铝对铜基粉末冶金材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用粉末冶金工艺制备了含铝和石墨的铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料,利用定速摩擦试验机,分别在干、湿状态下,探讨了各摩擦速度条件下铝对材料摩擦磨损性能的影响规律.结果表明,铝有利于稳定摩擦因数,提高材料的耐磨性,原因在于铝提高了材料的硬度,从而降低摩擦面微凸体的变形程度.在干摩擦状态下,低速条件下的摩擦因数随铝含量增加而减小,高速条件下的摩擦因数变化不明显;湿摩擦状态,水膜的润滑作用降低了摩擦因数,铝含量增加,有利于提高低速摩擦条件的摩擦因数.高速摩擦条件下,由于离心作用和水分的加热蒸发,水膜的润滑作用降低,摩擦因数波动不显著.     

铬对铜基粉末冶金材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用粉末冶金工艺制备铜铬基粉末冶金摩擦材料,在制动压力0.5～0.76 MPa、制动速度1000～3000 r/min范围内,探讨干、湿2种状态下铬对材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。结果表明,随铬含量增加,材料的摩擦因数和磨损量降低,且随制动压力增加,摩擦因数降低;在低摩擦速度时,湿摩擦因数低于干摩擦,高速时则相反。铬降低了材料的摩擦因数和磨损量的原因在于铬增加了材料的硬度而起到了降低摩擦面的损伤程度和表面粗糙度的作用。在较低的摩擦速度条件下,由于水分的润滑作用充分,导致摩擦因数降低,在高速摩擦条件下,水分冷却作用明显,导致表面微凸体间的啮合强度增加而使摩擦因数高于干摩擦。     

锡对粉末冶金铜基摩擦材料摩擦磨损性能的影响

采用粉末冶金的方法制备铜基摩擦材料,利用GF150D型定速摩擦试验机,研究摩擦速度为200~3 000 r/min、制动压力为0.38~0.63 MPa条件下,锡的质量分数在0~14%范围内材料的摩擦学行为。结果表明,材料中添加锡可明显提高材料的摩擦因数,其中锡质量分数为12%左右时材料的摩擦因数达到最高值,这是因为低锡含量时材料的强度不高使摩擦因数偏低,而锡含量过高时润滑作用增强,导致材料的摩擦因数降低;锡的质量分数在8%~12%范围对降低高速摩擦条件下的磨损率作用明显,这缘于合理的锡含量提高了材料的强度使材料的耐磨性提高;在低摩擦速度下,摩擦因数随着制动压力的增加而增加,而在高摩擦速度下,摩擦因数随压力增加而降低;在高速高压摩擦中,由于摩擦温度高以及第三体数量和基体软化程度与流动性的增加,导致摩擦因数降低。     

高速制动工况下Cu基粉末冶金闸片材料的摩擦磨损性能

采用粉末冶金工艺,制得铜基摩擦材料;利用MM 1000Ⅱ型摩擦磨损试验机模拟列车实际工况条件,测试其摩擦磨损性能;用扫描电镜观察铜基摩擦材料表面磨痕,并分析其磨损机制。结果表明：一定制动压力下,铜基摩擦材料摩擦因数和磨损率均随着制动速度的增加先升高后降低,150 km/h时制动性能最好,250~300 km/h时制动性能最为稳定;制动速度一定时,随着制动压力的增加,摩擦因数先升高后降低,磨损率增大并趋于稳定,04 MPa时摩擦因数最大,08~10 MPa时制动性能比较稳定;铜基摩擦材料在高速制动工况下的磨损机制主要为磨粒磨损和疲劳磨损。     

CR 200J用树脂基摩擦材料的正交试验及多指标加权优选

为制备CR 200J用高耐磨树脂基摩擦材料,采用正交试验法设计不同含量的减摩组分(鳞片石墨、石油焦)与增摩组分(NFJ高温黏结剂、腰果壳油摩擦粉)的树脂基摩擦材料配方。通过热压成型法制备出样品,在制动压力0.8 MPa和转速3 300、4 200、5 400 r/min下测试试样的平均摩擦因数,并计算试样的体积磨损率、热衰退性能及对偶质量磨损。对试样的平均摩擦因数、体积磨损率、热衰退性能及对偶质量磨损进行极差分析及均一化处理,使用多指标权重优选了综合性能优异的配方。结果表明：鳞片石墨在高转速下对材料的平均摩擦因数起稳定作用及降低材料的热衰退性能,而石油焦在低速制动过程中可稳定材料的平均摩擦因数;NFJ高温黏结剂对材料的各项性能影响不显著,而腰果壳油摩擦粉在高转速下表现出优异的黏弹性,有利于提高材料的平均摩擦因数,降低材料的体积磨损率及对偶质量磨损。使用多指标权重优选得到较好的配方,其中鳞片石墨、石油焦、NFJ高温黏结剂、腰果壳油摩擦粉的质量分数分别为1%、4%、3%、6%。     

