Fe3+对双曼尼希碱(DM)缓蚀性能及吸附行为的影响

目的针对曼尼希碱类缓蚀剂使用工况恶劣、影响因素复杂的情况,以单曼尼希碱为中间体,合成双曼尼希碱缓蚀剂(DM)。方法采用失重法、电化学方法研究Fe~(3+)对DM缓蚀性能的影响,计算DM在N80钢片表面的吸附热力学与动力学,并探讨Fe~(3+)对DM吸附行为的影响。结果在60℃、腐蚀介质总体积250 mL、缓蚀剂(DM)质量分数1%、盐酸质量分数20%、浸泡时间4 h的条件下,当Fe~(3+)质量浓度小于900 mg/L时,其腐蚀速率小于4 g/(m~2·h),满足SY/T 5405—1996对盐酸酸化缓蚀剂一级品的评价指标;当Fe~(3+)质量浓度大于900 mg/L时,其腐蚀速率仍然小于5 g/(m~2·h),满足盐酸酸化缓蚀剂二级品的评价指标。在1%DM的缓蚀溶液中,ΔG_(ads)=-44.86 k J/mol,当溶液中存在Fe~(3+)时,ΔG_(ads)=-42.56 k J/mol,与未加Fe~(3+)的相比,ΔG_(ads)更趋向于-40 kJ/mol。N80钢在20%盐酸溶液中的Ea值为7.10 kJ/mol,加入1%DM和1%DM+600 mg/L Fe~(3+)时的Ea值分别为25.45、23.90 kJ/mol。加入1%DM时,ΔE_(corr)=50 mV;加入1%DM+600mg/L Fe~(3+)时,ΔE_(corr)=30 mV。结论 N80钢在60℃、20%HCl条件下,DM缓蚀效率高达99.8%,是一种混合型缓蚀剂。在N80钢表面的吸附为混合型吸附,且吸附过程是一个自发、放热的过程,吸附规律服从Langrauir吸附等温式。加入Fe~(3+)后,对DM缓蚀性能起抑制作用,Fe~(3+)并没有改变DM的缓蚀剂类型,且Fe~(3+)通过破坏DM在N80钢表面的化学吸附来降低其缓蚀效率。     

曼尼希碱缓蚀剂在盐酸中对N80钢缓蚀性能

目的制备一种新型曼尼希碱缓蚀剂并研究其性能。方法利用失重法研究缓蚀剂缓蚀效率与缓蚀剂的质量浓度、盐酸质量分数、腐蚀温度、腐蚀时间的关系,确定缓蚀剂的吸附曲线。通过动电位极化曲线法和交流阻抗法研究缓蚀剂的综合性质。利用扫描电镜观察腐蚀前后N80钢片的表面形态。结果缓蚀剂缓蚀效率随缓蚀剂添加量的增大而增大,随测试温度的升高而下降,随盐酸质量分数的升高先增大后减小,随腐蚀时间的延长先增大后减小。60℃时,在质量分数为15%盐酸中浸入4 h、缓蚀剂添加量在1.0 g/L的条件下,缓蚀剂缓蚀效率为99.18%,腐蚀反应的活化能由56.34 k J/mol提高到了86.54 k J/mol。缓蚀剂在N80钢表面符合Langmiur吸附模型,吸附吉布斯自由能为-29.94 k J/mol。极化实验结果显示该缓蚀剂为以阴极抑制为主的混合型缓蚀剂。阻抗谱图显示添加缓蚀剂后,阻抗明显增大。扫描电镜结果显示缓蚀剂有效抑制了盐酸对N80钢片的腐蚀。结论所制备的缓蚀剂在质量分数为15%的盐酸中对N80钢片有良好的缓蚀效果。     

