基于WINDOWS的微型燃气轮机实时智能监控系统

微型燃气轮机是一种新型的低排放的分布式发电装置，可广泛应用于分布式电站、冷热电联产以及混合电动汽车等领域。为对微型燃气轮机和动力电池组合进行混合动力应用试验研究，将微型燃气轮机与油耗仪、外接电池组和负载组成试验系统，通过控制发电机功率的数字功率控制器的用户维护串口，在Windows环境下开发监控程序，对微型燃气轮机运行状态参数，进行自动实时监控，并对发电功率进行自动调节。     

燃气轮机与混合装置的Yong性能比较

燃气轮机中的燃烧反应是一种高度不可逆的过程，因此Yong效率较低。燃气轮机一燃料电池混合装置则由于绝大部分燃料通过电化学反应来释放能量，只有未完全利用的燃料参加燃烧反应。用热力学第一定律和热力学第二定律对燃气轮机和它与燃料电池构成的混合装置进行了比较分析，研究了循环的Yong效率和各部件的性能对整个系统的影响，给出了混合装置中对提高系统性能具有重要影响的部件。     

微型燃气轮机和分布式电源

微型燃气轮机是一种只有数十千瓦到近二百千瓦的超小型燃气轮机。虽然它也是一种燃气轮机，热力循环原理与一般燃气轮机同样都是白郎托循环，但因为它小，就带来很多与一般燃气轮机不同的特点，例如用单级、离(向)心式、特高速(5万-10万转／分)、不用油润滑的高速轴承和不用减速的高速逆变发电机等。因此在设计和结构上与一般燃气轮机有很大的不同，要特别研究。由于大电网安全方面的不完备性，世界发达国家都开始特别重视小型不联网的分布式发电方式。这种分布式发电方式可以很好解决供电安全性和经济性问题，对节能和环保都有重要意义，也适应目前的世界政治格局。微型燃气轮机特别适用于分布式发电系统。文章介绍了世界上典型的几种微型燃气轮机，重点是它们与一般燃气轮机的不同点，并介绍了一个应用微型燃气轮机于楼宇的分布式发电系统实例。     

燃气轮机与混合装置的[火用]性能比较

燃气轮机中的燃烧反应是一种高度不可逆的过程，因此焖效率较低。燃气轮机-燃料电池混合装置则由于绝大部分燃料通过电化学反应来释放能量，只有未完全利用的燃料参加燃烧反应。用热力学第一定律和热力学第二定律对燃气轮机和它与燃料电池构成的混合装置进行了比较分析，研究了循环的炯效率和各部件的性能对整个系统的影响，给出了混合装置中对提高系统性能具有重要影响的部件。图4表2参8：     

先进微型燃气轮机的特点与应用前景

先进微型燃气轮机是一类新型热机,作为一种清洁高效、低成本高可靠的供能系统,得到了高度关注和迅速发展。文中结合国外微型燃气轮机的研发及应用情况,叙述了先进微型燃气轮机的技术进展及特点,对以微型燃气轮机为核心的小型分布式能源系统和微型燃气轮机－燃料电池混合系统进行了探讨,展望了微型燃气轮机在我国的应用前景。     

混合仿真微型燃气轮机三联供系统

结合模拟仿真实时性和数字仿真多功能、高精度的优点，建立了基于微型燃气轮机的热、电、冷三联供系统的混合仿真装置．重点分析了仿真建模过程中模拟计算和数字计算的分配原则及系统的总成和特点。通过实例应用表明，混合仿真实验装置具有直观、方便的特点，能够实现三联供系统的运行仿真、参数分析和优化、系统配置优化以及人员培训等功能。     

外燃式微型燃气轮机循环

在简要介绍微型燃气轮机结构及其回热循环基础上,重点阐述了外燃式微型燃气轮机循环。举例说明了几种外燃式微型燃气轮机循环结构,并与回热循环进行对比,阐述了其优缺点。重点研究了外燃式微型燃气轮机循环在可再生能源利用中的应用。     

微型燃气轮机设计通过验收

国家“863”计划微型燃气轮机专项第一阶段“100KW级微型燃气轮机设计研制”通过国家科技部组织的验收，同时对该项目第二阶段“100KW级微型燃气轮机及热电联供系统研制”进行了专题论证。     

微型燃气轮机及其"混合动力"的技术进展

参照目前微型燃气轮机的技术参数,基于热力循环理论,确定下一代微型燃气轮机的主要发展目标是压缩比6～8,透平进口温度1600K,效率达到40％,并对相关实现技术提出了建议。其次对微型燃气轮机与燃料电池构成混合动力的技术进展作一评述,介绍了两种主要混合动力结构的工作原理,为更好地应用微型燃气轮机提供技术参考。     

高温燃料电池_燃气轮机混合发电系统性能分析

针对 高温燃料电池系统的高效率、环保性以及排气废热的巨大利用潜能,将其与燃气轮机组成混合装置进行发电是未来分布式发电的一种极有前景的方案。文中对高温燃料电池及混合循环系统作了简介,并对两种典型的高温燃料电池－燃气轮机混合循环发电系统进行了性能分析,这将为我国高温燃料电池－燃气轮机混合循环系统的研制提供参考。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.