N, O-羧甲基壳聚糖复合纳滤膜的制备及其对酒厂发酵废水的截留效果

N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan （NOCC） composite nanofiltration （NF） membranes were prepared by coating and cross-linking. The fermentation effluent from a wine factory was treated with the resulting NOCC/polysulfone （PSF） composite NF membranes. The permeate flux and the removal efficiencies of the resulting NF membranes for the color, chemical oxygen demand （CODcr）, total organic carbon （TOC）, and conductivity of the fermentation effluent were investigated in relation to the driving pressure, the feed flow, and the operation time. The permeate flux and the removal efficiencies were found to increase with the increase of the driving pressure or the feed flow. At 0.40 MPa and ambient temperature the removal efficiencies were 95.5%, 70.7%, 72.6%, and 31.6% for color, CODcr, TOC, and conductivity, respectively. The membrane was found to be stable over a 10-h ooeration for the fermentation effluent treatment.     

反渗透膜处理有色冶金酸性无机复合重金属废水

以模拟有色冶金烟气净化系统酸性重金属废水为研究对象,利用反渗透膜分离技术,探究了压力、p H、运行时间和浓淡比对膜处理Cr3+、Pb2+、Cu2+、Zn2+等重金属离子效果的影响。结果表明,优化工艺条件下,Cr3+、Pb2+、Cu2+、Zn2+质量浓度同时分别高达30 mg/L下,膜对4种重金属离子的截留仍有较好效果,截留率分别为99.8%、97.0%、97.8%和97.9%;淡水中,除Cu2+的含量只达到了GB 8978-1996中的二级标准要求外,其他3种重金属离子的出水含量均符合一级标准要求。     

二硫化钼纳米片基水处理纳滤/反渗透膜研究进展

二硫化钼（MoS₂）纳米片的层内固有缺陷以及层间纳米限域通道的存在,有利于提高水处理纳滤/反渗透（NF/RO）膜的渗透选择性。本文首先介绍了MoS₂纳米片的“三明治”结构,其具有易功能化、高吸附容量和氧化还原去除能力、层间纳米限域通道的光滑性和稳定性及抗污染等特性;然后重点综述了MoS₂基纳米孔膜、层叠膜和混合基质膜的制备方法及膜性能的影响因素;最后总结了MoS₂纳米片基水处理NF/RO膜未来发展亟待解决的关键问题,主要包括研究大尺寸纳米片和均匀亚纳米孔的可控制备方法,开发超薄、高度有序的MoS₂分离层构建方法,探索层间纳米限域通道内分子和离子的传输行为和潜在的分离机理,开发增强与聚合物基质界面相容性的改性策略,对下一代高性能水处理NF/RO膜的研发具有启发意义。     

新型的反渗透膜处理电镀废水

电镀工业中采用逆流漂洗方法达到节约用水之外,为了从漂洗废水中回收电镀药品,引用了蒸发和离子交换、反渗透等技术。本文主要叙述应用反渗透技术回收和处理电镀漂洗废水,特别强调目前最新型的膜材料:PA-300、PBIL、NS-200、NS-100、SPPO的性能特性。由于工业化的 CA 膜(醋酸纤维素膜)和B-9膜(芳香聚酰胺膜)的 pH 的应用范围有一定局限性,因此不能得到广泛的应用。本文所介绍的当前较新型的有效的膜,它能处理具有广泛 pH 范围和高氧化性(如铬酸)的电镀漂洗废水,例如可以处理氰化铜、氰化锌、酸性铜和铬酸电镀漂洗废水,在电镀工业中,应用这些膜是大有前途的,努力实现这些膜的工业化生产是反渗透技术膜材料发展的方向。     

超滤/纳滤双膜技术资源化处理印染废水

采用超滤/纳滤双膜集成工艺对印染废水二级生物法的处理出水进行深度处理,比较3种不同材料和截留分子量的超滤膜作为纳滤预处理手段的效果.选用两种工业化应用的纳滤膜,研究压力、运行时间对两种膜分离性能的影响,并分析处理前后不同材料膜结构的变化情况.研究结果表明,超滤膜作为纳滤预处理的有效手段,能去除90%浊度和部分COD;纳滤的处理不仅可以有效去除废水中的各种盐类、促使染料类物质回收,而且由于出水水质大大提高,完全可以达到排放标准以及在印染工段作为生产用水而回收利用,因而,具有很好的工业应用前景和价值.     

