Theoretical calculation of the finishing rolling impact work in non-quenched and tempered Si-Mn steel

Liu et al.[1―4] have given the calculation methods and general formulas of the finishing rolling tensile and yield strength of the non-quenched and tempered steel by using the electron structure parameters, and the calculated results agree well with the measured ones. In engineering technical standards, the σ b, σ s, δ and αk are always used simulta- neously. Therefore, the theoretical calculation neglecting δ and αk is not of integrity inboth learning and engineering. So the non-quench…     

非调质钢固溶强化规律的研究

基于非调质钢终轧强度力学性能计算公式,利用合金相价电子结构参数nA计算了不同合金元素的固溶强化增量,从而得出如下结论：每种合金元素的固溶强化效果都有一个最佳质量百分点;除去碳元素以外,合金元素硅的固溶强化效果最理想。     

Effects of heat treatment on microstructure and mechanical properties of Fe-Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-C alloy

A kind of Fe-Co-Ni-Cr-Mo-C alloy was designed for valve seat use. The effects of the quenching temperature, tempering time and tempering temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructure of the alloy were investigated. The results show that the hardness decreases, while tensile strength (σb), transverse rupture strength (σbb) and impact toughness(Kit) increase after the alloy is quenched and tempered. The best complex property (σb, 446 MPa; σbb ,793 MPa; Kic, 2.96 J/cm2 ) can be obtained when the alloy is quenched at 1 100 ℃ and tempered at 650 ℃. The results of X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) show that the major strengthening phases are carbides such as (Fe, Cr)7 C3 and Fe2 MoC. The obvious secondary hardening appears when the alloy is tempered at 550 ℃, which results from the precipitated carbides of Cr and Mo in the alloy from the matrix and the heat-resistant retained austenite .     

A MIXED METHOD OF DETERMINING THETHERMAL STRESS FOR COLD ROLLER

Coldrollerisanimportantcomponentofthemill.Thecoldrolleroftherollingprocessisusedathightemperature,whichwouldcracktherollerandshortentheservicelifeoftheroller.UPtonow,ageneralcalculationmethodofthethermalstressofthecoldrolleristoincreasethesafetycoefficient.Thiscalculationmethodlackstheoreticalanalysis.Inordertosolvethisproblem,thispaperappliesforthefirsttimethenewlydevelopedfiniteanalyticalmethodandtheboundaryfittingcoordinatetransformationmethodtomillpracticeandprovidesaanalyticalbasisoftemp…     

Application of empirical electron theory of solids and molecules to composition design of multi-component medium-low-alloy steels

For austenitic octahedral segregation structure units, their pure mathematics statistic distributive probability is calculated by the empirical electron theory (EET) of solids and molecules and K-B formula. The practical distributive probability can be obtained only if the statistic distribution of austenitic octahedral segregation structure units and the interaction of the alloying elements in steel are considered. Based on 8 groups of experimental data of original steels, three empirical formulas revealing relationships between material macromechanics factor (Sm) and tensile strength (σb), or impact energy (AK), or hardness (HRC) of multi-component medium-low-alloy steels were established, respectively. Through the three empirical formulas, new supersaturated carburizing steel has been successfully designed and developed. The other 2 groups of the original experimental steels are used as the standard steel for testing the percentage error of the new steel. The results show that the calculated values are well consistent with those of measured ones and the new supersaturated carburized steel can meet the requirements of the die assembly of cold-drawn seamless stainless steel tube of Taiyuan Iron & Steel (Group) Company LTD.     

Experimental study on new method and automatic system for fast evaluating Al-Si alloy modification effect in front of furnace

A new method based on the surface tension measurement for fast evaluating modification effect of Al-Si alloy in front of furnace and an automatic system for fast measuring surface tension of molten Al-Si alloy are introduced. By theoretical analysis the relation between surface tension σe of molten Al-Si alloy and information parameters △P , N , φx and T has been established, namely, σ e = a △P b . N c . (φ x- φ0) d . T e . By ex- periments the relationship between surface tension and modification level of Al-Si alloy has been also got that σ e > 530 mN/m, 400 ≤σe ≤530 mN/m and σ e < 400 mN/m are corresponding with AFS 1-2, AFS 3-4 and AFS 5-6 of Al-Si modification effect. Depending on the conclusions, modification effect can be recognized in a few seconds, which is of practical significance for real-time evaluating modification effect of Al-Si alloy in front of furnace.     

