X100级管线钢焊接粗晶区微观组织预测

采用Gleeble3500热-力学模拟试验机,研究了在不同焊接热循环条件下,X100级管线钢焊接粗晶区组织形态的变化规律.实验结果表明,X100级管线钢焊接粗晶区组织主要有粗大的粒状贝氏体、贝氏体铁素体和马氏体.当焊后冷却速度低于2℃/s时,焊接粗晶区组织为粒状贝氏体;当焊后冷却速度为2～5℃/s时,组织为贝氏体铁素体;当焊后冷却速度高于5℃/s时,粗晶区开始出现马氏体组织.     

析出强化超细晶粒钢焊接热影响区粗晶区的组织和性能

为研究焊接对800 MPa级Ti、Nb复合微合金化析出强化超细晶粒钢组织性能的影响.运用Gleeble3500热模拟试验机,对实验钢进行单道次焊接热循环试验,并研究冷却速度、冷却时间t8/5对焊接热影响区粗晶区(CGHAZ)组织、性能的影响.结果表明:冷却速度5~15℃/s,CGHAZ的组织为贝氏体,冷却速度进一步增大,会出现马氏体.随着冷却时间t8/5的增加,原奥氏体晶粒尺寸逐渐增加,硬度值逐渐降低,冲击韧性先上升后下降.t8/5为20~120 s时,CGHAZ显微硬度(223~250.4 HV)均小于母材的显微硬度(270.6 HV),出现软化现象,t8/5为20 s时,冲击吸收功最高,为18.2 J,但仅有母材的25.3%.经历焊接热循环后,奥氏体晶粒粗化以及CGHAZ出现贝氏体组织是导致脆化的主要原因.     

1 200 MPa级HSLA钢的SH-CCT曲线及其热影响区组织与性能

为在工程应用中对焊接工艺的合理选取与制定提供理论和试验依据,采用焊接热模拟技术研究了800~500℃冷却时间(t8/5)对1 200 MPa级低合金高强钢焊接热影响区粗晶区(CGHAZ)显微组织和性能的影响.结果表明:t8/5为6~20 s时,该钢热影响区的粗晶区组织为板条马氏体,硬度为477~456 HV5;随着冷却时间的延长,组织中开始出现板条贝氏体,在t8/5为60 s时硬度下降到380 HV5;当t8/5为60~600 s时,粗晶区组织为板条贝氏体和粒状贝氏体,硬度为380~300 HV5;t8/5600 s时粗晶区组织主要为粒状贝氏体,硬度为300~315 HV5.试验钢碳当量为0.626%,冷裂纹敏感系数为0.335%,说明其淬硬倾向较大,焊接热影响区容易产生裂纹.     

强制冷却对大型铸钢件组织与性能的影响

采用模拟装置铸造了φ70×300毫米的砂型试样和强制冷却试样。利用电子计算机进行数值模拟,计算出两类试样在凝固过程中的温度梯度 G、凝固速度 R 以及 G/R 的比值,强制冷却使大型铸钢件的细晶区扩大,柱状晶区向内转动,粗大等轴晶区减少。与传统观念相反,发现适宜的强制冷却可以使魏氏组织具有很高的冲击韧性。     

非晶态合金条带晶化温度的表面效应

通过示差扫描热卡计ＤＳＣ７的热焓测量，在连续升温的条件下研究了１０种非晶态合金条带的两个表面对晶化温度的影响。研究发现：非晶态条带的晶化开始和晶化峰顶温度对于条带的自由面和贴辊面是不相同的，其温度差值与非晶态条带的表面状态有直接关系。条带的两个面均光亮、平整，温差很小；表面粗糙的条带，两个面的晶化温度差较大。     

电子束修复IC10高温合金熔覆层组织分析

目的研究沉积速度对IC10熔覆层显微组织、显微硬度的影响以及界面的结合特征。方法采用真空电子束填丝焊对IC10镍基单晶高温合金进行修复试验,采用XJP-2C型倒置光学显微镜观察熔覆层OM图像,能谱仪(EDS)测定各区域元素分布情况,401MVD型数显显微硬度计测量接头显微硬度。结果在熔覆层上部出现等轴晶区和转向枝晶区,当沉积速度为220 mm/min时,熔覆层底部中心线左侧为取向一致的柱状晶,右侧为等轴晶;当沉积速度增加至300 mm/min时,底部等轴晶全部由柱状晶所取代。当沉积速度为220 mm/min时,熔覆层与基体区的显微硬度值基本相同;当沉积速度增加到300 mm/min时,熔覆层的显微硬度值最小。结论随着沉积速度的增加,熔覆层横截面底部柱状晶数量明显增多,而等轴晶数量明显减少,最后全部由柱状晶取代,同时熔覆层的显微硬度值呈递减趋势。此外,在沉积速度为260 mm/min时,结合面实现了良好的冶金结合。     