制动条件下石墨对铜基摩擦材料瞬时摩擦性能的影响

为研究石墨对铜基摩擦材料瞬时摩擦性能的影响,采用粉末冶金技术制备铜-SiO2和铜-石墨-SiO2烧结材料,通过干摩擦惯性试验,在始末速度不同的制动区间,测试材料的瞬时摩擦因数、瞬时磨损率,并观察摩擦表面形貌的变化。结果表明:在高速度制动区间,石墨的存在使得铜基摩擦材料摩擦因数的稳定性明显提高,磨损率降低,原因在于铜-石墨-SiO2材料剥落石墨颗粒的分隔和保护作用,减弱冲击波动,从而提高瞬时摩擦因数稳定性并降低磨损;但较低制动速度时,石墨的存在反而提高了磨损率,原因在于摩擦层对颗粒的包裹度和基体强度降低。     

载流摩擦过程中摩擦因数影响因素试验研究

以碳/铜载流摩擦副为研究对象,在CETR UMT-2多功能摩擦磨损试验机上,采用环/块接触方式,对载流摩擦过程中摩擦因数的影响因素进行了试验研究。结果表明:在低速条件下,载流稳态摩擦因数随法向载荷和电流的增大而增大,高速时结果相反;无电流时稳态摩擦因数随转速升高而增大,载流时则随转速升高呈先增大后减小的趋势;载流时摩擦因数开始一般都比无电流时摩擦因数小,随后逐渐增大,并超过无电流时的摩擦因数,所需时间随转速和法向载荷的增大而缩短;低速载流摩擦因数变化的关键因素可能是摩擦过程中产生的摩擦热,高速载流摩擦因素的变化则可能与微电弧对材料的烧蚀机制密切相关。     

钼铁合金对铜基摩擦材料性能影响

采用粉末冶金技术制备铜基摩擦材料,利用销盘式摩擦试验机,在摩擦速度为3.1～47.1 m/s的范围内,研究钼铁合金对铜基粉末冶金摩擦材料性能影响。实验结果表明：材料添加钼铁合金,提高了摩擦因数和耐磨性,并且影响程度与摩擦速度有关。低速摩擦时,钼铁合金含量增加,摩擦因数和磨损率变化不大,这是由于钼铁合金剥落的概率相应增加,摩擦表面微凸体的数量没有明显改变;高速摩擦条件下,表面硬质微凸体增加和连续致密的第三体降低表面粗糙度的综合的作用使得摩擦因数变化不大。钼铁合金含量增加,增强基体抗软化能力,降低犁削程度,发挥良好耐磨性。     

高速制动啸叫主要影响因素的仿真与实验研究

基于高速盘式制动器的简化有限元模型,利用Abaqus进行复特征值仿真分析,对引起制动啸叫的主要影响因素进行研究。仿真结果表明:低速、高压、摩擦因数-速度曲线负斜率和高摩擦因数情况下,发生制动啸叫的可能性较大。通过不同制动速度和压力的制动实验验证了仿真研究结果的正确性。研究将对有效预防和控制制动啸叫具有指导意义。     

玻璃和碳纤维含量对树脂基摩擦材料摩擦学性能的影响

采用腰果壳油改性酚醛树脂为基体,添加不同比例的碳纤维和玻璃纤维,利用热压烧结的方式制成摩擦材料。利用环-块摩擦磨损实验机与高速钢配副研究摩擦材料在不同制动条件下的摩擦学性能。研究结果表明:碳纤维和玻璃纤维的总量一定时,随着玻璃纤维的含量增加,摩擦材料的摩擦因数随之增大;而相应的磨损率先减少后增大;在摩擦过程中,摩擦材料极易在磨损表面形成一层致密的摩擦膜,摩擦膜的产生降低了摩擦材料的摩擦因数和磨损率,且在高速条件下,摩擦膜更容易形成;当玻璃纤维和碳纤维的质量分数分别为8%、9%时,摩擦材料表现出最好的摩擦学性能;玻璃和碳纤维填充摩擦材料的磨损机制主要为黏着磨损。     