植物型缓蚀剂提取及灰色系统对其效果评价

研制了一种环保型酸洗缓蚀剂.采用索氏提取法从橙皮中提取酸洗缓蚀成分,用静态失重法确定酸洗缓蚀剂的最佳缓蚀条件:在研究范围内,腐蚀温度控制在35℃,腐蚀时间5小时20分钟,盐酸酸度为2%,缓蚀剂浓度为0.5%时,缓蚀效果最好;而与六亚甲基四胺复配使用后,缓蚀效果更佳,缓蚀效率达到96%.利用电化学极化曲线对其缓蚀机理进行探讨,发现其为阳极型缓蚀剂.通过考察温度对缓蚀效率的影响,得出缓蚀剂的加入使碳钢在盐酸中溶解反应的活化能升高的结论.通过Frumkin吸附等温式的拟合计算,得到缓蚀成分在碳钢上的吸附为单分子层吸附,且吸附分子间表现为斥力.运用灰色模型GM（1.1）对缓蚀效果进行评价和预测,也得到较理想的结果.     

1-十四烷基-4-羟甲基-1,2,3-三唑盐酸缓蚀剂的性能及机理研究

采用失重法、电化学测试法研究了1-十四烷基-4-羟甲基-1,2,3-三唑作为一种盐酸缓蚀剂的缓蚀性能及作用机理,并通过扫描电镜对加入不同浓度缓蚀剂的盐酸溶液中的钢片在腐蚀实验前后的表面状态进行了分析。同时研究了缓蚀剂分子在钢片表面的吸附规律并对相关的拟合参数进行了计算。结果表明,该三唑缓蚀剂是一种阴极抑制的缓蚀剂,其钢片表面的吸附行为符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,是一种典型的单分子层吸附。所合成的烷基三唑缓蚀剂具有优秀的缓蚀性能及较好的抗温性能。     

HJ曼尼希碱缓蚀剂的合成及其性能

采用糠醛、苯乙酮和水合肼合成了HJ曼尼希碱缓蚀剂。通过静态失重法和电化学方法评价了该缓蚀剂对N80钢的缓蚀性能。静态失重法表明,N80钢片在加有1.0%(质量分数)HJ曼尼希碱的15%(体积分数,下同)盐酸溶液中的腐蚀速率为0.623 5g·m~(-2)·h~(-1),远低于SY/T5405-1996标准中的一级标准。电化学测试结果表明,该缓蚀剂是以抑制阳极腐蚀过程为主的混合型缓蚀剂。该缓蚀剂在N80钢表面上的吸附行为服从Langmiur吸附等温式。     

4-氨基安替比林在盐酸溶液中对碳钢的缓蚀行为

采用失重法、动电位极化曲线、电化学阻抗谱研究了4-氨基安替比林在盐酸介质中对碳钢的缓蚀行为。结果表明,4-氨基安替比林是一种同时抑制阳极和阴极反应的混合型缓蚀剂,缓蚀效率随缓蚀剂浓度增加而增大,4-氨基安替比林在碳钢表面的吸附吉布斯自由能为-30.52kJ·mol-1,是一种介于物理吸附与化学吸附之间的混合型自发吸附,符合Langmuir等温吸附式。     

咪唑啉类化合物在HCl溶液中对碳钢的缓蚀机理分析

目的 研究咪唑啉（IM）及咪唑啉基脲（IU）在盐酸溶液中对碳钢的缓蚀性能。方法 采用静态失重法、电化学测试技术、表面形貌及官能团分析、热力学等温方程等方法,研究缓蚀剂在不同温度的盐酸溶液中对Q235碳钢的缓蚀性能和吸附规律。结果 在静态失重试验中,室温下,随着IM、IU缓蚀剂的加入,碳钢的腐蚀速率从12.54 mg/(cm2?h)分别降低到5.132、0.145 mg/(cm2?h),IM、IU的缓蚀率分别为59.1%和98.9%。随着温度的升高,缓蚀效率略有下降。极化曲线试验表明,增加两种缓蚀剂的浓度,腐蚀电位负移,阳极电流密度下降明显。交流阻抗的测试显示,随着两种缓蚀剂浓度的增大,拟合参数Rct增大、Cdl减小,证明缓蚀剂在金属表面取代了水,并吸附成膜。研究等温吸附模型发现,两种缓蚀剂分子在碳钢表面的吸附符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,且根据SEM及XPS分析,证明缓蚀剂分子通过N原子与金属形成共价键,在金属表面吸附成膜。结论 咪唑啉和咪唑啉基脲对碳钢均具有缓蚀效果,且咪唑啉基脲的缓蚀效果更优异。两种缓蚀剂均属于混合型缓蚀剂,且以抑制阴极腐蚀反应速率为主。两种咪唑啉化合物在碳钢表面的吸附过程为自发放热过程,其吸附规律遵循Langmuir吸附等温模型,属于单分子层吸附。     