Al—Mn二十面体准晶相的形态观察

用扫描电镜和透射电镜以熔态单辊急冷的Ａｌ－Ｍｎ条带炽的二十面体准晶相的形态进行观察，发现在冷却速度高的与辊筒面接触的区域，准晶相形态呈“花”状，而在远离接触面的区域，则呈较规则的枝晶状，两种形态的准晶似乎都是在量亚晶粒的相互聚集由于先形成的准晶中心核处向外生长，由于成核密度的差异，枝晶状准晶的尺寸是“花”状准晶的数倍。     

2024-T4铝合金光纤激光填丝焊缝成形与组织性能的相关性

2024-T4铝合金光纤激光填丝焊缝横截面分为钉头形和近X形2种典型形貌,对比分析了该2种形貌的焊缝成形与组织形态、显微硬度和接头拉伸性能的相关性。结果表明:近X形横截面的焊缝在焊接过程中更加平稳,焊接飞溅更少。焊缝区的组织特征为垂直于熔合线相对生长的柱状晶组织和焊缝中心的等轴晶组织。钉头形焊缝中心晶粒的二次枝晶较发达,逐渐形成等轴树枝晶,而近X形焊缝中心晶粒相对细小,呈现为等轴胞状晶。与钉头形横截面的接头相比,近X形横截面的接头焊缝区析出的强化相θ(Al2Cu)相对较多,平均显微硬度值略高,热影响区的软化现象逐渐减弱,接头强度和塑性略低。     

冷速对厚壁X80三通焊缝组织及性能的影响

目的研究热成形后的厚壁X80三通整体淬火处理对焊缝组织和性能产生的重要影响。方法对其淬火过程进行了热场的有限元计算,并根据计算结果进行热模拟试验,分析研究埋弧焊缝在不同冷却速度下的组织和性能。结果在910℃保温后,壁厚52 mm的X80在质量分数为10%的NaCl水溶液中淬火时,表面下4 mm到中心位置的冷却速度在18.8～5.2℃/s之间变化,并随距表面距离的增加逐步降低;分别以5, 10,15,20℃/s的冷却速度冷却后,焊缝的冲击吸收功均低于焊态焊缝,5℃/s冷却速度的低温冲击功最差,10℃/s最优,5℃/s冷却速度的状态下,焊缝的硬度低于焊态焊缝,20℃/s冷却速度的硬度值提高明显;当冷却速度为5℃/s时,焊缝组织主要为准多边形铁素体;当冷却速度达到10℃/s时,基体晶粒尺寸有一定的降低,准多边形铁素体数量减少,晶界M/A岛体积减小,大量M/A岛以长条状和颗粒状存在于粒贝组织晶粒内部。结论厚壁X80三通焊缝淬火时,沿厚度方向其组织和性能很不均匀,壁厚中心位置是三通焊缝质量控制的重点。     

双辊铸轧不锈钢薄带中细小晶粒组织的形成

为研究双辊铸轧薄带中各种组织的形成，在实验室的双辊铸机上进行704和1Cr18M9Ti奥氏体不锈钢薄带的铸轧实验．对铸轧薄带中所出现的各种细小晶粒组织进行分析，利用金属学及结晶热力学的理论结合有限元模拟计算所得结果对各种组织的形成条件和机制进行探讨，结果表明：双辊铸轧不锈钢可以得到2μm以下的表层激冷组织和2μm的细小枝晶组织，提高了材料表层的抗腐蚀能力；在铸轧薄带中不仅存在中心层的细小等轴晶粒，而且在枝晶区还存在由破碎的枝晶演变而来的较大等轴晶粒，对这些较大等轴晶粒的生成机制出了解释。     

Electrochemical behavior of partially crystallized amorphous Al86Ni9La5 alloys

The Al₈₆Ni₉La₅ amorphous ribbons were annealed at 503 K for different time to obtain partially crystallized alloys with the different volume fractions of α-Al phase, and the effect of the crystallization extent on the electrochemical behavior of the ribbon was investigated in 0.01 M NaCl solution. The results show that the corrosion resistance of the partially crystallized ribbons is higher than that of the as-spun ribbon with the fully amorphous structure, and the corrosion resistance of the partially crystallized alloy is strongly dependent on the volume fraction of α-Al phase. The partially crystallized ribbon containing about 20 vol% α-Al phase exhibits the highest corrosion resistance.     

