烧结烟气中成分对焦炭还原NO影响的实验研究

利用烧结烟气循环流化床燃烧的深度净化技术,可低成本、高效地实现烧结烟气中污染物的超低排放。为了探究该技术中循环流化床密相区内焦炭还原NO的机理,以焦作无烟煤所制焦炭为实验对象,利用高温立式管式炉实验台模拟循环流化床密相区,在750℃～950℃温度下,研究烧结烟气中分别加入组分CO,CO₂,O₂时,焦炭还原NO的转化率随时间变化规律。结果表明：在无O₂通入的反应条件下,随着反应温度的提高,焦炭对NO的还原率逐渐增加;CO的加入提升了焦炭对NO的还原率,在反应温度为900℃时,加入体积分数为0.4%的CO可最大提升17%的NO还原率;CO₂的加入则抑制了焦炭对NO的还原率,在反应温度为950℃时,加入体积分数为10%的CO₂使得NO还原率最大降低了21%;O₂的加入明显抑制了焦炭对NO的还原效果,在反应温度为950℃,通入气体中体积分数为13%的O₂时,NO的还原率下降至31%,且明显缩短了焦炭的还原时间。研究结果可为烧结烟气循环流化床燃...     

加压循环流化床富氧燃烧中试研究

二氧化碳捕集和封存技术(CCUS)是减少温室气体排放,实现全球环境可持续发展的有效技术手段。加压富氧燃烧技术是一种低成本CCUS技术。循环流化床燃烧技术(CFB)是目前商业化程度最好的清洁煤燃烧技术之一,加压循环流化床富氧燃烧耦合了加压富氧燃烧和循环流化床燃烧的诸多优点,具有很强的工业应用前景。但加压循环流化床富氧燃烧系统结构复杂,燃烧工况的切换和烟气再循环导致其在启动、控制、运行等方面面临巨大挑战。目前对于加压循环流化床富氧燃烧的研究大多处于理论建模、机理研究和小试试验阶段。为了更深入地探究加压循环流化床富氧燃烧的启动和运行方法,中国科学院工程热物理研究所在MW级加压循环流化床富氧燃烧中试试验平台上进行了中试研究,实现了加压富氧燃烧的稳定运行,获得了中试尺度加压富氧燃烧运行模式,以及启动和运行过程中温度、压力、给煤量和风量的变化曲线。加压富氧燃烧工况运行中整体O₂体积分数为29%,压力为0.30 MPa,功率为0.84 MW,尾部烟气中CO₂体积分数达91%,可较好地实现CO₂产品的捕集和压缩纯化。中试尺度加压富氧燃烧启动和运行的主要流程为:启动阶段-常压O₂/N₂燃烧阶段-常压富氧燃烧-加压富氧燃烧阶段,各阶段切换平稳。     

基于热重-质谱联用的煤粉富氧燃烧动力学及污染物生成特性

富氧燃烧是最具工业化前景的燃烧中碳捕集技术之一,为更深入掌握煤粉富氧燃烧的着火模式和污染物生成特性,本文构建了热重-质谱联用实验系统,以烟煤和无烟煤标准煤样为对象,针对3个不同的氧气体积分数：21%、30%和50%,研究了O₂/Ar和O₂/CO₂气氛下煤粉的富氧燃烧特性。结果表明,O₂/CO₂气氛下煤粉着火温度和燃尽温度均降低,燃烧速率提高,燃烧时间缩短;两种煤粉在O₂/Ar气氛下的燃烧都属于非均相着火,而富氧燃烧都属于均相着火模式;氧气体积分数在30%以上时,无烟煤O₂/CO₂燃烧的表观活化能明显低于O₂/Ar气氛,在相同工况下烟煤的表观活化能均低于无烟煤;O₂/CO₂气氛促进了CO和挥发分NO的逸出,生成温度均低于O₂/Ar气氛,CO会对NO起到还原作用。     

