铝基微纳米结构超疏水表面制备及其防冰/霜性能

[目的]在铝上构建具有粗糙微纳米结构的超疏水表面,可赋予其良好的防冰/霜性能。但在实际应用中铝的超疏水性会逐渐变差甚至失效,微纳米结构的稳定性是影响疏水耐久性的主要因素之一。[方法]先通过二次阳极氧化在铝表面制备纳米多孔结构,再用不锈钢筛网模板压印的方法在铝表面获得微米级结构,扩孔处理后采用低表面能物质(如三乙氧基-1H,1H,2H,2H-十三氟代正辛基硅烷)进行修饰,最终获得了微纳米结构的铝基超疏水表面(标记为MN-SHS),并就其表面形貌、水接触角、液滴粘附性、防冰/霜性能和耐久性与只进行二次阳极氧化的铝试样和进行二次阳极氧化+扩孔的铝试样作对比。[结果]MN-SHS样品表面的水接触角达到164°,液滴粘附性低,防冰/霜性能和耐久性最优。[结论]采用阳极氧化结合微米压印技术可制得具有微纳米复合结构的铝基超疏水表面,在防冰/霜方面具有很好的应用前景。     

仿生超浸润材料在防覆冰涂层中的应用

超浸润涂层是近年来防覆冰涂层的研究热点。本文探究了仿荷叶的超疏水涂层和仿猪笼草的超光滑涂层的设计与制备方法,阐述了2种涂层在防结冰机理上的不同和性能上的差异。超疏水表面通过增大水接触角减少水滴附着,延长结冰时间,其防覆冰效果与表面粗糙尺度相关,纳米尺度级表面可以克服高湿环境易结冰的缺点;超光滑涂层通过流动、化学均一的液体润滑层抑制水和冰在表面的积聚,防结冰、疏冰性能优异。纳米级粗糙结构有利于形成稳定的液体层,减小润滑层的损失。最后展望了超浸润防覆冰涂层的研究方向。     

飞机超疏水表面的防冰性能研究进展

对飞机表面超疏水材料的防冰性能最新研究进展进行了综述。首先对固体表面润湿性、超疏水性及防冰性之间的关系进行了论述,系统介绍了过冷水在超疏水表面的撞击过程。由于超疏水表面的低表面自由能及表面微纳结构,过冷水能够在撞击固体表面凝结成冰前从固体表面脱落,有效延长其结冰时间。还对超疏水表面在防冰应用中存在的问题进行了分析,指出发展具有多功能复合型超疏水表面是以后研究的重点。     

飞机超疏水表面的防冰性能研究进展

对飞机表面超疏水材料的防冰性能最新研究进展进行了综述。首先对固体表面润湿性、超疏水性及防冰性之间的关系进行了论述,系统介绍了过冷水在超疏水表面的撞击过程。由于超疏水表面的低表面自由能及表面微纳结构,过冷水能够在撞击固体表面凝结成冰前从固体表面脱落,有效延长其结冰时间。还对超疏水表面在防冰应用中存在的问题进行了分析,指出发展具有多功能复合型超疏水表面是以后研究的重点。     

超疏水材料表面防结露效果的评价

利用仿生技术可制造出类荷叶结构的超疏水表面,可以有效地防止或减少金属表面结露结霜,这点得到了广泛深入的研究.目前对超疏水表面的研究集中在如何通过利用构造自身表面的微纳米结构和低表面能来使得液滴无法在其表面长时间停留来提高超疏水性能,但是却缺少如何定量地去衡量评价超疏水表面的抗凝露效果.针对这种情况,提出了采用液滴在固体表面脱落频率和脱落直径来衡量超疏水效果,利用这两个关键参数可较直观来衡量评价超疏水结构表面防结露的效果.     