Digital photocalorimetric measurements of cooling rates in chill block melt spinning of MmNiCoMnAl5 hydride forming alloy

Abstract

A digital photocalorimetric technique has been developed and applied to obtain in situ temperature measurements from chill block melt spun ribbons of a MmNiCoMnAl5 hydride forming alloy. Compared with conventional colour transmission temperature measurements, this technique offers special advantages in terms of high resolutional and positional accuracy, which under the prevailing experimental conditions are found to be +-29 K and +-0.1 mm respectively. Moreover, it is shown that the cooling rate in the solid state is approximately 2.5 times higher than observed during solidification, indicating that the solid ribbon stays in intimate contact with the wheel surface down to very low metal temperatures before the bond is broken. During this contact period, the cooling regime shifts from near ideal in the melt puddle to near Newtonian towards the end, when heat transfer from the solid ribbon to the wheel becomes the rate controlling step.     

Evolution of the microstructure and hardness of a rapidly solidified/melt-spun AZ91 alloy upon aging at different temperatures

The effect of aging at different temperatures on a rapidly solidified/melt-spun AZ91 alloy has been investigated in depth. The microstructures of as-spun and aged ribbons with a thickness of approximately 60 µm were characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and laser optical microscopy; microhardness measurements were also conducted. It was found that the commercial AZ91 alloy undergoes a cellular/dendritic transition during melt-spinning at a speed of 34 m/s. A strengthening effect due to aging was observed: a maximum hardness of 110 HV/0.05 and an age-hardenability of 50% were obtained when the ribbon was aged at 200 °C for 20 min. The β-Mg₁₇Al₁₂ phase exhibits net and dispersion types of distribution during precipitation. The dispersion of precipitates in dendritic grains or cells is the main source of strengthening.     

Fabrication of bulk amorphous Fe67Co9.5Nd3Dy0.5B20 alloy by hot extrusion of ribbon and study of the magnetic properties

We report on the preparation of bulk amorphous Fe₆₇Co_9.5Nd₃Dy_0.5B₂₀ by hot extrusion of melt-spun ribbons. X-ray diffraction studies were performed to check the structure of the as-spun ribbons and the consolidated bulk specimens. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of the amorphous ribbons revealed that crystallization proceeds in two stages. The first crystallization step leads to the formation of soft magnetic α-(FeCo) and (FeCo)₃B and the second crystallization step corresponds to the formation of the hard magnetic (NdDy)₂(FeCo)₁₄B phase. The hysteresis loop of the as-spun ribbon reveals soft magnetic properties which change to hard magnetic behavior with enhanced remanence after annealing at 973 K for 7 min. X-ray diffraction analysis proves the presence of both soft and hard magnetic phases in the annealed sample. The viscosity of the powder obtained from crushed ribbons was investigated by parallel plate rheometry, showing a distinct viscosity drop in the supercooled liquid region that allows for easy consolidation of the crushed ribbons. The hot extruded sample that was subsequently annealed at 973 K for 7 min exhibits good hard magnetic properties with coercivity H_c = 218 kA/m, saturation magnetization J_s = 1.36 T, maximum energy product (BH)_max = 91.3 kJ/m³ and remanence B_r = 1.18 T (after demagnetization field correction), respectively.     

