LZ50车轴钢随机S-N关系的概率模型

研究了LZ50 车轴钢疲劳Stress-Life(以下简称S-N)关系的概率模型。同时考虑了S-N 关系的分散性规律和样本数量对概率评价的影响,包括P(存活概率)-S-N 曲线、C(置信度)-S-N 曲线和P-C-S-N 曲线。这些曲线由称之为“广义极大似然法”的方法测定。方法考虑了整体试验S-N 数据的随机性,避免了常规方法从考虑局部数据随机性角度的缺陷。LZ50 车轴钢试验数据的分析结果,说明了模型和方法的合理性和有效性。     

Ⅲ型这载对调质钢Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹扩展门槛的影响

研究了不同参数的Ⅲ型过载对近门槛区调质40Cr钢Ⅰ型疲劳门槛的影响。结果表明：过载后疲劳门槛均会提高，其程度随过载比的加大而增加；过载次数的有限增多也会使疲劳门槛略有增加，但效果将逐渐趋于饱和。过载机制主要有裂尖尾部塑性诱导裂纹闭合和裂尖附近的残余压应力状态。     

几种高强度钢腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展行为的研究

本文研究了ＧＣ－４，３０ＣｒＭｎＳｉＮｉ２Ａ和３００Ｍ超高强钢的腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展行为。考虑了环境，热处理制度，应力比和频率对裂纹扩展的影响。研究结果表明：腐蚀环境和热处理制度对疲劳裂纹扩展有显著影响。在侵蚀性环境中随频率降低，裂纹扩展大幅度上升，随应力比提高，环境影响加剧。利用扫描电镜对试样断口形貌进行了分析，并讨论了高强钢的腐蚀疲劳机理。     

疲劳裂纹测试的裂纹扩展片技术

提出了一种间接直流电位技术——裂纹扩展片技术,用于测量疲劳裂纹长度。该技术具有测量精度高、操作简单、可实现数据自动采集处理和测试设备成本较低等优点,并可用于绝缘材料裂纹和表面裂纹测量,是一种较有前途的裂纹测试技术。     

Ⅲ型过载对调质钢Ⅰ型疲劳裂纹扩展门槛的影响

研究了不同参数的Ⅲ型过载对近门槛区调质40Cr钢Ⅰ型疲劳门槛的影响.结果表明:过载后疲劳门槛均会提高,其程度随过载比的加大而增加;过载次数的有限增多也会使疲劳门槛略有增加,但效果将逐渐趋于饱和.过载机制主要有裂尖尾部塑性诱导裂纹闭合和裂尖附近的残余压应力状态.     

Ⅱ型加载条件下疲劳裂纹扩展试验研究

对４种金属材料在Ⅱ型加载条件下的疲劳裂纹扩散行为进行的试验研究表明：在Ⅱ型加载条件下，裂纹可能仍沿Ⅱ型方向继续扩展，亦可能发生分支转变成Ⅰ型甚至Ⅰ＋Ⅱ型扩展，主要取决于材料本身的性质和它们的微观结构以及应力水平。当裂纹仍沿Ⅱ型方向扩展时，其扩展速率比相当应力水平的Ⅰ型裂纹扩展速率要大得多。     

腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展研究近况

综述了腐蚀疲劳裂纹扩展的研究现状，对腐蚀疲劳今后的发展趋势作了展望。     

裂纹闭合与疲劳裂纹扩展力的测试方法

介绍了一种在近十年里发展的裂纹扩展力测量方法，这种方法将裂纹扩展的门槛值行为与直流电位法结合起来，可以测量某一载荷下裂纹开始扩展的应力强度因子Ｋｐｒ，并由此计算有效应力强度因子范围ΔＫｅｆｆ＝Ｋｍａｘ－Ｋｐｒ。     

WE94镁合金长寿命疲劳小裂纹萌生和扩展行为研究

镁合金作为结构材料在汽车、航空、航天等领域有广泛的应用前景,在实际服役过程中存在高频振动荷载的长期作用。为解决镁合金结构件在长寿命服役条件下的安全与可靠性问题,基于旋转弯曲和超声振动加载两种疲劳实验方法,研究WE94镁合金在高周与超高周区间（104～109周次）的疲劳强度与失效机制。结果表明,疲劳裂纹萌生于沿基面的滑移带并在断裂面上形成解理状“小平面”形貌;而在疲劳小裂纹扩展初期,裂纹面存在大量细小平行状条带,该条带于裂纹尖端与孪晶带的交互作用过程中形成。因此,镁合金疲劳小裂纹的萌生与扩展过程对材料局部微结构形态与变形机制表现出密切的相关性。     

随机荷载下疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的统计模型

根据断裂力学和随机过程理论,提出了一个随机荷载作用下疲劳裂纹扩展的统计模型。在基于应变能密度因子变程的确定性疲劳裂纹扩展速率公式中引入材料内在的分散性和外部荷载的随机性,将疲劳裂纹扩展近似为连续型马尔可夫过程。应用随机平均法导出了裂纹扩展过程转移概率满足的向后Fokker-Planck方程,并得出相应的边界条件。采用本征函数法进行求解,以收敛的无穷级数表示出疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的分布函数。作为一个算例,具体计算出疲劳裂纹扩展寿命的分布密度曲线。     

LZ50钢断裂韧度的合理统计模型

试验研究了LZ50车轴钢的断裂韧度的合理统计模型.结果表明,LZ50钢是一种偏脆性的材料,应当严格控制铁道车辆车轴的制造表面质量.同时证实了现有正态分布模型不能合理描述试验数据.为此,通过比较三参数Weibull、两参数Weibull、正态、对数正态、极小值和极大值6种常用统计分布对试验数据的拟合优度、数理一致性和尾部安全性,说明了极小值分布是良好统计模型.建立了断裂韧度的极小值概率测定方法,测定了典型存活概率和置信度下的材料断裂韧度值.     