酸性溶液中双子表面活性剂对金属锌的缓蚀性能

采用失重法和电化学方法研究了双子表面活性剂在1mol/L HCl溶液中对锌的缓蚀性能,通过对吸附热力学和腐蚀动力学参数的计算,探讨了缓蚀机理。结果表明:[C12-4-C12im]Br2在盐酸溶液中对锌具有较好的缓蚀作用,是一种混合型缓蚀剂。缓蚀率随着缓蚀剂加入量的增加而增大,随着温度的升高而减小。该缓蚀剂在锌表面的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温式,吸附过程是自发的,同时兼有物理和化学吸附。     

一种曼尼希缓蚀剂的合成及其缓蚀性能

利用甲醛、芳香酮、仲胺合成并复配出一种曼尼希型缓蚀剂。采用失重法、电分学测试和SEM分析等方法研究了该缓蚀剂的缓蚀性能和作用机理。结果表明,随着缓蚀剂添加量的增加,腐蚀速率降低,当缓蚀剂质量分数达到0.5%后,腐蚀速率变化不明显。在15%盐酸中添加0.5%的缓蚀剂能将多种材质在90℃下的腐蚀速率均控制在3 g·m-2·h-1以内。     

氨基酸复配酸洗缓蚀剂的研究

目的氨基酸对环境无毒无害,生产成本低,可生物降解且水溶性较高,是一种极具发展潜力的新型绿色酸洗缓蚀剂。探究在盐酸介质中,氨基酸及复配缓蚀剂对Q235钢的缓蚀作用。方法采用失重法,利用电子分析天平精确称量浸入腐蚀介质前后金属试样的质量来确定金属的腐蚀速率。研究了L-半胱氨酸及其复配缓蚀剂在1 mol/L盐酸介质中对Q235钢的缓蚀性能,借助等温吸附模型对其缓蚀机理进行了探讨。结果单独使用L-半胱氨酸缓蚀效率较低。当质量浓度为800 mg/L时,L-半胱氨酸的缓蚀效率达到最大值,为65.57%。复配合成缓蚀剂能降低经济成本,并提高缓蚀效率。通过三元复配实验得出L-半光氨酸、KI和抗坏血酸的最佳复配比,当L-半胱氨酸、KI、抗坏血酸的质量浓度分别为20、30、250 mg/L时,其缓蚀效率可达96.37%,且成本较低,是较理想的复配缓蚀剂。复配缓蚀剂在Q235钢表面的吸附符合Langmuir吸附等温模型。结论在盐酸介质中,L-半胱氨酸三元复配缓蚀剂整体用量适中,价格合理,证明复配缓蚀剂是一种能够得到良好应用的绿色缓蚀剂。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Growth Kinetics of Single Inclusion Particle in Molten Melts

On the basis of the single-particle framework, a new theory on inclusion growth in metallurgical melts is developed to study the kinetics of inclusion growth on account of reaction and collision. The studies show that the early growth of inclusion depends on reaction growth and Brawnian motion collision, and where the former is decisive, the late growth depends on turbulence collision and Stokes＇ collision, and where the former is dominant; collision growth is very quick during the smelting process, lessened in the refining process, but nearly negligible in the continuous casting process.