反渗透处理煤层气产出水中试示范及其控制模型研究(英文)

This study presents the first demonstration project in China for treatment of coal-bed methane(CBM) co-produced water and recycling.The work aims to provide a research and innovation base for solving the pollution problem of CBM extraction water.The reverse osmosis(RO) unit is applied to the treatment of CBM co-produced water.The results indicate that system operation is stable,the removal efficiency of the total dissolved solids(TDS) is as high as 97.98%,and Fe,Mn,and F-are almost completely removed.There is no suspended solids(SS) detected in the treated water.Furthermore,a model for the RO membrane separation process is developed to describe the quantitative relationship between key physical quantities-membrane length,flow velocity,salt concentration,driving pressure and water recovery rate,and the water recovery restriction equation based on mass balance is developed.This model provides a theoretical support for the RO system design and optimization.The TDS in the CBM co-produced water are removed to meet the "drinking water standards" and "groundwater quality standards" of China and can be used as drinking water,irrigation water,and livestock watering.In addition,the cost for treatment of CBM co-produced water is assessed,and the RO technology is an efficient and cost-effective treatment method to remove pollutants.     

反渗透膜技术处理含镍废水

建立24m^3／d电镀镍漂洗水膜法闭路循环回收系统,采用两级反渗透（RO）膜分离技术对电镀废水浓缩50倍以上,23．6m^3/d透过液回用到电镀生产线作为漂洗用水,浓缩液再用蒸发器进一步浓缩后直接回到镀槽,废水处理实现闭路循环．从2005年4月到2007年4月,共运行了2年,整个系统运行良好。通过回用水和回收镍等资源,产生较显著的经济、社会和环境效益,实现清洁生产,基本上实现了电镀含镍废水的零排放。     

反渗透膜处理磷肥废水的实验研究

采用反渗透膜装置处理脱钙、脱铵和除浊处理后的磷肥废水,对废水进行浓、淡分离,考察了进水压力和浓淡比例对脱盐率和离子的脱除率等的影响。结果表明,反渗透膜装置能有效的脱除磷肥废水中的盐离子,浓淡比例越高,越有利于磷肥废水中盐离子的脱除;不同离子透过反渗透膜所需要的渗透压不同;在进水压力0.6 MPa左右,淡水和浓水比例为1∶1的条件下,经反渗透膜装置处理后,磷肥废水中选矿药剂的回收率在90%以上,磷的回收率在93%以上。     

反渗透膜处理磷肥废水的实验研究

采用反渗透膜装置处理脱钙、脱铵和除浊处理后的磷肥废水,对废水进行浓、淡分离,考察了进水压力和浓淡比例对脱盐率和离子的脱除率等的影响。结果表明,反渗透膜装置能有效的脱除磷肥废水中的盐离子,浓淡比例越高,越有利于磷肥废水中盐离子的脱除;不同离子透过反渗透膜所需要的渗透压不同;在进水压力0.6 MPa左右,淡水和浓水比例为1∶1的条件下,经反渗透膜装置处理后,磷肥废水中选矿药剂的回收率在90%以上,磷的回收率在93%以上。     

微滤/纳滤联用技术深度处理印染废水

采用微滤-纳滤联用装置对印染废水进行深度处理,考察了作为预处理的微滤技术对生化二沉池出水的COD和浊度的去除效果.进一步考察了纳滤膜的COD去除率、盐截留率和脱色效果,并考察了各种操作条件对渗透通量的影响.试验结果表明,经微滤一纳滤联用技术处理后的水质COD去除率大于86%,盐截留率大于95%,浊度和色度去除率高达100%.纳滤膜的渗透通量随着操作压力的增大而增大,并且在温度25～30℃之间有较高的渗透通量,其在较高的pH范围内渗透通量较高.该系统产水达到国家一级排放标准,并可以回用做工业用水,具有很好的工业应用价值.     

印染废水深度处理中纳滤和反渗透工艺的比较

采用纳滤和反渗透两种膜工艺对印染厂处理出水进行深度处理,以达到废水减排、再生回用的目的,主要考察膜性能、处理效果及经济性等方面的状况.结果表明,在性能方面,与反渗透膜相比,纳滤膜在较低压力下即可获得较高的通量,NF-2和NF-2#产水COD分别为150～180 mg/L和120～130 mg/L,产水电导率分别为2 900～3 200 μS/cm和2 000～2 300μS/cm.反渗透产水水质较好,COD可达到5 mg/L以下,BW30和CPA2的产水电导率分别稳定在38 μS/cm和63μS/cm.虽然对一价离子的去除率差异较大,但两种膜工艺对Mg2+、Ca2+等工业循环回用水中最关注离子的去除率相当.在经济性方面,反渗透和纳滤处理成本分别为1.82元/m3和1.53元/m3.膜工艺的经济优势相当明显.     