Phase transition in the Zr60Al15Ni25 bulk metallic glass subjected to rolling at room temperature

The microstructure evolution of the Zr₆₀Al₁₅Ni₂₅ metallic glass during rolling at room temperature is investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HREM). The results show that the values of full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the XRD patterns and exothermic enthalpy ΔH of DSC plots do not monotonically change with the variation of deformation degrees ɛ. As ɛ is not large than 20%, the values of FWHM and ΔH are lower than that of the as-cast state. When ɛ reaches 30%, the values of FWHM and ΔH become larger than that of the as-cast state, while their values begin to decrease again as ɛ reaches about 85%. These results indicate that the reversible transitions between ordered and disordered atomic configurations occur during rolling, which is further verified by the HREM images. The reversible phase transition can be explained by the competition between the diffusion controlled reordering and shear-induced disordering during rolling.     

Relationship between attachment probability and surface energy in adhesion process of gold particles to oil-carbon agglomerates

1　INTRODUCTIONInflotationfield ,someattentionshavebeenpaidtomodelingtheprocessofflotationinordertoobtainadeepunderstandingofhowamineralparticleisat tachedtoabubble .Schulze[1] analyzedtheelementaryprocessesofflotationintermsofphysico chemistry .Anfrunsetal[2 ] studiedthebubble particleattachmentexperimentallyinthecaseofpotentialflow .Solarietal[3] investigatedtheeffectofbubblesizesonadhesionprobability .Polatetal[4 ] estimatedthetruedistribu tionofflotationrateconstantsforafirst orderkin…     

Advanced sludge reduction and phosphorous removal process

An advanced sludge reduction process, i.e. sludge reduction and phosphorous removal process, was developed. The results show that excellent sludge reduction and biological phosphorous removal can be achieved perfectly in this system. When chemical oxygen demand ρ（COD） is 332 - 420 mg/L, concentration of ammonia p（NH3-N） is 30 - 40 mg/L and concentration of total phosphorous p（TP） is 6.0 -9.0 mg/L in influent, the system still ensures ρ（COD）〈23 mg/L, ρ（NH3-N）〈3.2 mg/L and ρ（TP）〈0. 72 mg/L in effluent. Besides, when the concentration of dissolved oxygen ρ（DO） is around 1.0 mg/L, sludge production is less than 0. 140 g with the consumption of 1 g COD, and the phosphorous removal exceeds 91 %. Also, 48.4% of total nitrogen is removed by simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.     

Characteristics of pressure drop for single-phase and two-phase flow across sudden contraction in microtubes

Single-phase and gas-liquid two-phase pressure drops caused by a sudden contraction in microtubes were experimentally investigated at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, using nitrogen and water. The experimental results on pressure drop with a novel measurement method, the tiny gaps on the tubes, were used to characterize the sudden contraction pressure drop for tube diameters from 850 to 330 μm. The ranges of the gas and liquid superficial velocity were 2.55–322.08 and 0.98–9.78 m/s in the smaller tube respectively. In single-phase flow experiments, the contraction loss coefficients were larger than the experimental results from conventional tubes in the laminar flow. While in the turbulent flow, the contraction loss coefficients were slightly smaller than those from conventional tubes and predicted well by K _c=0.5×(1−σ²)^0.75. In two-phase flow experiments, the slip flow model with a velocity slip ratio S=(ρ_L/ρ_G)^1/3 showed a good prediction that reveals the occurrence of velocity slip. An empirical correlation for two-phase flow pressure drops caused by the sudden contraction was developed based on the proposed contraction loss coefficients correlation for single-phase flow and Martinelli factor. Supported by the National Key Basic Research Program (Grant No. G2000026300) and Beijing Open Fund     

First-principles calculation of dehydrogenating properties of MgH2-V systems

Based on experimental results in which VH_0.81/MgH₂ interface was found during the process of mechanically milling MgH₂+5at%V nanocomposite, a VH/MgH₂ interface is designed and constituted in this work. A first-principles plane-wave pseudopotential method based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) has been used to investigate the vanadium alloying effects on the dehydrogenating properties of magnesium hydride, i.e., MgH₂. A low absolute value of the negative heat of formation of VH/MgH₂ interface compared with that of MgH₂ indicates that vanadium hydrides befit to improve the dehydrogenating properties of MgH₂. Based on the analysis of the density of states (DOS) and the total valence electron density distribution of MgH₂ before and after V alloying, it was found that the improvement of the dehydrogenating properties of MgH₂ caused by V alloying originates from the increasing of the valence electrons at Fermi level (E _F) and the decreasing of the HOMO-LUMO gap (ΔE _H-L) after V alloying. The catalysis effect of V on dehydrogenating kinetics of MgH₂ may attribute to a stronger bonding between V and H atoms than that between Mg and H atoms, which leads to nucleation of the α-Mg at the VH/MgH₂ interface in the MgH₂-V systems easier than that in pure MgH₂ phase.     

