锌粉颗粒形状对机械沉积无结晶镀层结构的影响

以球状锌粉和片状锌粉为原始锌粉借助于机械镀工艺制备了无结晶锌防护层,运用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了镀层的结构形貌;采用XRD技术分析了镀层的物相组成;采用贴滤纸法进行了镀层的孔隙率测试.研究结果表明,片状锌粉制备的镀层比球状锌粉制备的镀层表面要平滑、光亮.球状锌粉制各的镀层中锌粉颗粒呈紧密堆积,部分锌粉颗粒发生塑性变形;片状锌粉制备的镀层中的锌粉颗粒呈层片状叠加,镀层中锌粉颗粒没有发生明显塑性变形.两种形状锌粉制备的镀层均为锌基多相混合体系,镀层中没有固溶体、化合物等合金相产生,属于锌基复合镀层.锌粉颗粒形状对镀层中颗粒之间的结合机理没有显著影响,两种镀层中锌粉颗粒间均以机械咬合为主.     

锌粉颗粒形状对机械沉积无结晶镀层结构的影响

以球状锌粉和片状锌粉为原始锌粉借助于机械镀工艺制备了无结晶锌防护层，运用光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）观察了镀层的结构形貌；采用XRD技术分析了镀层的物相组成；采用贴滤纸法进行了镀层的孔隙率测试。研究结果表明，片状锌粉制备的镀层比球状锌粉制备的镀层表面要平滑、光亮。球状锌粉制备的镀层中锌粉颗粒呈紧密堆积，部分锌粉颗粒发生塑性变形；片状锌粉制备的镀层中的锌粉颗粒呈层片状叠加，镀层中锌粉颗粒没有发生明显塑性变形。两种形状锌粉制备的镀层均为锌基多相混合体系，镀层中没有固溶体、化合物等合金相产生，属于锌基复合镀层。锌粉颗粒形状对镀层中颗粒之间的结合机理没有显著影响，两种镀层中锌粉颗粒间均以机械咬合为主。     

添加纳米TiO2对机械镀锌层组织和性能的影响

采用在机械镀锌过程添加纳米TiO2颗粒制备了机械镀锌层,采用SEM、XRD分析了镀层的组织结构,测试了镀层的致密度,采用中性盐雾试验测试了镀层的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,添加TiO2纳米颗粒不影响镀层的基本结构,镀层中没有发现含Ti新相产生;SEM分析发现,纳米TiO2颗粒在镀层中呈白色点状分布于锌粉颗粒表面,但镀层中没有发现TiO2明显的XRD特征峰。添加3%和5%纳米TiO2后,镀层的致密度由70.86%分别增至84.26%、88.63%,并延长了镀层耐盐腐蚀出现红锈的时间。     

湿法超声机械镀锌技术研究

目的改进滚筒式机械镀锌设备对零件尺寸的限制,实现较大尺寸零件的机械镀锌。方法提出一种新的机械镀锌工艺,即用超声振动系统为冲击介质提供动力,冲击锌粉颗粒到工件表面,形成镀锌层。观察镀锌层的微观表面形貌和断面形貌,测试镀锌层的结合强度,利用中性盐雾试验评判镀锌层的耐腐蚀性能。结果在工件表面获得了一定厚度的镀锌层,镀层表面细腻、均匀、平整,无凹凸不平结构。镀层是由锌粉颗粒镶嵌、填充而成的致密堆积体,与基体的结合强度高,耐腐蚀性能好。结论湿法超声机械镀锌工艺可以对较大尺寸零件进行机械镀锌。     

锌粉粒度对机械镀锌层耐腐蚀性能的影响

分别采用325目、800目和325目+800目等质量混合的球形锌粉,在活化剂的作用下进行机械镀锌,得到三种机械镀锌层。观察了三种镀锌层的表面形貌和断面结构,分析了不同粒径锌粉所得镀层的结构特点,通过中性盐雾试验测试了镀层的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明:325目锌粉镀层的耐腐蚀性能最差,800目锌粉镀层的耐腐蚀性能最好,325目与800目等质量混合的锌粉镀层耐腐蚀性能介于两者之间,接近800目锌粉镀层。     

机械镀锌层锌粉颗粒间结合机理的探讨

采用SEM观察了初始锌粉和机械镀锌层的断口形貌,分析了镀层断口锌粉颗粒结合处的成分分布及双金属冷焊结合机理,探讨了镀层中锌粉颗粒间的结合机制.从细晶强化角度解释了镀层具有较高结合强度的原因.分析结果表明,锌粉颗粒之间容易形成金属键,发生键合.表面活性物质部分残留在镀层中,起到桥接作用.锌粉颗粒之间的键合和表面活性物质的桥接是锌粉颗粒结合的主要途径.     