CuO修饰的赤泥载氧体废弃活性炭化学链燃烧

以拜耳法赤泥为基体,采用浸渍法制备了CuO修饰的赤泥载氧体（Cu0.5RM1、Cu1RM1）。利用SEM-EDSmapping、XRD对其进行物化表征,并在高温流化床反应器及热重分析仪中考察了赤泥载氧体的废弃活性炭化学链燃烧特性。结果表明,浸渍法可准确制备定量CuO修饰的赤泥载氧体;相比于纯赤泥载氧体,CuO修饰的赤泥载氧体具有化学链燃烧载氧体与化学链氧解耦燃烧载氧体的双重特性,能够加快碳转化速率,有效提高出口气体中CO₂浓度;Cu1RM1反应活性较高,875℃为其较优的反应温度,此时t₉₅为28min,出口气体中CO₂浓度为92.9%（体积分数）,燃烧效率达93.0%。10次循环实验表明Cu1RM1载氧体具有相对稳定的循环反应特性。     

铁基载氧体辅助无烟煤焦富氧燃烧动力学分析

流化床铁基载氧体辅助富氧燃烧下传统石英砂床料被铁基载氧体替代,铁基载氧体扩展了传统床料的“热载体”的功能,另承担了“氧载体”的角色,为调节炉内氧分布与煤燃烧过程匹配提供了新思路。本文在热重实验平台探究了10%O₂/90%CO₂气氛下分析纯Fe₂O₃、赤铁矿及钢渣三种铁基载氧体辅助无烟煤焦燃烧特性及动力学。结果表明,相较于纯无烟煤焦燃烧,铁基载氧体辅助燃烧下无烟煤焦的燃烧特性得到显著改善,其中燃烧速率提高29%以上,燃尽温度降低65℃以上,综合燃烧指数提升2倍以上,活化能与指前因子同步增加且表现出“补偿效应”。三种铁基载氧体中分析纯Fe₂O₃对无烟煤焦燃烧特性的改善略优于赤铁矿和钢渣,钢渣可作为流化床铁基载氧体辅助富氧燃烧的床料替代石英砂。     

煤/生物质流态化富氧燃烧的CO2富集特性

流化床富氧燃烧是具有重要应用前景的燃烧中碳捕集技术。为更深入认识固体燃料的流态化富氧燃烧行为,构建了微型流态化反应-质谱联用实验系统,反应器直径10 mm,燃烧温度700～900℃,探索了基于在线质谱分析的流态化燃烧过程特性表征方法,以烟煤和花梨木为对象,研究了煤、生物质及其混合物在富氧气氛和流态化条件下的燃烧行为,重点考察了氧浓度、燃烧温度、煤与生物质质量比对CO₂谱峰曲线形态、反应总时间、起始反应时刻、烟气中富集CO₂体积分数、颗粒燃烧产生CO₂量、CO₂相对生成率等特性的影响。结果表明,在O₂/CO₂燃烧气氛下,随着氧体积分数增加,燃烧总反应时间缩短,颗粒燃烧产生的CO₂量和生成速率均增加,但烟气中富集的CO₂体积分数减小;提高燃烧温度,缩短了燃烧过程所需的时间,可以促进CO₂的富集,烟气中CO₂浓度、颗粒燃烧产生的CO₂量和生成速率均增加;生物质比例增大,起始反应时间提前,燃烧反应所需总时间减少,烟气中富集的CO₂浓度和颗粒燃烧产生的CO₂均减少,但CO₂生成速率增加。     

铁镍载氧体在煤焦化学链气化中的改性研究

文中采用溶胶-凝胶法制备一系列铁镍载氧体,应用于煤焦化学链气化过程以制备合成气。利用H₂-TPR、XRD和SEM等表征手段考察载氧体的物理化学性质,并基于煤焦化学链气化反应固定床实验探究NiO质量分数、循环次数以及负载惰性载体等参数对铁镍载氧体反应性能的影响。实验结果表明：NiO的添加能够有效改善载氧体的反应活性,但当添加量高于质量分数20%时,气化性能显著下降;铁镍载氧体形成的NiFe₂O₄尖晶石结构是改善反应活性的关键,但在高温循环过程中该结构易发生晶相分离,导致载氧体反应活性下降以及团聚烧结现象的发生;惰性载体的加入能够有效抑制铁镍载氧体的烧结。     

