W6Mo5Cr4V2钢形变热处理组织的电镜分析

利用透射电子显微技术研究了Ｗ６Ｍｏ５Ｃｒ４Ｖ２钢在７５０－１１５０℃温度范围内等温形变０－６５％后直接淬火或２７０℃等温淬火的显微组织。结果表明：形变诱发了ＭＣ型碳化物，且析出碳化物的分布和形态与形变参数有关；ＭＣ与母相奥氏体的取向为三基矢分别平行，且ＭＣ的析出不影响随后相变产物的形貌；马氏体和贝氏体铁素体的惯习面为〔１１１〕γ，它们与奥氏体、ＭＣ间有这样的关系：〔１１１〕ＭＣ／／（１１１）γ／／     

16Mn钢轧后控制冷却的贝氏体组织与性能

研究了１６Ｍｎ钢轧后会冷却工艺对贝氏体组织与性能影响，结果表明，采取适当的控冷工艺所得到细化铁素体和粒状贝氏体组织，可使１６Ｍｎ钢获得良好手强韧性配合，文中还对１６Ｍｎ钢轧后控冷所产生的贝氏体组织进行了分析。     

高耐磨钢回火过程中碳化物沉淀的透射电镜研究

用透射电镜研究了三种高耐磨钢在二次硬化峰附近回火时碳化物的沉淀，结果表明：耐磨钢产生二次硬化的特殊碳化物为ＭＣ＋Ｍ２Ｃ，它们和基体间满足如下取向关系：〔１１１〕ＭＣ／／〔０１１〕α，（１１０）ＭＣ／／（１００）α；〔００１〕ＭＣ／／〔０１１〕α，（２００）ＭＣ／／（２００）α；〔０１１１〕Ｍ２Ｃ／／〔００１〕α，（２１１０）Ｍ２Ｃ／／（２００）α。在５４０℃回火时，Ｓｉ能抑制耐磨钢中Ｍ３Ｃ碳化物的     

流延聚丙烯蒸煮袋薄膜生产和使用要点

流延（cast）是一种塑料成型技术：将高分子聚合物的熔体通过挤出机模头直接在冷却钢辊上铺展成型为一定厚度的未取向（或称未拉伸）薄膜.此法可以用来生产CPP、CPE、CPA等薄膜.     

30MnMoV（30MnV）钢的研制

研究了热处理对３０ＭｎＭｏＶ（３０ＭｎＶ）钢组织和性能的影响，制定了３级锚甸 正火和回火工艺，分析 两种钢的特点和组织，在此基础上合理选择了３０ＭｎＭｏＶ应用于锚链，并调整其成分含量。     

4Cr3Mo2V钢淬回火过程组织结构研究

采用ＴＥＭ、ＸＲＤ研究了４Ｃｒ３Ｍｏ２Ｖ模具用钢淬、回火过程组织结构变化及碳化物行为，结果表明，碳化物转变过程为Ｍ３Ｃ→ＭＣ→ＭＣ＋Ｍ６Ｃ。二次硬化主要由ＭＣ析出引起，对二次硬化奇特的Ｘ射线谱线和电子衍射花样进行了注释。     

20MnSi螺纹钢的冷却速率──贝氏体量──机械性能间的关系

用连续冷却、砂坑堆冷、等温冷却共１５种不同条件对２０ＭｎＳｉ螺纹钢进行轧后模拟冷却试验．测定了不同冷却条件下的冷却速率．用定量金相网格法测定了各种冷却速率下钢中贝氏体数量．并进行了钢的机械性能试验．试验结果表明．快速连续冷却可获得最多的粒状贝氏体（２５％）．６５０℃～５００℃之间的砂坑堆冷可获得较多的粒贝（１８％）。在本实验条件范围内．钢的强度与贝氏体量线性正相关．钢的延伸率与贝氏体量线性负相关．钢均不会发生因粒贝数量过多而引起冷弯和反弯不合格．     

以Ba云母为主晶相的可切削玻璃陶瓷

基于Ｂａ０．５Ｍｇ３（Ｓｉ３ＡｌＯ１０）Ｆ２－Ｍｇ２Ａ１４Ｓｉ５Ｏ１８－Ｃａ３（ＰＯ４）２系统，制备出了以含Ｂａ碱士云母为主晶相的可切削玻璃陶瓷，弯曲强度σｂ＝２２９ＭＰａ，断裂韧性Ｋｌｃ＝２．４８ＭＰ·ｍ１／２；钻孔速度大于７ｍｍ／ｍｉｎ．优良性能的获得借助于Ｂａ云母玻璃陶瓷可控的显微组织，即相互交错的云母体和“卷心菜”的组织特征．观察到了两类类型的断口形貌：云母晶体层内断的层状花样和沿（００１）晶面层间断的小刻面花样．     