机械镀锌和锌铝镀层的形貌及耐蚀性

用球状锌粉、片状锌粉和片状锌铝合金粉分别制备出3种机械镀锌层,借助扫描电镜（SEM）比较了各种镀层的表面及断口形貌,并对镀层表面进行了钝化处理及耐腐蚀性能测试.结果表明,片状锌粉形成的机械镀层的综合性能好于传统的球状锌粉形成的机械镀层,且片状锌-铝（10wt%）合金粉形成的机械镀层的综合性能最好.     

机械镀Zn-RE复合镀层的结构

以机械镀方法制备了Zn-RE复合镀层,采用SEM观察了镀层的结构,采用XRF、XPS分析了镀层表面的化学组成和镀层的表面化学状态,采用XRD分析了镀层的物相组成。结果表明,Zn-RE复合机械镀层主要由锌粉颗粒组成,稀土有利于镀层中的锌粉颗粒发生变形。镀层中主要含有Zn、Sn、Fe、La、Ce元素,其中La、Ce含量很低;Zn、Sn、Fe以单质态存在,La以La2O3存在。镀层表面主要由Zn、Sn、La、O组成,Zn以单质态存在,Sn以单质态和氧化态共存,La以La2O3存在。Zn-RE复合镀层形层过程中所添加混合稀土中的La未发生化学位态的变化。     

机械镀Zn-Cu复合镀层的组织结构

为获得防腐-装饰双重效果,采用机械镀的方法首先在钢铁基体表面沉积锌层,然后在锌层表面沉积铜层,最终在钢铁基体表面获得了Zn-Cu复合镀层。采用划线划格法检测分析了镀层的结合强度,采用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察分析了镀层的组织结构,采用能谱仪(EDS)分析了镀层截面的化学成分及分布。结果表明,机械镀Zn-Cu复合镀层表面平整、光滑,镀层覆盖完整;镀层和基体结合牢固,划线划格时镀层无翘起或脱落现象,镀层内部无分层脱落现象。复合镀层由外层的铜层和内层的锌层组成,外层铜层由片状铜粉层叠构成,内层锌层由锌粉颗粒堆积而成。外层铜层和内层锌层之间存在明显的界线,无合金过渡层存在,两者之间为机械结合;内层锌层和基体之间存在明显的界线,无合金过渡层存在,两者之间为机械结合。     

65Mn高弹性垫片的机械镀锌研究

目的克服65Mn高弹性垫片电镀锌产生的氢脆问题。方法采用机械镀锌方法在65Mn高弹性垫片表面制备了镀锌层,采用目测法观察镀层的外观及镀层完整情况,采用硫酸铜试验分析镀层厚度的均匀性,采用划格试验法测试镀层的结合强度,采用铁试剂方法检测镀层的孔隙率,通过预紧固检测分析了镀液p H值对镀后垫片氢脆的影响,采用中性盐雾实验法检测了钝化对镀层耐蚀性能的影响。结果制备的机械镀锌层表面平滑,覆盖完整,无起皮、漏镀等缺陷。镀层呈灰亮色,厚度均匀,具有足够的致密度。当镀液环境的p H值较低时(1~2和2~3),施镀过程造成一定程度的氢脆隐患;镀液环境的p H值为3~4时,机械镀锌垫片不会发生裂纹或断裂。结论施镀时,镀液环境的p H值调整为3~4,或垫片在镀锌后装配前自然放置1~2周,采用机械镀锌的方法可消除65Mn高弹性垫片镀锌过程中的氢脆现象。钝化处理可推迟或防止65Mn高弹性垫片机械镀锌层白锈的产生。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.     

Theoretical Analysis for the Motion and Temperature of Melt Droplets in Spray Degassing Process

The motion of melt droplets in spray degassing process was analyzed theoretically. The height of the treatment tank in spray degassing process could be determined by the results of theoretical calculation of motion of melt droplets. To know whether the melt droplets would solidify during spraying process, the balance temperature of melt droplets was also theoretically analyzed. Then proof experiments for theoretical results about temperature of melt droplets were carried. In comparison, the experimental results were nearly similar to the calculation results.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.