石油钻杆加厚过渡区失效分析

对钻杆加厚过渡区失效事故进行分析,确定了钻杆加厚过渡区的失效特征、失效机理与原因,为预防钻杆失效提供了理论基础和技术依据。分析结果表明,钻杆加厚过渡区的失效特征是钻杆刺穿;失效机理为腐蚀疲劳;失效原因为钻杆管体由于应力集中与腐蚀集中,在内加厚过渡区消失点内外壁萌生腐蚀疲劳裂纹,裂纹逐渐扩展,裂纹部位的壁厚也逐渐减薄,当剩余壁厚不足以承受钻杆内壁压力的时候,钻杆内壁的高压钻井液冲破剩余壁厚,最终形成钻杆刺穿孔洞。     

化学镀镍对铸造AZ91镁合金耐腐蚀性能的影响

采用硫酸镍作为化学镀镍镀液的主盐,直接在铸造法制备的镁合金AZ91基体上进行化学镀镍,并对镀层进行腐蚀试验、形貌观察和能谱分析。结果表明,镀镍沉积速率随着施镀时间的增加而增大再减小,镀镍时间为1 h时镀速达到1.42μm/h。在3.5%Na Cl溶液中浸泡4 h后,镀镍镁合金AZ91的腐蚀速率随着施镀时间的增加而减小,镀镍时间为1 h的镁合金腐蚀速率最小,为0.063μm/h,比未镀镍镁合金的腐蚀速率减小96%。腐蚀形貌的观察结果与腐蚀速率的测定结果是一致的。经化学镀镍后可在镁合金AZ91表面得到一耐腐蚀性能良好的镀层,从而改善镁合金AZ91的耐腐蚀性能。     

电镀电流对镀镍金刚石性能的影响

为研究电镀电流对金刚石表面镀镍层沉积速率的影响,采用电沉积法对金刚石表面镀镍,并观察镀层的表面形貌,同时分析了电镀电流对镀镍金刚石镀镍层致密度、冲击韧性和抗压强度的影响。实验结果表明:当电镀电流从2A升至6A,随着电流增大,金刚石的镀镍层镀速、冲击韧性和抗压强度均随之增大,并在6A时达到最大;镀覆金刚石表面镀层均匀,且漏镀现象减少;电镀电流影响镀液温度,而镀液温度决定了镀层的致密度。电镀液温度处于50℃时,镀镍层显微应变最小,镀层的致密度达到最大。     

化学镀镍层起泡脱皮原因分析及解决方法

化学镀镍层起泡脱皮会导致无镀层部位的加速腐蚀,在表面处理中是不允许出现的.因此,分析化学镀镍层起泡脱皮原因,找出其解决办法.通过试验得出结论:化学镀镍层有渗氢现象,原子态氢集聚形成气泡.减少施镀时间,降低镀层厚度,解决了镀层起泡脱皮质量问题,保证了化学镀镍零件的防腐性能.     

双镀层对A3钢在硫酸溶液中腐蚀速率的影响

尝试在A3钢表面施镀镍 铅双镀层,以提高其在硫酸溶液中的耐蚀性能.利用腐蚀失重方法分别测定了镀铅层与镀镍 铅双镀层的A3钢在硫酸中的腐蚀速率,并借助扫描电镜对双镀层的形态进行了观察与分析.试验表明:施镀镍 铅双镀层能明显提高A3钢的耐蚀性能.认为:镍层遮盖了A3钢表面,使阳极电位提高,腐蚀驱动力减小;铅在硫酸中析氢超电压大,且容易生成致密的硫酸铅膜,这些因素是材料耐蚀性得到明显提高的重要原因.     

镁合金AZ91表面化学镀镍层的制备及性能研究

为了优化镁合金表面化学镀镍工艺,降低施镀过程中的污染,研究了AZ91镁合金表面直接化学镀镍工艺,并应用SEM对镀层表面形貌进行观察,通过EDS及XRD对镀层成分及物相进行了分析,采用划线划格法、静态浸泡法分别对镀层与镁合金基体的结合力、镀层的防腐蚀性能进行了分析.研究结果表明:AZ91镁合金表面可通过直接化学镀镍获得结合力良好、表面硬度较高的镍镀层.镀层的成分分析显示:由于NaH2PO2发生自身氧化还原反应,镀层中存在少量P.在3.5%NaCl溶液中的静态腐蚀试验结果表明:镀层的耐腐蚀性能良好,对合金基体可以起到较好的防护作用.     