Fe2O3/粉煤灰载氧体化学链燃烧实验与机理研究

提出了一种以粉煤灰为载体制备的新型铁基载氧体。采用同步热重分析仪、小型流化床以及DFT分别研究了新型载氧体的活性与热稳定性,发泡剂含量与反应温度以及粉煤灰主要组分之间的协同作用对新型载氧体性能的影响。研究结果表明,新型载氧体在以CO为燃料的化学链系统中具有较高的活性;新型载氧体较大的孔隙率以及粉煤灰多组分间的协同作用促使850℃下发泡剂含量为10.0%(质量)的新型铁基载氧体的最大转化率(84.9%)比Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃的最大转化率(54.3%)高30%,且新型铁基载氧体在30个循环测试中表现出良好的热稳定性。载体制备采用的发泡剂含量以及反应温度对新型铁基载氧体性能影响很大,适当的发泡剂含量(约10%(质量))可提高新型载氧体性能。此外,高温下会造成载氧体的烧结现象。最后,采用密度泛函理论(DFT)研究了粉煤灰与载氧体之间的界面作用以及协同氧化CO的电子特性。计算结果表明,粉煤灰和Fe₂O₃之间的界面电荷转移使Fe₂O₃为电正性,促使CO在表面的相互作用,载体和活性组分之间的协同作用降低了载氧体与CO前线轨道能量差,进而促进了CO与Fe₂O₃的反应。     

钙钛矿锚定纳米氧化铈及其化学链干重整性能

化学链甲烷干重整(CL-DRM)可同时利用二氧化碳和甲烷两种温室气体,将其转化为可用于费托合成的合成气。采用溶胶凝胶法及浸渍法制备了一系列(Ni/CeO₂)/ABO₃(钙钛矿型)氧载体,探究Ni/CeO₂负载对钙钛矿储氧性能的影响,揭示Ni/CeO₂负载量对La_0.8Sr_0.2FeO₃钙钛矿氧载体催化活性作用规律,进一步研究氧载体的化学链循环稳定性。结果发现,CeO₂与载体La_0.8Sr_0.2FeO₃相互作用有利于钙钛矿形成氧空位,从而增强其氧迁移能力。Ni/CeO₂的负载提高了氧载体的储氧性能,增强反应活性,降低了反应初始温度,但过高的负载量将导致甲烷裂解形成积碳。当Ni/CeO₂负载量为质量分数20%时,甲烷转化率高达82%,H₂/CO物质的量比为2.1,在30次氧化还原循环后结...     

具有自载体功能的CoFeAlO4载氧体化学链燃烧反应特性

采用燃烧法合成了具有尖晶石结构的CoFeAlO₄载氧体材料,通过表征手段和实验研究考察了不同温度下CoFeAlO₄载氧体的化学链燃烧反应特性和循环稳定性,并对CoFeAlO₄载氧体晶相结构和表观形貌的变化规律进行了分析。结果表明,温度升高有利于提高CoFeAlO₄载氧体转化还原性气体CO的能力,使得还原反应速率更快,但高温下经“还原-氧化”会造成CoFeAlO₄载氧体相态分离,难以保持稳定的自载体尖晶石结构。对反应前后CoFeAlO₄载氧体晶相结构的分析表明,高温条件下经过“还原-氧化”后生成的CoFe₂O₄和CoAl₂O₄是导致CoFeAlO₄载氧体烧结和循环稳定性下降的主要原因。     

Reactivity of low-concentration Cu-doped modified Fe-based oxygen carrier in chemical looping: experiments and theoretical simulations

Based on thermogravimetric experiment (TGA) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the reaction activity and microscopic molecular reaction mechanism of Cu low-concentration doped Fe₂O₃ oxygen carrier (Cu-Fe₂O₃) and H₂ in the process of chemical looping combustion were studied. TGA results showed that the low concentration of Cu-doped reduced the apparent activation energy of Fe₂O₃ reaction with H₂ (from 83.9 kJ/mol to 72.3 kJ/mol). And improved the conversion rate and lattice oxygen release rate of Fe₂O₃ oxygen carrier, which was attributed to the introduction of Cu element. From the atom/molecular level, DFT calculations verified that the low concentration of Cu-doped altered reaction pathway of Fe₂O₃ oxygen carrier reaction with H₂. The calculation results showed that the energy barrier of Fe₂O₃ oxygen carrier reaction with H₂ decreased from 2.30 eV to 1.81 eV (Fe atom top site) and 1.68 eV (Cu atom top site), respectively. The reaction preferentially occurred at the Cu atom site, followed at Fe atom site. Furthermore, the micro-structure characteristic change of Fe₂O₃ oxygen carrier (Cu—O and Cu—Fe bonds introduced) is more favorable for the rapid lattice oxygen release in chemical looping process.     

