基于电阻性差流的差动保护新原理

差动保护原理已经广泛应用于高压线路保护，但受电容电流的影响，全电流差动保护的抗过渡电阻能力低。文中提出基于电阻性差流分量的差动保护新原理，利用差电流的电阻性分量来构成差动保护判据，可以避免电容电流的影响。该原理与线路电容参数及电抗器补偿情况无关，对于高阻接地故障的灵敏度高，可以作为现有差动保护原理的补充。EMTP仿真验证了基于该差动保护新原理所构成的保护判据的可靠性和灵敏性。     

同杆并架输电线路跨线故障识别元件

通过对线路发生单纯性故障与跨线故障情况下的正、负序故障分量阻抗关系和正、负序故障分量电流幅值关系的分析，提出了一种判别电力系统发生跨线故障的判别元件。单纯性故障时，正负序阻抗角相等、正负序阻抗幅值相等、正序故障分量电流幅值不小于负序电流幅值;而当发生跨线故障时，以上关系不再成立，由此便可以得到系统发生跨线故障的判据。该判别元件原理简单，动作灵敏度高， EMTP仿真和现场录波数据验证了该判别原理的准确性。     

利用故障分量瞬时值的电流纵差保护新判据

GPS时钟同步技术在电流纵差保护中的成功应用，为利用瞬时值进行动作判定提供了条件。针对工频相量差动判据存在的问题，提出一种基于故障分量瞬时值的电流纵差保护新判据。该判据在保证区外故障稳定性的基础上，对区内故障特别是高阻故障具有很强的反应能力和较快的动作速度。基于EMTP的数字仿真结果和动模试验均验证了该判据的正确性。     

基于不同转角方式的变压器差动保护灵敏度分析

目前业内对变压器差动保护的灵敏度存在争议。文中以Y0，d11变压器为例，比较了变压器差动保护采用4种不同幅值相位校正方法后的灵敏度，研究表明差动保护的灵敏度与其转角方式有关，不同原理的差动保护灵敏度由差动电流对内部故障电流中的正序、负序、零序分量保留程度决定。绕组差动与相电流减零序差动（中性点零流）的灵敏度最高，它们完全保留了内部故障电流中的各序分量;目前现场广泛采用的相间电流差动与相电流减零序差动（自产零序）都不反应内部故障电流中的零序分量，且两者灵敏度本质上不存在差别，可以通过定值来补偿。     

六相输电线路的纵联方向保护方案

在典型的六相输电系统中，半正序、半零序和半负序故障分量不受系统阻抗变化的影响。文中提出了基于上述3种故障序分量的方向保护判据，并且将其综合在一起，构成了一种适用于六相输电线路的纵联方向保护方案。该方案能够根据故障的特性自动选择方向判据，并且能够反映除六相短路以外的所有故障。补充正序突变量判据以后，该方案能够判别六相短路故障。EMTDC仿真结果表明，该纵联方向保护方案不受系统阻抗和故障点过渡电阻的影响，原理简单、可靠，动作速度快。     

故障分量差动保护

深入地研究了基于故障分量的数字式差动保护的基本原理，并与传统的比率制动差动 保护作了详细比较，讨论了故障分量差动保护的动作判据，最后介绍了基于该原理的保护在 实际中的应用。     

消除相间电容电流影响的故障分量综合阻抗计算方法

分析了区内、区外故障时,线路相间电容对故障分量综合阻抗的影响,并提出了消除相间电容电流影响的故障分量综合阻抗计算方法。在各相的故障分量差动电流中减去该相流向其他两相线路的电容电流,计算结果仅取决于线路对地电容。使用EMTP数据对该方法进行了仿真,结果表明,采用新方法后,计算结果更稳定,整定时仅需考虑线路对地电容,整定原则更加明确,定值裕度大。     

电力系统振荡过程中序分量选相元件动作行为分析

对超高压输电线路微机保护所用序分量选相原理和防止振荡时误选相所用的不对称故障开放判据进行了较详细的介绍。对于振荡中心和单相接地故障在同一条长输电线路且两者之间有较远距离的情况，从不对称故障开放判据和阻抗排除法两个方面分析了造成误选相的原因。理论分析和动模试验都证实了这种误选相现象的存在，为以后序分量选相原理的改进提供参考。     

基于相电流间相位关联特征的馈线单相接地保护新原理

配电网单相接地故障时，故障馈线上的故障相暂态电流分量包含了所有馈线上非故障相的暂态电流分量，经复小波变换后故障馈线的各相之间形成幅值和相位之间相对关联特征。依据此特征提出了基于组合复小波频带等效相位判据构成单相接地保护新原理。该保护是依据三相暂态电流之间存在相位关联特征,经组合复小波变换提取频带等效相位特征构成保护相位特征判据，并在判据中引入消除坏数据影响的风险系数。大量仿真验证了所提出的保护原理能够准确地判别单相接地故障，具有较高的可靠性和灵敏度，无须整定计算，自适应能力强，适合于非有效接地方式的各种配电网；保护方式可直接融合于间隔单元中，并作用于一次性重合方式，可大大提高供电可靠性。     

一种基于固有频率的长距离输电线路保护方案

故障后由于分布电容引起的高频分量在频域表现为固有频率主频的谐波形式。文中讨论了影响固有频率的各种因素，提出了一种基于固有频率的线路保护方案。首先对故障后的电流频谱进行分析，确定固有频率，然后计算固有频率下的阻抗，通过2种判据确定区内、区外故障。该方案不受故障时刻和故障位置的影响，大量的ATP仿真和MATLAB分析验证了该方案的可行性。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.