304不锈钢酸性化学镀镍的工艺研究

对不锈钢上化学镀镍进行了初步探索。在不锈钢前处理中采用闪镀镍工艺,较好地解决了不锈钢的难镀问题。化学镀采用酸性镀液。获得的镀层在耐氯离子腐蚀、耐有机酸腐蚀、硬度等方面优于不锈钢本体。     

S135钻杆腐蚀孔洞形成原因分析

目的对某S135钢级钻杆的腐蚀孔洞形成原因进行分析。方法通过化学成分分析、金相组织分析、钻杆宏观外貌分析、力学性能测试及扫描电镜与能谱分析等一系列分析试验,对该S135钻杆材料的力学性能、化学成分、金相组织、非金属夹杂物、晶粒度、钻杆的外圆面宏观形貌、钻杆的腐蚀孔洞特征和腐蚀产物进行分析。结果该S135钢级钻杆的化学成分合格,符合产品技术条件要求;钻杆的强度、塑性、冲击韧性等力学性能指标均合格,均符合产品技术条件要求,其中冲击韧性值达到97 J,超出技术条件要求值一倍以上;钻杆的金相组织为回火索氏体,为正常的调质热处理组织;钻杆的晶粒度级别为7级,符合产品技术条件要求;钻杆的各类非金属夹杂物级别均未超过1.0级,符合产品技术条件要求,钻杆外圆面存在大量的麻点、麻坑,腐蚀孔洞壁存在含氧元素的腐蚀产物,即存在氧腐蚀。结论该S135钢级钻杆本体孔洞为应力腐蚀疲劳所致的孔洞,其产生因素有:第一,钻杆本体外圆面上存在麻点、麻坑;第二,钻杆承受交变弯曲应力;第三,钻杆外圆面局部氧腐蚀作用。     

某井5″钻杆刺漏原因分析

目的对某井5″钻杆刺漏形成原因进行分析。方法对刺漏钻杆样品的材料进行化学成分分析、力学性能测试、金相分析、晶粒度评价、非金属夹杂物评价,对刺孔周边的裂纹进行金相分析、断口宏观分析和扫描电镜分析,对腐蚀坑底部的腐蚀产物进行EDS分析,对钻杆刺穿机理进行模拟分析,对刺漏钻杆受力情况进行有限元模拟分析。结果该刺漏钻杆的化学成分、力学性能符合API Spec 5DP—2009标准要求,其中冲击韧性较高(两支刺漏钻杆的冲击功分别为83 J和87 J),是技术标准的2倍以上。刺漏钻杆样品的组织为回火索氏体,为正常调质态的组织形貌。刺漏钻杆样品晶粒度级别为9级,非金属夹杂物等级最高为1.0级,符合产品技术标准要求。该刺漏钻杆外壁存在大量的腐蚀坑,而且在腐蚀坑底部存在氧元素的腐蚀产物,即存在氧腐蚀。刺孔延伸裂纹及其周边的裂纹扩展较为平直,而且在裂纹尖端存在疲劳辉纹形貌,证实该刺漏扩展以疲劳裂纹的形式进行。结论此次两支钻杆的刺穿属于早期腐蚀疲劳破坏,其产生的因素有:(1)钻井液中的溶解O对钻杆外壁腐蚀较为严重,形成较深的腐蚀坑;(2)在通过严重狗腿度井段时,腐蚀坑底部萌生了小裂纹,随后裂纹在旋转弯曲作用力下疲劳扩展直至刺透钻杆壁厚;(3)对此井下过井的钻杆进行严格的检测,防止有缺陷的钻杆下井使用,以避免发生早期失效现象。     

AZ91D镁合金Ni-P／CeO2化学复合镀层的耐蚀性

在AZ91D化学镀镍的镀液中添加CeO2微粒,以获得Ni-P/CeO2化学复合镀层.试验结果表明,镀层与基体的结合力良好;镀后的镁合金在3.5%NaCl溶液和5%醋酸溶液中浸泡,耐蚀能力大为提高;封孔后的试样在短时间内基本不被腐蚀.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.