不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂综述

应力腐蚀开裂一直以来是不锈钢领域的重要研究课题,也是许多行业亟需解决的工程问题。应力腐蚀开裂是材料、环境和应力三者相互作用的结果,由于其复杂性,目前人们对不锈钢发生应力腐蚀开裂的机理尚存在许多不同的见解,但是经过近一个世纪的研究,从材料选择、环境控制等方面入手,预防不锈钢发生应力腐蚀是能够达到的。综述了应力腐蚀开裂的特征、机理和三个影响因素(应力、材料和环境)。对应力腐蚀的阳极溶解机理和氢致开裂机理进行了概述,阐述并探讨了不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂的滑移溶解机理、氧化膜开裂机理以及氢致开裂机理。归纳了组织结构对不锈钢应力腐蚀的影响,分析了材料成分如(Ni、Mo和N)的添加与应力腐蚀敏感性的关系,总结了环境因素在应力腐蚀中的作用,对特定介质中不锈钢的应力腐蚀规律进行了归纳,并探讨了温度变化对不锈钢应力腐蚀的影响。介绍了近年来关于控制不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂方法的研究进展,如晶界工程、细化晶粒以及涂层等。最后展望了不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂未来的研究方向。     

不锈钢的腐蚀破环与防蚀技术——(四)应力腐蚀破裂

4 应力腐蚀开裂机理由于导致不锈钢材料发生应力腐蚀开裂的因素非常复杂,故解释不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂的理论很多,可谓众说纷云.但不管怎样,不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂必然首先要发生选择性腐蚀,应力的主要作用在于对钝化膜的破坏及其再钝化的抑制,从而促进局部腐蚀.归纳起来,应力腐蚀开裂的机理可以分为三类:溶解机理;机械机理;混合机理.具体内容列于表2.     

2205双相不锈钢在酸性H_2S环境下的应力腐蚀行为及开裂机理

采用C型环实验研究了2205双相不锈钢在饱和H_2S环境下的应力腐蚀行为及开裂机理。结果表明,2205双相不锈钢在NACE标准A溶液中具有良好的抗应力腐蚀能力。通过OM、SEM、EDS及电化学手段分析得出2205双相不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂经历了表面点蚀、蚀坑形成、H_2S解离、H原子吸附并从蚀坑位置扩散进入金属基体,在金属基体中聚集,通过氢致开裂机制导致裂纹萌生,并逐渐扩展。     

不锈钢在酸性氯离子溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂机理与缓蚀剂研究

<正> 本文对不锈钢于酸性氯离子溶液中的应力腐蚀开裂机理和应力腐蚀的缓蚀剂进行了研究。研究表明奥氏体不锈钢在酸性氯离子溶液中发生应力腐蚀开裂时处于活性阳极溶解状态,其应力腐蚀开裂机理既不能用钝化膜破裂-再钝化理论解释,同时也不能用氢脆理论解     

不锈钢的腐蚀破坏与防蚀技术：（四） 应力腐蚀破裂

1 基本概念 不锈钢在应力和特定的腐蚀性环境的联合作用下,将出现低于材料强度极限的脆性开裂现象,致使其失去功能,这种现象称为应力腐蚀开裂或应力腐蚀破裂,简称SCC。 应力腐蚀开裂与单纯由机械应力造成的开裂不同。从能量的观点考虑,当不锈钢材料发生机械开裂时,其能量关系是: 释放的应变能=塑性变形消耗的能+产生新表面消耗的能     

用扫描电镜研究双相不锈钢应力腐蚀开裂

奥氏体不锈钢由于其综合性能较好,得到了广泛的应用;但在含Cl的介质中,却容易产生应力腐蚀,导致很多重大工程部件发生了应力腐蚀破裂事故,引起各国高度重视。在开拓新的耐应力腐蚀破裂材料中,瑞典人首先提出了铁素体—奥氏体双相不锈钢。我们在实验室用高温高压水和NaCl水溶液对单相奥氏体不锈钢0Cr18Ni9Ti和铁素体-奥氏体双相不锈钢00Cr18Ni5Si2Mo3Nb进行了耐应力腐蚀性能对比实验,在高     

双相不锈钢耐应力腐蚀破裂机理的电化学研究

研究了以奥氏体为基体的和以铁素体为基体的两类双相不锈钢中第二相对应力腐蚀裂纹发展的影响,并采用选择性屏蔽某一相、测定另一相极化曲线等电化学方法探讨了这种影响的作用机理。结果表明:对应于耐应力腐蚀破裂的情况,两类双相钢中的第二相都表现出了对应力腐蚀裂纹发展的阻碍作用;同时,在电化学行为方面都起着阴极作用。因此,作者认为,第二相不易发生阳极溶解是其阻碍应力腐蚀裂纹发展,提高双相不锈钢耐应力腐蚀性能的重要原因。     

2507双相不锈钢钾盐蒸发罐腐蚀的原因分析

以某院设计的两个项目中的蒸发罐实际使用情况为切入点,从2507双相不锈钢设备的使用环境和制作工艺两方面分析了钾盐蒸发罐发生腐蚀开裂现象的原因,进而讨论了如何在设计、制造及使用过程中避免双相不锈钢设备发生腐蚀。结果表明:双相不锈钢蒸发罐的使用环境和制造工艺均对其耐蚀性有很大的影响,尤其是当有焊接瑕疵和组装残余应力造成的应力集中,或在强酸、高温、高Cl~-含量介质溶液的环境中运行时,设备极易发生应力腐蚀裂纹。     

低H2S、高CO2分压条件下双相不锈钢应力腐蚀敏感性研究

目的针对IS15156标准中对双相不锈钢使用条件的限制,研究双相不锈钢2205在不同温度、不同低H_2S分压条件下的开裂敏感性。方法通过模拟我国西部酸性油田低H_2S、高CO_2工况环境,利用高温高压设备,进行了三点弯曲试验,结合失重法测试腐蚀速率,并使用SEM和EDS进行微观形貌观察和腐蚀产物分析。结果双相不锈钢2205的腐蚀速率较低,未超过0.014 mm/a,且硫化氢分压对腐蚀的影响较小,但发现了由氧化铝等夹杂导致的点蚀。双相不锈钢2205在低硫化氢分压的中温(100℃)区发生应力腐蚀开裂,同时发生了选择性腐蚀,铁素体相优先于奥氏体相腐蚀,其他温度条件下仅发现点蚀。硫化氢分压升高时,开裂敏感性有一定程度的降低。结论双相不锈钢2205在低硫化氢分压条件下的开裂类型为氢脆型应力腐蚀开裂。氧化物夹杂诱发点蚀,氢在应力集中区域聚集,发生氢脆。当硫化氢分压从6 k Pa增加到165 k Pa时,局部腐蚀敏感性的增加使氢脆得到缓解,开裂敏感性降低。双相不锈钢2205无法在低硫化氢的中温井口环境中使用,标准中以H_2S分压作为使用限制并不十分完善。     

22Cr双相不锈钢与304L、316L钢在氯化物溶液中耐应力腐蚀性能的比较

采用恒载荷法、恒应变法研究了22Cr双相不锈钢在不同Cl-浓度、不同温度的氯化物渗液中耐应力腐蚀的性能,并与316L和304L普通奥氏体不锈钢进行了对比.结果表明,22Cr双相不锈钢在氯化物环境中具有更好的应力腐蚀破裂(SCC)抗力.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.