防冰涂料研究进展

结冰与结霜现象给我们的工作、生活与生产造成一系列不利影响,针对冷表面防冰、防霜的研究与应用,制备具有防冰性能的功能型表面材料具有重要意义。本文综述了目前防冰材料的研究现状,对超疏水材料、牺牲涂层材料、油润滑层材料以及水润滑层材料等用于防冰防霜领域的优势与存在的问题进行了讨论,并对防冰材料未来的发展与应用进行了阐述。     

金属表面超疏水涂层防覆冰性能的研究进展

金属表面积冰可能会导致户外设施和建筑物发生故障或性能严重退化,造成巨大的经济损失甚至人员伤亡。简要综述了传统的防覆冰技术研究进展,介绍了超疏水表面的机理,对超疏水防覆冰涂层进行分类,阐述不同表面粗糙结构对超疏水防覆冰性能的影响,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

铝基超疏水表面抗结霜特性研究

采用化学刻蚀法,在铝基的表面构建了纳米-微米混合的粗糙结构。化学刻蚀后的粗糙表面经过氟硅烷(FAS)修饰,形成了接触角大于155°的超疏水表面。在过冷环境中,利用加湿器提供微小雾滴进行了铝棒和铝片表面的结霜实验。实验过程中对比了超疏水铝表面、疏水铝表面和普通铝表面上的结霜量。结果表明,超疏水铝表面在抑制结霜方面优于普通铝表面,接触角的大小对抑制结霜也有很大影响,接触角越大抑制效果越明显,并且超疏水铝表面的疏水性能易于恢复。在现实生活中,超疏水表面对于降低输电线缆表面的覆霜积聚速率和重量有重要的意义。     

超疏水仿生水泥路面防覆冰设计及模型试验

借鉴荷叶表面微构造特征,基于超疏水仿生理念,通过微纳米路表构建与超疏水涂层设计相结合,对传统水泥路面表层进行防覆冰、易除冰复合设计;分析超疏水材料的作用机理以及在路面应用的可行性,制备由主体结构混凝土层和超疏水-防覆冰层组成的路面板结构模型.对比超疏水路面和普通水泥路面表层的水滴接触角大小,分析其路面疏水性能;利用自主设计的“摆锤式附着强度”测试装置以及劈裂实验法测试试件“冰-路”附着强度.结果表明:对比普通水泥路面,超疏水-防覆冰路面表现出优良的超疏水性能,冰与路面的附着力大大降低,试验中残留附着冰的质量以及冰与路面的劈裂强度分别是普通水泥路面的36.80％和27.36％.     

防覆冰超疏水涂料的研究与进展

介绍了常用的防覆冰技术(涂撒防结冰剂、机械除冰、热力除冰、自然被动除冰和其他除冰技术),综述了防覆冰原理、超疏水表面和防覆冰超疏水性涂层(纳米复合材料等超疏水涂料)的研究进展。最后对防覆冰超疏水性涂层的制备进行了概括,并对其应用前景进行了展望。     

Superhydrophobic surfaces: a review on fundamentals,applications, and challenges

Superhydrophobicity is the tendency of a surface to repel water drops. A surface is qualified as a superhydrophobic surface only if the surface possesses a high apparent contact angle (>150°), low contact angle hysteresis (<10°), low sliding angle (<5°) and high stability of Cassie model state. Efforts have been made to mimic the superhydrophobicity found in nature (for example, lotus leaf), so that artificial superhydrophobic surfaces could be prepared for a variety of applications. Due to their versatile use in many applications, such as water-resistant surfaces, antifogging surfaces, anti-icing surfaces, anticorrosion surfaces etc., many methods have been developed to fabricate them. In this article, the fundamental principles of superhydrophobicity, some of the recent works in the preparation of superhydrophobic surfaces, their potential applications, and the challenges confronted in their new applications are reviewed and discussed.     

Direct laser etching of hierarchical nanospheres on silicon rubber surface with robust dynamic superhydrophobic stability

Silicone rubbers with high dynamic superhydrophobic stability have an extensive application prospect. Applying direct laser etching technology, a fast and efficient method is proposed for the preparation of silicone rubber surfaces with hierarchical nanospheres and robust dynamic superhydrophobicity. A 4 μl water droplet on the laser modified silicone rubber surface exhibits a contact angle (CA) of 154 ± 3° and a roll-off angle (RA) of 5 ± 1°, there is a 65.6% increase in CA compared with the pristine silicon rubber. Moreover, the modified surface can stabilize its superhydrophobic state under a dynamic pressure of 1960.2 Pa. Interestingly, no significant change in the contacting time for the droplets with different impacting speed is found, which means that the stabilized contact time and robust dynamic superhydrophobicity are induced on the modified silicone rubber surface. The self-cleaning and anti-icing properties on the modified surface can effectively reduce the damage caused by surface pollution, ice formation, and other natural factors when applied to power lines, sealing elements, and automotive.     