化学链过程中Cu低浓度掺杂改性Fe-基载氧体反应性能：实验与理论模拟

基于热重实验(TGA)和密度泛函理论(DFT)计算,对Cu低浓度掺杂Fe2O3载氧体(Cu-Fe2O3)与H2在化学链燃烧过程中反应活性和微观分子反应机理进行研究。TGA结果显示,Cu低浓度掺杂降低Fe2O3载氧体与H2反应表观活化能Ea(从83.9 kJ/mol降低至72.3 kJ/mol),因此,低浓度Cu掺杂由于原子尺度Cu掺杂缺陷的引入的确提高了Fe2O3载氧体转化率和晶格氧释放速率。DFT计算从分子水平证实Cu低浓度掺杂改变了Fe2O3载氧体与H2反应路径,路径分析表明,Cu掺杂使Fe2O3载氧体与H2反应能垒从2.30 eV分别降低至1.81 eV(Fe原子top位反应)和1.68 eV(Cu原子top位反应),Cu掺杂的Fe-基载氧体的氢还原反应优先发生在掺杂的Cu原子位,其次为Fe原子位。此外,计算结果表明,因Cu-O和Cu-Fe键的引入,低浓度Cu掺杂改变了Fe2O3载氧体微观结构,这对于载氧体的晶格氧快速释放是有利的。     

Reactivity of a spray-dried NiO/NiAl2O4 oxygen carrier for chemical-looping combustion

Kinetic data of a promising oxygen carrier of NiO/NiAl₂O₄ have been established from experiments in a small fluidized bed batch reactor using methane. The particles were prepared by spray-drying using commercially available raw material and selected as the best candidates from an earlier screening study. The particles clearly showed high reactivity, with a maximum gas yield between 86% and 93% in the temperature interval 750 °C to 950 °C when using a bed mass and a gas flow corresponding to only 6 kg/MW_fuel. A comparison of the reactivity with data from TGA experiments showed that the reactivity generally was faster in the batch fluidized bed in the investigated temperature interval. A simple reactor model using kinetic data from the batch fluidized bed reactor and the TGA predicted a minimum mass of 9–24 kg/MW_fuel of oxygen carrier particles for full gas yield of methane to carbon dioxide in the fuel reactor. Comparison with experiments performed in a 10 and 120 kW CLC reactor with the same type of oxygen carrier showed that even when employing 13 to 50 times the amount of oxygen carrier theoretically needed for complete gas conversion, full gas yield was not obtained in the circulating systems. Hence it is of great importance to consider the fluid dynamics and gas-solid contact when modeling the fuel reactor of a chemical-looping combustor.     

On the mechanism of model diesel soot-O2 reaction catalysed by Pt-containing La-doped CeO2: A TAP study with isotopic O2

Pt supported on CeO₂ and 10 wt.% La³⁺-doped CeO₂ catalysts have been prepared, characterised and tested for soot oxidation by O₂ in TGA. The reaction mechanism has been studied in a TAP reactor with labelled O₂. Isotopic oxygen exchange between molecular O₂ and ‘O’ on the support/catalyst was observed and soot oxidation is being carried out by lattice oxygen. TAP studies further show that Pt improves O₂ adsorption and, therefore, 5 wt.% Pt-containing catalysts are more active for soot oxidation than the counterpart supports. In addition, CeO₂ doping by La³⁺ leads to an improved support, since La³⁺ stabilises the structure of CeO₂ when calcined at high temperature (1000 °C) and minimises sintering. In addition, La³⁺ improves the Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ reduction as deduced from H₂-TPR experiments and favours oxygen mobility into the lattice. A synergetic effect of Pt and La³⁺ is observed, Pt-containing La³⁺-doped CeO₂ being the most active catalyst for soot oxidation by O₂ among the samples studied.     