Effects of Ti,Al and Hf on niobium silcides formation in the Nb-Si <Emphasis Type="Italic">in situ</Emphasis> composites

The effects of alloying elements Ti, Al and Hf on niobium silicides formation in the Nb-Si in situ composites have been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The binary, ternary and multicomponent alloys have been fabricated by vacuum non-consumable arc melting method. The results show that Ti tends to stabilize Nb₃Si phase, while Al promotes the direct formation of β-Nb₅Si₃ phase with a tetrahedral D8 _m structure. Exceptionally, it seems that Hf is beneficial to the formation of γ-Nb₅Si₃ phase with a hexangular D8₈ structure. For the multicomponent Nb-Si in situ composites, the cooperative effects of different elements on niobium silicides formation basically maintain the character of ternary system.     

Research into Grinding Hardening of Microalloyed Non-quenched and Tempered Steel

Grinding hardening is a new technology of hardening steel piece surfaces with grinding heat generated in the grinding process instead of with a high or medium frequency induction heating method,which can effectively integrate grinding and surface hardening. Experimental studies were carried out on grinding hardening of non-quenched and tempered steel. Through grinding experiments with variable depths of cut and feeding rate,the variation in the depth of the hardening layer was studied and the microstructure of the hardening zone of the test pieces was subsequently ana-lyzed. In the end,the hardening effect of non-quenched and tempered steel was compared with that of 40Cr steel,which revealed the superiority of non-quenched and tempered steel in grinding hardening technology.     

Effects of C,N-codoped on the corrosion resistance of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> films prepared by plasma surface alloying and thermal oxidation duplex process

C,N-codoped TiO 2 films have been deposited onto stainless steel substrates using plasma surface alloying and thermal oxidation duplex process.Composition analysis shows that the films shield the substrates entirely.The TiO 2 films are anatase in structure as characterized by X-ray diffraction.The electrochemical measurements show that the equilibrium corrosion potential positively shifts from-0.275 eV for bare stainless steel to-0.267 eV for C,N-codoped TiO 2 coated stainless steel,and the corrosion current density decreases from 1.3×10-5 A/cm2 to 4.1×10-6 A/cm2.The corrosion resistance obtained by electrochemistry noise also reveals that the C,N-codoped TiO 2 films provide good protection for stainless steel against corrosion in stimulated body fluid.The above results indicate that C,N-codoped TiO 2 films deposited by plasma surface alloying and thermal oxidation duplex process are effective in protecting stainless steel from corrosion.     

Prediction tests by using ISF method for the geomagnetic disturbances

A so-called ISF method for predicting geomagnetic disturbances caused by solar wind storm blowing to the earth is suggested. The method is based on a combined approach to solar activity, interplanetary scintillation (IPS) and geomagnetic disturbance observations in 1966-1982, dynamics of disturbance propagation and fuzzy mathematics. Prediction test has been made for 24 large geomagnetic disturbance events that produced space disasters during the period of 1980 -1998, with the three-dimensional propagation characteristics, the best close degree of each radio source and the influence of the south-north components of interplanetary magnetic fields considered. The main results are (i) for onset time of the geomagnetic disturbance, events with relative error △Tpred/Tobs≤10% between the observation Tobs and the prediction Tpred, account for 45.8% of all events, ≤30% for 78.3% and >30% for only 21.7%; (ii) as for the magnetic disturbance magnitude, events with relative error ΔΣKp,pred/ΣKp,obs≤10% betwee     

Effect of Nb on the Microstructure and Properties of Cold Rolled and Annealed Mo Microalloyed Bainitic Steel

Two kinds of low carbon bainitic steels,Nb-free Mo bearing and Nb + Mo addition steels,were cold rolled and annealed to investigate the effect of micro-alloying element Nb on the microstructure and properties of Mo microalloyed low carbon high strength bainitic steel. No precipitates were observed in Nb-free Mo bearing steel,whereas,two types of precipitates,i.e.,Nb( C,N) and composite( Nb,Mo)( C,N),were observed in the Nb + Mo microalloyed steel,resulting in precipitation strengthening. The strength of Mo bearing steel was improved by addition of Nb under the same annealing conditions. The grain size of Nb addition steel was almost the same as Nb-free steel. Unlike the obvious grain refinement and precipitation strengthening in hot rolling,the increase in yield strength of Nb addition steels in cold rolling and annealing mainly results from the precipitation strengthening,while the effect of grain refinement strengthening can be almost ignored.     

