“黑美人”马铃薯多酚氧化酶的特性研究

以邻苯二酚为底物,在413nm处测定黑美人马铃薯多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性,研究了温度、pH、底物浓度对其活性的影响,并建立了酶促褐变反应动力学方程,探讨了L-半胱氨酸、抗坏血酸、柠檬酸、EDTA及亚硫酸氢钠五种抑制剂对酶促褐变的抑制效果。结果表明:黑美人马铃薯多酚氧化酶最适反应pH为6.3;最适反应温度为35℃;酶促褐变反应动力学符合米氏方程描述的单底物酶促反应动力学,以邻苯二酚为底物,Km=0.0011mol/L,Vmax=142.23U/min.g;动力学方程为V=142.23[S]/(0.0011+[S]);五种抑制剂均对PPO酶促褐变具有抑制作用,其强弱依次为亚硫酸氢钠>L-半胱氨酸>抗坏血酸>EDTA>柠檬酸。     

茄子多酚氧化酶特性及控制研究

茄子多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)是引起酶促褐变,导致果实褐变的主要原因.采用匀浆法从茄子中提取多酚氧化酶粗液,以邻苯二酚为底物,在λ420nm处研究温度、pH值、底物浓度对茄子果实中PPO活性的影响,建立相应的酶促褐变反应动力学方程.探讨L-半胱氨酸、抗坏血酸、亚硫酸氢钠、柠檬酸4种抑制剂对茄子酶促褐变的抑制效果.结果表明,茄子多酚氧化酶的最适温度为30℃,最适pH值为6.0及8.5(可能存在同工酶),酶促褐变反应动力学符合米氏方程所描述的单底物酶促反应动力学,相应的动力学参数Km=0.0215 U/(min·g),Vmax=0.539U/(min·g),相应的动力学方程为v=0.539[S]/(0.0215+[S]);供试4种抑制剂防止果实褐变的效果由强到弱依次是:抗坏血酸、亚硫酸氢钠、L-半胱氨酸、柠檬酸.另外,茄子PPO对高温较为敏感,在100℃时加热105 s可钝化酶活性.     

鸭梨多酚氧化酶的特性及抑制剂研究

以邻苯二酚为底物，采用分光光度法在420nm处测定鸭梨多酚氧化酶（PPO）的活性，研究了不同底物、温度、pH值和底物浓度对其活性的影响，并建立了酶促褐变反应动力学方程，探讨了柠檬酸、EDTA、亚硫酸氢钠和抗坏血酸四种抑制剂对鸭梨酶促褐变的抑制效果。结果表明，鸭梨多酚氧化酶的最适底物为邻苯二酚，最适温度为30℃，最适pH为6．6；酶促褐变反应动力学符合米氏方程所描述的单底物酶促反应动力学，以邻苯二酚为底物的动力学参数Km=0．333mol／L，Vmax=0．089U／min。相应的动力学方程为v=0．089[S]／（0．333＋[S]；四种物质对该酶均表现出不同的抑制作用，抑制效果为：抗坏血酸〉EDTA〉柠檬酸〉亚硫酸氢钠。     

芒果多酚氧化酶的特性及抑制研究

以邻苯二酚为底物,采用分光光度法在420nm处测定芒果多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性,研究了温度、pH值、底物浓度对其活性的影响,并建立了酶促褐变反应动力学方程,探讨了L-半胱氨酸、抗坏血酸、亚硫酸氢钠、柠檬酸和醋酸五种抑制剂对芒果酶促褐变的抑制效果。结果表明,芒果多酚氧化酶的最适温度为50℃,最适pH值为6.86;酶促褐变反应动力学符合米氏方程所描述的单底物酶促反应动力学,以邻苯二酚为底物的最大反应速度Vmax=192(U/min·g),Km=0.0173mol/L,相应的动力学方程为v=192[S]/(0.0173+[S]);五种物质对该酶均表现出不同的抑制作用,抑制效果为:抗坏血酸>L-半胱氨酸>亚硫酸氢钠>柠檬酸>醋酸。     

山药多酚氧化酶的特性和抑制研究

以邻苯二酚为底物,410nm处测定山药多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性,研究了pH、温度、底物浓度、酶浓度、抑制剂和激活剂对山药多酚氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,山药PPO最适反应pH为6.5,最适反应温度为40℃;柠檬酸、草酸、L-抗坏血酸、亚硫酸氢钠及半胱氨酸五种抑制剂对山药PPO均有抑制作用,其强弱依次为:L-半胱氨酸>抗坏血酸>草酸>柠檬酸>亚硫酸氢钠;硫酸铜和三氯化铁均有加速酶促褐变作用,强弱为CuSO_4>FeCl_3。     