光热超疏水材料的制备与防、除冰性能研究

户外设备表面结冰给人类生活和生产带来了众多不便,研究具有防结冰性能和除冰性能的新一代防、除冰材料对于户外设备的持久稳定运行具有重要意义。本文利用模板法将三氧化二钛（Ti₂O₃）粉末和聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）混合制备具有规则阵列结构的光热超疏水材料,并研究其防结冰性能与光热除冰性能。得益于Ti₂O₃优异的光热性能,制备的材料在100 mW/cm²光照条件下的光热温升可达55℃,冻结在表面的液滴可在200 s内融化,具有优异的光热转换与光热除冰性能。而PDMS材料固化后本征疏水,加规则阵列微结构后赋予材料优异的超疏水性能,其接触角高达153°,滚动角小于5°。无光照时的结冰延迟时间长达1300 s,是无光热材料表面结冰延迟时间的3倍。而在光照时由于其优异的光热性能,液滴在长达6 h的结冰测试中尚未结冰,表明材料具有优异的光热防结冰性能。研究结果论证了利用自然界丰富太阳能进行除冰的可能性,为户外设备表面除冰技术提供新的方式。     

超疏水表面太阳能加热金-水纳米流体液滴蒸发特性

实验研究了超疏水表面上太阳能加热金纳米流体液滴蒸发特性。用高速摄像机和红外摄像机同步触发记录了2 μl不同浓度金纳米流体液滴在超疏水表面的蒸发过程。通过一系列实验，观察对比不同浓度金纳米流体液滴蒸发过程中体积、接触角、接触直径、液滴表面温度以及蒸发速率等动态特性。结合水蒸气扩散模型以及红外温度图分析液滴在超疏水表面上的蒸发过程中蒸发通量变化以及表面温度变化等特性。发现不同浓度纳米流体液滴蒸发速率基本一致；超疏水表面上液滴蒸发以常接触角模式为主，后期呈现混合模式蒸发；液滴蒸发过程中，液滴上半部分蒸发通量大，致使液滴表面温度较低。     

Fabrication of superhydrophobic TiO2 quadrangular nanorod film with self-cleaning,anti-icing properties

Superhydrophobic TiO₂ quadrangular nanorod film was fabricated by hydrothermal reaction and stearic acid modification. X-ray diffractometer and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer were employed to characterize the surface crystal structures and chemical compositions of the superhydrophobic TiO₂ film, respectively. The effects of the titanium source (titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP)) amount and reaction time on the morphology and wettability of the TiO₂ film were studied by scanning electron microscope and contact angle meter. The results show that the diameter of the TiO₂ quadrangular nanorods increases and then the water contact angle on modified TiO₂ film decreases with the increase of the reaction time and TTIP amount. Moreover, when the TTIP amount is 0.3?mL and solvent is 30?mL, the wetted state of the superhydrophobic TiO₂ film surface conforms to an improved Cassie model. Besides, the superhydrophobic TiO₂ film shows good low adhesion, self-cleaning and anti-icing properties. Particularly, the anti-icing property decreases with the increase of the reaction time and TTIP amount.     

超疏水表面自修复及应用的研究进展

超疏水表面因具有诸多优异特性而展现出良好的应用前景,但在实际应用中容易受到外界机械力损坏或化学侵蚀,赋予超疏水表面自修复性能可以较好地改善表面耐久性,延长其使用寿命。本文针对修复构成超疏水表面的微观结构与低表面能物质展开论述,介绍了在湿度、温度、光等外界因素的引发下超疏水表面对低表面能物质的修复行为与特点,以及以形状记忆聚合物为主制备的超疏水表面对微观结构进行修复的过程。此外,介绍了具有自修复性能的超疏水表面在防腐蚀、油水分离、防覆冰等领域的应用。最后,讨论了通过优化表面结构和化学组成开发自修复超疏水表面的挑战和前景,环保型且无需外界刺激即可迅速对微观结构与低表面能物质进行双重修复的超疏水表面具有重要的研究意义。     

Experimental study of frosting on different wettability surfaces under magnetic field