Dynamic recrystallization behaviour of Nb-Ti microalloyed steels

The dynamic recrystallization （DRX） behavior of Nb-Ti microalloyed steels was investigated by isothermal single compression tests in the temperature range of 900-1 150 ℃ at constant strain rates of 0.1-5 s^-1. DRX was retarded effectively at low temperature due to the onset of dynamic precipitation of Nb and Ti carbonitrides, resulting in higher values of the peak strain. An expression was developed for the activation energy of deformation as a function of the contents of Nb and Ti in solution as well as other alloying elements. A new value of corrective factor was determined and applied to quantify the retardation produced by increase in the amount of Nb and Ti dissolved at the reheating temperature. The ratio of critical strain to peak strain decreases with increasing equivalent Nb content. In addition, the effects of Ti content and deformation conditions on DRX kinetics and steady state grain size were determined. Finally, the kinetics of dynamic precipitation was determined and effect of dynamic precipitation on the onset of DRX was clarified based on the comparison between precipitate pinning force and recrystallization driving force.     

Statistical values of valence electron structure parameters applied to research on phase transition temperature and eutectoid reaction of titanium alloy

Based on the empirical electron theory of solids and molecules (EET), the statistical values of valence electron structure parameters Sn _A and SE _A which can characterize the properties of alloy phases are calculated, and influences of alloying elements (e.g., V, Nb, Mo, Hf, Zr, Fe, Mn, Co, Cr, Si, and so on) on the phase transition temperature and eutectoid reaction of titanium alloy are discussed with the statistical values of valence electron structure parameters. The research results agree well with real situations. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50471022, 50741004) and National Key Basic Research Program of China (“973”) (Grant No. 2007CB613807)     

Bulk metallic glasses formed by alloying the Cu6Zr5 cluster

The bulk metallic glass formation in the Cu-Zr-M ternary systems by alloying of a binary basic Cu₆Zr₅ cluster was investigated, where M stands for Sn, Mo, Ta, Nb, Ag, Al and Ti. The Cu₆Zr₅ cluster is a capped Archimedean antiprism that characterizes the local structure of the Cu₁₀Zr₇ crystalline phase. This cluster composition almost superposes with Cu-Zr eutectic Cu_0.56Zr_0.44. A series of alloys along the cluster line (Cu₆Zr₅)_1-xM_x were examined for their glass forming abilities. Alloy rods with a diameter of 3 mm were prepared by copper mould suction casting method and analyzed by XRD and thermal analysis. The Cu-Zr based bulk metallic glasses were discovered with minor Nb, Sn, Mo, Ta additions (≤2at%) and Al, Ti, Ag (8at%≤concentration≤9at%). The alloying mechanism was discussed in the light of atomic size, cluster-linking structure and electron concentration factors.     

Interfacial microstructure and properties of Ti(C,N)/Ni bonded by transient liquid-phase diffusion

Effects of the main process parameters(temperature and time) on microstructure and properties of Ti(C, N)/Ni interface bonded by (Cu+Nb) interlayer in a vacuum diffusion bonding device were investigated. The interfacial microstructures consisted initially of Ni₃Nb metallic compound and eutectic of Ni₃Nb+CuNi_SS, and finally transformed to (Ti, Nb) (C, N)+Ni₃Nb near Ti (C, N) and NiCu_SS+Ni₃Nb near Ni when diffusion bonding temperature was 1 523–1 573 K. It was clear that Cu was a constituent in the transient liquid phase (TLP) into which Ni was dissolved by forming Cu-Ni transition liquid. Nb was dissolved in Cu-Ni transition liquid rapidly. Ti (C, N) conld be wetted by resultant Ni-Nb-Cu transient liquid phase which was followed by a little (Ti, Nb) (C, N) solid solution formed at interface. This increased the interface combining capability. Ultimately the interface shear strength was able to reach 140 MPa. The theoretle analysis and experimental results show that the growth of interfacial reaction layer Ni₃Nb accords with parabola law, and the activation energy of diffusion reaction is 115.0±0.5 kJ/mol, while the diffusion reaction speed constant is 12.53 mm/s^1/2. Funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50074017/E0408)