Processing of composite industrial effluent by reverse osmosis

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a well‐established process for water desalination and effluent treatment and it is anticipated that its application could be extended to complex mixtures of industrial effluents. Pilot‐scale experiments using a spiral‐wound thin‐film composite (TFC) polyamide membrane were carried out to investigate the potential of RO for processing a composite effluent, which was a mixture of various wastewaters from bulk drug and pharmaceutical factories. Separation performance was evaluated at various feed pressures (0–70 bar) and feed concentrations (2–30 gdm^?3), and was found to improve with increasing pressure. High rejection of dissolved solids (～98%), COD, BOD and almost complete removal of color were achieved with reasonable flux rates and water recovery. The effect of concentration polarization and fouling on flux and rejection rates as functions of time was evaluated. An approximate cost estimate for an aerobic process vis‐à‐vis a RO membrane process for treatment of the composite effluent is presented. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

反渗透-微电解集成技术处理印染废水

文章系统地研究了操作压力、进料流量、温度、运行时间、浓缩体积比等因素对反渗透膜处理印染废水处理效果的影响,并确定了反渗透膜的清洗周期和清洗方法。在实验确定的最佳的工艺条件下,反渗透膜对印染废水的浊度和色度的去除率均为100%,COD去除率大于76%,电导率去除率大于98%,透过液达到了再生水的水质标准。反渗透膜清洗周期为7 d,采用化学清洗和水力冲洗相结合的清洗方法可使反渗透膜的通量恢复。     

中空纤维纳滤膜与反渗透膜的研究

根据界面聚合反应成膜原理,以哌嗪(PIP)或间苯二胺(m-PD)水溶液为水相,均苯三甲酰氯(TMC)正己烷溶液为有机相,以聚砜中空纤维超滤膜为基膜,制备了一系列聚酰胺/聚砜纳滤或反渗透复合膜.研究了水相浓度、有机相浓度、界面聚合时间和温度等条件对复合膜性能的影响.结果表明:中空纤维纳滤复合膜在0.4 MPa、室温条件下,对2 g/L MgSO_4水溶液的通量可达36.64 L/(m~2·h),截留率为97.2%;中空纤维反渗透膜在0.7 MPa、室温条件下,对0.5 g/L的NaCl水溶液通量可达12.2 L/(m~2·h),截留率96.5%.     

反渗透技术在重金属废水处理与回用中的应用

许多工业生产过程中产生并排放大量的含重金属废水,这不仅严重污染环境,还造成资源浪费.采用反渗透技术处理重金属废水,设备紧凑,操作简单,特别是能够实现重金属的回收,符合清洁生产的原则,应用前景广阔.介绍了反渗透技术的原理、反渗透技术在重金属废水处理及回用中应用需注意的问题以及近年来的最新研究成果和应用实例,并展望了进一步研究的方向和发展趋势.     

Treatment of tanning effluent using nanofiltration followed by reverse osmosis

An investigation on the recovery of chromium from the effluent of a chrome-tanning bath has been performed using nanofiltration (NF) followed by reverse osmosis (RO). The experiments are conducted using a rectangular cross flow cell under laminar and turbulent regimes. Significant flux enhancement is achieved using thin wires as turbulent promoters. The performance criteria are evaluated in terms of the concentration of chromium, COD, BOD, TDS, TS, pH, and conductivity of the permeate. The effects of different operating parameters on permeate flux and observed retention of chromium are evaluated experimentally. The retention of chromium is found to be 91–98% for NF and 98.8–99.7% for RO for the experimental conditions of this study. Concentrations of chromium and COD of the final permeate are well within the permissible limits.     

反渗透膜的污染及其化学清洗

反渗透膜的污染是反渗透系统应用中最大的问题之一,及时的化学清洗可有效地恢复反渗透膜的性能、延长其使用寿命。对反渗透膜的污染及其化学清洗方法进行了综述,主要内容包括反渗透膜污染物的种类,污染物形成的原因,以及清洗时机的选取,清洗药品的选择,影响清洗效果的主要因素、清洗系统的构成,化学清洗的方法和清洗效果的评价指标。     

反渗透深度处理回用生活污水的试验研究

某厂生活污水站的出水经混凝-砂滤-UF处理后，用小型反渗透设备对UF产水进行了脱盐试验，测量了给水压力及浓水回流比对产水水质、水回收率、产水量的影响；对进水量为14250m^3/d的反渗透工程进行了计算机模拟。试验及模拟结果表明，用反渗透处理经混凝-砂滤-UF处理后的某厂生活污水是可行的，可以得到高质量的产水。     

Characterization of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes by an automated system

Nanofiltration membranes have been characterized by computer controlled permeation experiments to provide certified results. This method records a real-time history of operating conditions and allows the incorporation of variations in the calculations of derived parameters. The effects of temperature and physical properties of feed on permeation have been evaluated and incorporated in models describing fluid flow trough membranes. As the influence of initial experimental conditions in nanofiltration is very significant, a method based on system mass-transfer coefficient is proposed in order to verify the accuracy of the results.     

反渗透系统故障分析及处理

针对启东市供电公司发电工区反渗透水处理系统脱盐率下降、压差升高、产水量下降等问题进行了现场调查研究,分析了原因,并提出了相应的处理措施,最终使问题得以解决.