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CRACK TIP DEFORMATION FOR SHORT AND LONG FATIGUE CRACKS

Abstract— The behaviour of physical short mode I cracks under constant amplitude cyclic loading was investigated both numerically and experimentally. A dynamic two-dimensional elastic-plastic finite element technique was utilised to simulate cyclic crack tip plastic deformation. Different idealisations were investigated. Both stationary and artificially advanced long and short cracks were analysed. A parameter which characterises the plastically deformed crack tip zone, the strain field generated within that zone and the opening and closure of the crack tip were considered. The growth of physically short mode I cracks under constant amplitude fully reversed fatigue loading was investigated experimentally using conventional cast steel EN-9 specimens. Based on a numerical analysis, a crack tip deformation parameter was devised to correlate fatigue crack propagation rates.     

J-INTEGRAL APPROACH TO MODE III FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION IN STEEL UNDER TORSIONAL LOADING

Mode III fatigue crack propagation tests were conducted on circumferentially cracked bars of a medium carbon steel under a constant value of the J-integral range. The ΔJ value was evaluated from the loading part of the hysteresis loop of the applied torque and the angle of twist. The fracture surface was macroscopically flat for all cases examined in the present study. The crack propagation rate decreased with crack extension, because of the shear contact of the crack faces. The crack propagation rate, without contact shielding, obtained by extrapolating the relation between the crack propagation rate and the crack length to the pre-crack length, was a power function of ΔJ irrespective of the initial notch depth.     

14MnNbq焊接桥梁钢的疲劳裂纹扩展行为研究

该文系统地研究了14MnNbq桥梁钢焊接热影响区的疲劳裂纹扩展行为。首先,由中心穿透裂纹(MT)试样疲劳裂纹扩展试验,获得了不同应力比R下的疲劳裂纹扩展速率和门槛值;然后考察了应力比R的影响,给出了适于不同应力比的疲劳裂纹扩展速率和门槛值的一般表达式;最后提出了一种由疲劳裂纹扩展门槛值▽Kth确定闭合参数U的新方法,将控制疲劳裂纹扩展的有效应力强度因子幅度写为▽Keff=▽K-▽Kth,由此讨论闭合参数U的确定方法。研究结果表明:对于14MnNbq焊接桥梁钢,该文给出的疲劳裂纹扩展速率表达式与试验结果符合得相当好。     

疲劳裂纹扩展的降载停滞

用恒应力强度因子幅法研究了AISI409和18Cr-Nb铁素体不锈钢疲劳裂纹扩展的降载停滞特点。结果表明,停滞效应取决于降载幅值、材料强度和应力比。这与裂纹尖端的塑性变形及其对裂纹的闭合作用有关。     

A TEST METHOD FOR MODE II FATIGUE CRACK GROWTH RELATING TO A MODEL FOR ROLLING CONTACT FATIGUE

Abstract— From fractographic observations of specimens that have failed due to rolling contact fatigue, it has been concluded that the first stage of damage is the formation of mode II fatigue cracks parallel to the contact surface due to the cyclic shear stress component of the contact stress. Although these initial subsurface cracks, in both metals and ceramics, are produced in a direction parallel to the cyclic shear stress, cracks eventually grow in a direction close to the plane of the maximum tensile stress if we apply a simple mode II loading to them. The difference between crack growth in simple mode II loading and crack growth due to rolling contact fatigue is, we suppose, whether or not there is a superimposed compressive stress. Based on this hypothesis, we developed an apparatus to obtain the intrinsic characteristics of mode II fatigue crack growth, and developed a simplified model of subsurface crack growth due to rolling contact fatigue.
Some results in terms of da/dN versus ΔK_II relations have been obtained using this apparatus on specimens of steel and aluminum alloys. Fractographs of the mode II fatigue fracture surfaces of the various materials are also provided.     

基于裂纹扩展尺寸概率密度演化法的疲劳可靠性预测方法研究

疲劳破坏是金属构件的一种主要破坏形式。该文提出一种新的疲劳可靠性预测方法—裂纹扩展尺寸概率密度演化法,该方法通过求解裂纹扩展尺寸时变概率密度函数来预测疲劳寿命可靠性。首先建立随机裂纹扩展模型,然后根据此模型建立概率密度演化方程,并运用数值方法进行求解。最后的算例证明了裂纹扩展尺寸的概率密度函数具有演化特征,新方法计算结果与蒙特卡罗法的结果符合较好。