heating requirement in cooling-dominated office buildings in subtropical climates.