钠修饰铁矿石载氧体的串行流化床煤化学链燃烧试验

利用1 kW_th串行流化床反应器对钠修饰铁矿石载氧体进行试验研究,考察燃料反应器温度对煤化学链催化燃烧特性的影响。结果表明,钠在820～920℃温度下显著促进了煤气化反应的进行,随着燃料反应器温度的提高,使用Na-铁矿石时燃料反应器出口CO₂浓度明显增大,CO浓度明显降低,在920℃时CO₂捕集效率和碳捕集效率分别达到78.60%和80.54%,而使用纯铁矿石时CO₂捕集效率和碳捕集效率仅为40.27%和45.65%。在高温950℃时Na-铁矿石活性下降,出现烧结和团聚现象,燃料反应器出现滞流态化现象,这可能是钠的化合物熔点较低和载氧体过度还原所导致的。XRD和SEM分析结果显示钠修饰铁矿石促使更多的Fe₂O₃被还原为Fe₃O₄。     

Catalytic decomposition and mass transfer of aqueous ozone promoted by Fe-Mn-Cu/γ-Al2O3 in a rotating packed bed

This study investigated catalytic decomposition and mass transfer of aqueous ozone promoted by Fe-Mn-Cu/γ-Al₂O₃ (Cat) in a rotating packed bed (RPB) for the first time. The results showed that the value of the overall decomposition rate constant of ozone (K_c) and overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient (K_La) are 4.28×10^-3 s^-1 and 11.60×10^-3 s^-1 respectively at an initial pH of 6, β of 40, of 60 mg·L^-1 and Q_L of 85 L·h^-1 in deionized water, respectively. Meanwhile, the K_c and K_La values of Fenhe water are 0.88×10^-3 s^-1 and 2.51×10^-3 s^-1 lower than deionized water, respectively. In addition, the K_c and K_La values in deionized water for the Cat/O₃-RPB system are 44.86% and 47.41% higher than that for the Cat/O₃-BR (bubbling reactor) system, respectively, indicating that the high gravity technology can facilitate the decomposition and mass transfer of ozone in heterogeneous catalytic ozonation and provide some insights into the industrial wastewater.     

Effect of different oxygen species originating from the dissociation of O2, N2O and NO on the selectivity of the Pt-catalysed NH3 oxidation

An effect of oxygen species formed from O₂, N₂O and NO on the selectivity of the catalytic oxidation of ammonia was studied over a polycrystalline Pt catalyst using the temporal analysis of products (TAP) reactor. The transient experiments were performed in the temperature range between 773 and 1073 K in a sequential pulse mode with a time interval of 0.2 s between the pulses of the oxidant (O₂, N₂O and NO) and NH₃. In contrast to adsorbed oxygen species formed from NO, those from O₂ and N₂O reacted with ammonia yielding NO. It is suggested that the difference between these oxidising agents may be related to the different active sites for dissociation of O₂, N₂O and NO, where oxygen species of various Pt-O strength are formed. Weaker bound oxygen species, which are active for NO formation, originate from O₂ and N₂O rather than from NO. These species may be of bi-atomic nature.     

The reaction of NiO/NiAl2O4 particles with alternating methane and oxygen

The reduction and oxidation behaviour of oxygen carrier particles of NiO and NiAl₂O₄ has been investigated in a fluidized bed reactor as well as a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The particles showed high reactivity and gas yield to CO₂ with methane in the temperature interval 750–950°C. In the fluidized bed the yield to CO₂ was between 90 and 99% using bed masses corresponding to 16–57 kg/MW_fuel. Complementary experiments in a TGA at 750 and 950°C showed a clear reaction of the NiAl₂O₄ with CH₄ at the higher temperature. There was methane released from the reactor at high degrees of solid oxidation, which is likely associated with the lack of Ni‐sites on the particles which can reform the methane. There was some carbon formation during the reduction, although the amount was minor when the gas yield to carbon dioxide and degree of oxidation of the solid was high. A simple reactor model using kinetic data from a previous study predicted the gas yield during the reduction in the fluidized bed experiments with reasonable accuracy. The oxygen carrier system investigated in this work shows high promise for use in a real CLC system, provided that the particle manufacturing process can be scaled up with reasonable cost.