The frosting laws of three kinds of wettable surfaces under different magnetic field strengths were studied under cold surface temperature T_w=-10℃ and -30℃, environmental relative humidity RH=60% and 80%. Through visual observation method,image binarization is processed and calculated,the effect of frost morphology,water droplets diameter,water droplets crystallization time,water droplets coverage,frost crystal coverage,frost layer thickness and frost density under the different magnetic field intensity and surface contact angle are well explained. The results showed that adding magnetic field in combination with hydrophobic surface,the diameter of water droplets decreases by about 40%, and the crystallization time is prolonged by more than 500 s,the distribution of condensate droplets is more sparse. Frost thickness and frost density decrease as the increase of magnetic field strength and surface contact angle,providing possibility of restrain the frosting effectively. As the temperature of the cold surface decreases and the relative humidity increases, the influence of the surface properties and the external magnetic field on the frosting process decreases.     

磁场作用下不同润湿性表面结霜实验研究

研究了在冷面温度T_w=-10℃和-30℃,环境相对湿度RH=60%和80%,3种润湿性表面在不同磁场强度下的结霜规律。通过可视化观测和图像二值化处理计算,分析了磁场强度和表面接触角对霜晶形态、水珠粒径、结晶时间、液滴和霜晶覆盖率、霜层厚度和密度的影响。结果表明：磁场作用下,疏水性表面水珠粒径减小40%左右,结晶时间延长500 s以上,凝结水珠分布更加稀疏;结霜厚度和密度随着磁场强度和接触角的增大而减小;随着冷面温度的降低和相对湿度的增大,表面特性和外加磁场对结霜过程的影响降低。     

Preparation and characterization of superhydrophobic surface based on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)

Biomimetic superhydrophobic surfaces exhibit excellent self-cleaning properties due to their special micro/nano-scale binary structures. In order to prepare the superhydrophobic surface of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), a facile fabrication method for replicating micro/nano-scale binary aluminium structures into PDMS is presented. The microscopic morphology, composition, surface roughness (Ra) and wettability of the sample surface were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, roughness measurement equipment and contact angle meter respectively. Based on the measurements of the contact angles of deionized water (DI water) and ethanediol, surface free energies of the coatings were estimated according to the Owens two-liquid method. The superhydrophobic PDMS exhibited lower surface free energy than flat PDMS with a DI water contact angle (WCA) of 165°. The surface roughness (Ra) increased with the increasing of etching time in the range 0–80?min, and then decreased with the change of etching time, similar to the variation of contact angle with etching time. Moreover, the prepared surface had different micro-morphologies and its wettability was changed by regulating the chemical etching time. In addition, the superhydrophobic PDMS also showed good self-cleaning properties and the bouncing effect of the water droplets.     

Controllable fabrication of superhydrophobic alloys surface on 304 stainless steel substrate for anti-icing performance

In this paper, 304 stainless steel-based ZnO (304SS-based ZnO) seed layer was prepared by using sol-gel method or electrochemical deposition. Superhydrophobic nano-ZnO (CSS–ZnO) surface were prepared on its surface by hydrothermal method. The results show that different structural morphologies of 304SS-based ZnO surface were prepared by varying different seed layer preparation methods. In the static icing test, compared with hydrophilic nano-ZnO (SS–ZnO) surface, hydrophobic nano-ZnO (QS-ZnO) surface and 304SS surface at −5 °C, −10 °C and −15 °C. The icing time of CSS-ZnO surface was prolonged by about 2.7 h at −5 °C, delayed by about 40 min at −10 °C and delayed by about 9 min at −15 °C. The CSS-ZnO surface is the most effective surface in static anti-icing. It is because that there has a residual air layer at the solid-liquid interface and the coating can still effectively retard ice formation in a partially wetted state. In the dynamic icing test, compared with QS-ZnO surface, SS-ZnO surface and 304SS surface at −16 °C, SS-ZnO surface and QS-ZnO surface have no anti-icing effect, and CSS-ZnO surface has a significant anti-icing effect. The mechanism for inhibiting condensation of water droplets by superhydrophobic surfaces was illustrated, which can be identified that the contact angle of the ice embryo will increase with the increase of the water contact angle. This work provides a practical application for promoting anti-icing ability of 304SS surfaces in industry.