14MnNb_q钢断裂试验数据的统计分析及其应用

１４ＭｎＮｂ＿ｑ钢是焊接桥梁结构用新型材料，本文根据断裂试验的结果，进行了数据的回归统计分析，建立了该钢的平面应力断裂韧性（Ｋｃ）与温度（Ｔ），板厚（ｔ）和转变特征温度（ｖＴｒＥ）等影响因素之间的统计关系。采用该统计关系式并结合断裂力学ｋ概念的工程处理方法，可以确定１４ＭｎＮｂ＿ｑ钢用于桥梁结构的不同构件类别，在不同设计温度下的板厚限定条件。文末，给出了合理应用１４ＭｎＮｂ＿ｑ钢的计算实例。     

气体雾化Ti3Al基合金的颗粒特征与结晶形貌

研究了气体雾化Ｔｉ－２５Ａｌ－１０Ｎｂ－３Ｖ－１Ｍｏ（ａ．％）合金的粉末颗粒特征及快速凝固组织。雾化气体压力大于８ＭＰａ时，Ｔｉ３Ａｌ基合金粉末颗粒圆整，颗粒质量分数与其直径间存在对数正态关系。颗粒表面具有明显的合金结晶特征。其凝固组织具有清晰的二次枝晶，依照冷却速度与二次枝晶间距的关系，得到合金的冷却速度为１０＾３－１０＾５Ｋ／ｓ。     

Microstructural characterization of Co-based coating deposited by low power pulse laser cladding

A detailed microstructural study of Stellite 6 coating deposited on a low carbon ferritic steel substrate using preplaced powder method and low power Nd:YAG pulse laser is performed. The grain structure and solidification texture of the coating are investigated by orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, the effect of consecutive pulses on the microstructure of the coating is examined. The orientation relationship (OR) at coating/substrate interface and the solid state phase transformation in heat-affected zone are studied as well as the Vickers microhardness profile measurement in order to support the microstructural observations. An important conclusion is reached that the shape of solidification front during pulsed laser cladding is similar to the shape of solidification front during continuous cladding with a doubled laser beam scanning speed. Further, OIM reveals the Greninger–Troiano OR between the face centered cubic coating and bcc substrate grains. It is concluded that at the moment of solidification epitaxial growth of the grains in the coating occur on the austenitic grains of the substrate and that an austenite–ferrite transformation occurs in the heat-affected zone upon subsequent cooling.     

A Crystallography Study of Bainitic Transformation in a Cu-Zn-Al Alloy

The crystallographic nature of initialisothermal phase transformation in Cu-26Zn-4Al(wt-％) was investigated. The kinetic transforma-tion curve, morphology, crystal structure,substructure, orientation relationship and twinrelationship of bainite plates have been studiedby means of optical and transmission electronmicroscopy. The experimental results showedthat the characteristics of initial 8→bainitetransformation are not exactly consistent withthat found in martensite transformation, forexample, orientation relationship between matrixand bainite does not exist in martensitetransformation.     

EBSD imaging of orientation relationships and variant groupings in different martensitic alloys and Widmanstätten iron meteorites

An automatic method to colorize and quantify the classical Pitsch, Kurdjumov–Sachs, Greninger–Troiano and Nishiyama–Wasserman orientation relationships in the electron backscatter diffraction maps of martensitic/bainitic steels is detailed. Automatic analysis of variant grouping is also presented. The method was applied to low and high carbon steels, and to iron–nickel Widmanstätten meteorites. Many results of recent literature are confirmed. In low carbon steels the individual laths exhibit continuous orientation gradients between the classical orientation relationships, and the laths tend to be grouped by close-packed plane (morphological) packets. A crystallographic scenario describing the formation of the packets is proposed on the base of the one-step model. When the carbon content increases, the orientation spreading is reduced; and martensite tends to form plate groups and burst configurations. In iron–nickel meteorites, the centimeter long Widmanstätten laths do not exhibit continuous orientation gradients but are constituted of subgrains with uniform orientation relationship; the kamacite grains in the plessite regions are grouped into Bain zones, probably due to a recrystallization during the slow cooling of the meteorites.     

Infinitesimal deformation approach of the phenomenological crystallographic theory of martensitic transformations

The infinitesimal-deformation approach has been used to reformulate the phenomenological crystallographic theory of martensitic transformations. Simple analytical solutions for the habit plane orientation, the direction and magnitude of the lattice invariant shear, the orientation relationship between parent and product phases, etc. were derived for the cubic to tetragonal transformation. The derived results were numerically compared with those obtained from the original phenomenological theory by taking the cubic to tetragonal transformation in a zirconia alloy as an example. The expected magnitude of the differences in solutions between the present and phenomenological crystallographic analyses was also discussed.     