Microstructure — cooling rate correlations in melt-spun alloys

Photocalorimetric techniques have been used to measure top surface temperatures during melt spinning of Ni-Al and 316L stainless steel ribbons, in order to investigate the effect of cooling rate on the melt-spun alloy microstructures. Cooling conditions during melt-spinning are found to be near-Newtonian, with mean cooling rates, heat transfer coefficients and Nusselt numbers in the range 4×10⁴ to 5×10⁵ K sec^–1, 5×10⁴ to 3× 10⁵ Wm^–2K^–1 and 0.07 to 0.22, respectively, for wheel speeds in the range 4 to 36 m sec^–1. The cooling rate during melt-spinning is directly proportional to the wheel speed and inversely proportional to the square of the ribbon thickness. Melt-spun Ni-Al and 316L stainless steel ribbons exhibit a columnar through-thickness solidification microstructure, with a segregation-free region adjacent to the wheel surface. Solidification takes place by heterogeneous nucleation of the undercooled liquid on the wheel surface, followed by partitionless solidification during recalescence, and finally cellular breakdown and segregated solidification. The columnar grain size decreases and the fractional segregation-free thickness increases with increasing wheel speed and cooling rate, indicating that the nucleation undercooling in the liquid is proportional to the cooling rate.     

Growth of undoped and Te doped InSb crystals by vertical directional solidification technique

We have successfully grown high mobility undoped and Te doped InSb crystals of size 10–12 mm dia. and 60 mm length under inert argon atmosphere in closed quartz ampoules, by vertical directional solidification (VDS) technique. The crystals showed predominantly (220) orientation along the growth axis. The surface defects, such as voids were reduced drastically by selecting proper lowering rate, rotational speed and cone angle of the ampoule. The high mobility and quality crystals were obtained with the ampoule conical angle less than 20°, lowering rate 5mm/h, and rotational speed 10 rpm.     

Comparison of mechanical behavior between bulk and ribbon Cu-based metallic glasses

As-cast bulk and as-spun ribbon Cu₆₀Zr₃₀Ti₁₀ metallic glasses were characterized using differential-scanning calorimetry and instrumented nanoindentation. Two alloys show a significant difference in the amount of free volume, which is attributed to the difference in a cooling rate, while exhibiting a similar serrated plastic flow. Atomic-force-microscopy observations demonstrate the pile-ups containing shear bands around the indents in both alloys. The as-cast bulk alloy has higher hardness and elastic modulus than the as-spun ribbon alloy. The difference in the strengths of two alloys may be related to the different amount of free volume. The strength seems to be more sensitive to a cooling rate during solidification than the plastic-flow behavior in the Cu₆₀Zr₃₀Ti₁₀.     

Surface composition of scratched and sputtered Al–Cu ribbons prepared by melt-spinning

In this study, aluminium–copper ribbons of various compositions are prepared by melt-spinning and analysed by Auger electron spectroscopy. Rapidly solidified ribbons usually show a microcrystalline or featureless microstructure, especially in zones located near the surface solidified in direct contact with the rotating wheel. The composition of that surface of the ribbons was analysed by Auger electron spectroscopy. These measurements were performed in both scratched and also ion sputtered zones. After sputtering of the ribbon surface with argon ions, a surface enrichment in copper was observed. However scratching the surface of the ribbons produced a surface composition nearly identical to the bulk. The interest of rapidly solidified alloys in calibration applications is discussed.     

电流退火对CoFeSiB非晶丝和薄带的巨磁阻抗效应比较

采用熔融抽拉法和单辊急冷法分别制备了Co68.25Fe4.5Si12.25B15非晶丝和薄带。测量了制备态下两者的巨磁阻抗(GMI)效应,发现非晶丝的GMI比率高于薄带。研究了不同电流密度退火后非晶丝和薄带的GMI效应,结果发现ΔΖ/Ζ=[Z(H)-Z(H=0)]/Z(H=0)都明显上升,且非晶薄带数值更大;当电流密度等于0.96×107A/m2时,薄带的这一比率最大达到410%,磁场灵敏度达到5.1%/(A/m)。分析了出现上述现象的原因。     

Grain-size gradient NiTi ribbons with multiple-step shape transition prepared by melt-spinning

A grain-size gradient NiTi ribbon with multiple-step shape transition was papered by means of melt-spinning.The ribbons contain coarse and fine grains in the free surface side and copper roller surface side,respectively.The grain-size gradient microstructure induces a two-stage phase transformation behavior in the ribbons during heating or cooling.After tensile deformation pre-treatment,the ribbons exhibit a back-and-forth shape change (shape A→ B-A) upon a single heating or cooling process,resulting from the sequential phase transformation through the thickness of the ribbon as dictated by gradient grain size.The activating performance of the ribbons,i.e.shape transition amplitude and speed,can be customized by controlling the pre-deformation strain.This work offers a new opportunity for innovative designs to reach a novel shape memory behavior in NiTi alloys conveniently and efficiently.