西葫芦多酚氧化酶酶学特性研究

以邻苯二酚为底物,采用分光光度法对西葫芦多酚氧化酶(PPO)的酶学特性及不同抑制剂对多酚氧化酶活性的影响进行研究。结果表明,西葫芦多酚氧化酶最适pH为6.6,最适温度为35℃,90℃处理5min可使该酶失活。多酚氧化酶催化的酶促褐变反应动力学符合米氏方程,动力学参数为Km=0.0417mol/L,Vmax=208.33U。四种抑制剂对PPO的抑制效果由强到弱依次为:亚硫酸氢钠>L-半胱氨酸>抗坏血酸>柠檬酸。     

芦荟多酚氧化酶特性的研究

研究了芦荟多酚氧化酶的基本性质。以邻苯二酚为底物,采用分光光度法在4 10nm处测定芦荟多酚氧化酶的活性,研究了温度、pH值、底物浓度以及酶浓度对其活性的影响,并建立了酶促褐变反应动力学方程。实验结果表明,芦荟多酚氧化酶的最适温度为4 0℃,最适pH值为6 5 ,其酶促褐变反应动力学符合米氏方程所描述的单底物酶促反应动力学,相应的动力学参数Km=0 2 8mol/L ,Vmax=2 32×10 -2 U/min。文中还研究了利用蛋白酶抑制褐变的方法,以芦荟多酚氧化酶液(mL)∶木瓜蛋白酶(mL ,浓度0 5mg/mL) =5∶1的比例向芦荟多酚氧化酶粗酶液中添加木瓜蛋白酶,在5 5℃、pH5 7条件下,水解10min可较好地抑制多酚氧化酶的活性,从而抑制芦荟的酶促褐变。     

盐渍茄子酱菜酶促褐变的酶学特性研究

本文对盐渍茄子酱菜中褐变酶的酶学特性进行了详细研究。结果表明：多酚氧化酶是导致盐渍茄子酱菜褐变的主要原因。多酚氧化酶的最适pH为6．8，当体系pH≤5．0或者pH≥7.4时，能有效降低PPO活性。在30～50℃下PPO具有较高活性，其最适温度为30℃左右。PPO的热稳定性较差，沸水加热lmin时，酶活已丧失87．57％。柠檬酸、抗坏血酸、亚硫酸钠、亚硫酸氢钠、EDTA-2Na等对PPO活性有抑制作用，其中抗坏血酸抑制作用最强。     

金银花叶多酚氧化酶的酶学特性

对金银花叶多酚氧化酶(PPO)的酶学特性进行研究。以新鲜金银花叶片为原料,采用溶剂法从中提取多酚氧化酶粗液,研究不同的温度、pH值、底物浓度、抑制剂等因素对PPO活性的影响,建立酶促褐变动力学方程。研究结果表明,金银花叶PPO的最适温度45℃,最适pH6.5,安全、经济的褐变抑制剂柠檬酸;当以邻苯二酚为底物时,金银花叶PPO活性与底物浓度关系符合米氏方程的酶促反应动力学规律,最大反应速度Vmax=313U/min,Km=0.0197mol/L。     

砀山酥梨多酚氧化酶酶学特性及抑制效应的研究

多酚氧化酶是酶促褐变的关键酶,其特性与对其抑制效应研究一直是果蔬酶促褐变生理生化研究的重要内容,本试验以邻苯二酚为底物,采用分光光度法对砀山梨多酚氧化酶的酶学特性及不同抑制剂对多酚氧化酶活性的影响进行了研究。结果表明：砀山梨PPO的最适pH为4.5,最适温度为34℃;短时间高温能显著抑制PPO活性;PPO催化的酶促褐变反应动力学符合米氏方程,该酶促反应的最大速率为178.57U/min,酶反应速度为最大反应速度1/2时的底物浓度为0.125mol/L;柠檬酸、L-半胱氨酸、抗坏血酸,亚硫酸氢钠较柠檬酸能较好地抑制PPO活性,随着浓度的升高,抑制效应逐渐增强,但综合研究表明L-半胱氨酸抑制效应较好。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the