Specific features of the freedericksz transition in nematic-cholesteric droplets: The effect of the liquid crystal-isotropic phase boundary

Quasi-static orientation transitions in nematic-cholesteric liquid crystal (LC) droplets occurring in an isotropic environment in a constant electric field have been studied. It is shown that transformation of the initial homeotropic orientation of the director field in these LC droplets has a non-threshold character, which is related to the presence of a small cholesteric additive. As the field increases, this dopant leads to continuous growth in the effective size of a deformation field from the LC-isotropic phase interface.     

Orientation relationship between austenite and bainite in a multiphased steel

A first method is proposed to evaluate the “average” orientation relationship which may exist between two neighbouring different crystallographic phases from electron back scattering diffraction orientation cartographies. This method is applied to a multiphased steel for which the crystallographic orientation relationship between austenite and bainite can be expressed as a 44.5° rotation around a <0.13, 0.13, 0.98> axis. A second method is then proposed to determine all possible transformation products of a given austenite orientation. This statistical treatment of electron back scattering diffraction data allows to detect a possible variant selection which may occur during phase transformation. It is illustrated by the determination of the transformation products of 80 Copper oriented grains of austenite and actually reveals that some expected variants are missing experimentally.     

低碳钢形变强化相变时铁素体织构类型的分析

利用背散射电子衍射取向成像技术分析了在热模拟单向压缩条件下Q235碳素钢形变强化相变时铁素体织构的类型。结果表明,在利用形变强化相变实现铁素体的超细化过程中会出现铁素体的相交织构和形变织构,在大应变条件下还会出现动态再结晶织构。在形变强化相变后细晶铁素体在整体上表现为以〈111〉方向为主的线织构。主要的相交织构在粗晶奥氏体内部形变带形核时产生并与〈111〉织构对应。形变织构是在形变时形成的铁素体受到继续变形所致,在形变强化相变过程中及完成后都会产生,对应〈111〉及〈100〉方向的线织构,随着形变的加大,〈100〉方向的织构增加得更快,形变温度的降低有利于形变织构的加强。在形变量很大且形变温度比较合适时(但不能过低)会发生铁素体的动态再结晶,它以连续的方式进行,导致形变织构的进一步加强,并使晶粒均匀细化。     

Characterization of the prior particle boundaries in a powder metallurgy Ti_2AlNb alloy

Ti_2 AlNb-based alloy powder metallurgy(PM) compacts were prepared via hot isostatic pressing(HIP)under relatively low temperature(920 and 980℃) and at certain pressure(130 MPa).The microstructure,composition and orientation of B2,α_2 and O phases in the compacts were characterized and analyzed with an aim to investigate the effect of unsuitable HIPping parameters on the appearance of prior particle boundary(PPB),which seriously affects the mechanical properties of the alloy.The results show that more α_2 phase is the characteristics of the PPB in Ti_2AlNb-based alloy when HIPped at relatively low temperature.Increasing HIPping temperature to the upper part of the two-phase region can effectively inhibit the formation of PPB.Electron backscatter diffraction measurements show the specific orientation relationship between phases,which helps us understand the origin of a2 and O phase and the corresponding transformation path.The HIPping at a higher temperature can weaken the micro-texture intensity of the α_2 and O phase due to the increase of misorientation in B2 phase.The α_2 phase at cell wall keeps the Burgers orientation relationship(BOR) with the grain on one side,and does not satisfy the BOR with the other.It is found that some O phase variants inside the cell HIPped at 980℃ can only maintain α_2-O OR with α_2 owing to the α_2→O phase transformation forming the O phase,while these O variants deviate from B2-O OR with B2 phase.     

In situ observation of ageing process and new morphologies of continuous precipitates in AZ91 magnesium alloy

An in situ observation of the precipitating process of γ-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phase in die-cast AZ91 magnesium alloy, was carried out with a transmission electron microscope equipped with a heating stage maintained at 473 K for 8 h. In addition to the thin plate-shaped continuous precipitates, continuous precipitates with rod-shaped and the Potter orientation relationship were observed and analyzed with transmission electron microscopy including high-resolution transmission electron microscopy techniques. It was also observed firstly that there exist plate-shaped continuous precipitates with the Pitsch-Schrader orientation relationship in the die-cast AZ91 magnesium alloy.     

ZrO2 层状复合陶瓷的显微结构及晶体学位向关系

利用扫描和透射电子显微镜及X-rays 衍射仪等, 对ZrO₂ 层状复合陶瓷的显微形貌特征、断裂相变量及晶体学位向关系进行了深入研究。研究结果表明, ZrO₂ 层状陶瓷由于界面压应力的作用, 抑制了烧结过程中晶粒的生长速度及冷却后四方相向单斜相的转变, 提高了可相变四方相的含量, 提高了断裂相变量, 改善了材料的力学性能, 但却没有改变四方相和单斜相之间的晶体学位向关系, 在层状ZrO₂ 陶瓷中, (100) m/ / (010) t 的晶体学位向关系仍然存在。