铜基粉末冶金/Q235B摩擦副载流摩擦磨损性能*

磁浮列车中部分制动闸片在服役时一直处于受流状态,导致材料磨损加剧,影响闸片的服役寿命。为研究中低速磁悬浮列车制动闸片在受流工况下的摩擦磨损性能,以制动闸片使用的铜基粉末冶金材料和刹车盘使用的Q235B材料为摩擦副,研究不同制动速度下铜基粉末冶金/Q235B摩擦副的载流摩擦磨损行为。结果表明：无电流时随着滑动速度的增大,摩擦因数及磨损率整体呈现下降的趋势,载流时随着滑动速度的增大,摩擦因数整体呈现下降的趋势,而磨损率则整体呈现上升的趋势;无电流时磨损后的铜基粉末冶金材料表面覆盖着一层靛色的第三体层,该第三体层低速时主要以颗粒状为主,随着速度的增加逐渐被压实成连续致密状,高速时因黏着磨损加剧使得连续致密状第三体被破环,导致材料的摩擦因数和磨损率呈现反向增长的趋势;载流下磨损后的铜基粉末冶金材料表面出现了以机械磨损为主和以电弧烧蚀为主的2个区域,其中以机械磨损为主的区域依然是由靛色的第三体层组成,而以电弧烧蚀为主的区域表面则覆盖了一层金色熔融状物质,并且随着速度的增大,烧蚀区面积也逐渐增大。     

石油钻机盘式刹车副材料的摩擦磨损性能研究

为提高深井石油钻机盘式刹车副的摩擦学性能和使用寿命,研制开发了新型刹车盘表面堆焊材料和无石棉刹车块摩擦材料,并通过变温摩擦磨损性能实验,研究了刹车副的摩擦学性能。研究表明,刹车副具有良好的变温摩擦特性和高温抗热衰退性能,高温下的摩擦因数比较稳定;刹车块和刹车盘的磨损率均随温度的升高而增大,但刹车盘表现出相对稳定的耐磨性能。载荷对刹车副的摩擦因数影响不大,变化比较平稳;刹车块和刹车盘的磨损率均随载荷的增大而增大,但刹车块表现出相对稳定的耐磨性。刹车副的摩擦因数随滑动速度的增加而增大,并趋向平稳;但速度对刹车块和刹车盘的磨损率影响不大,变化相对稳定。研制的刹车副材料能够满足石油矿场钻机作业的要求。     

载荷和转速对HDPE多元复合材料摩擦学性能的影响

为改善高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)的力学性能、自润滑性和耐磨性,以HDPE为基体,通过填充六钛酸钾晶须(PTW)、聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)和滑石粉制备一种HDPE复合材料.在MMW-1型摩擦磨损试验机上测试复合材料在不同载荷和转速下的摩擦因数、磨损率,采用扫描电镜(SEM)分析磨痕形貌,探讨HDPE复合材料的摩擦磨损规律.结...     

Development of a high-quality rare earth oxide modified resin-based brake material

A high-quality brake material was developed by using different rare earth oxide modified resin-based brake materials and designing the composite material through an orthogonal optimization test. The effect of rare earth oxide on the properties of the resin-based brake material, such as the friction and wear, thermal decay resistance, and recovery, was explored using the constant-speed friction test, Chase friction test and worn surface morphological observation. The results show that rare earth lanthanum oxide can be added to improve the friction and wear properties of the brake material compared to cerium oxide and yttrium oxide. At 100–350°C, the friction coefficient of the developed brake material fluctuates in the range of 0.40–0.50, and the material has high friction coefficient, good thermal decay resistance and favourable wear resistance. The friction coefficient of the optimal formulation can reach the GF level, so its tribological properties are very good and better than the brake pads of automobiles at home and abroad.     

Tribological behavior of Al–Si–SiCp composites/automobile brake pad system under dry sliding conditions

Tribological behavior of stir-cast Al–Si/SiC_p composites against automobile brake pad material was studied using Pin-on-Disc tribo-tester. The Al-metal matrix composite (Al-MMC) material was used as disc, whereas the brake pad material forms the pin. It has been found that both wear rate and friction coefficient vary with both applied normal load and sliding speed. With increase in the applied normal load, the wear rate was observed to increase whereas the friction coefficient decreases. However, both the wear rate and friction coefficients were observed to vary proportionally with the sliding speed. During the wear tests, formation of a tribo-layer was observed, presence of which can affect the wear behavior, apart from acting as a source of wear debris. Tribo-layer formed over the worn disc surfaces was found to be heterogeneous in nature. Morphology and topography of worn surfaces and debris were studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Chemical composition of different wear products was obtained using electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Possible wear mechanisms operative in Al-MMC—brake pad tribo-couple have been discussed.     

制动过程中闸片材料与制动盘温度关系试验研究

为探讨碳/陶制动盘与不同闸片材料的匹配性,对碳/陶制动盘分别与碳/陶复合闸片、铜基粉末冶金闸片和铁基粉末冶金闸片组成的摩擦副进行制动试验,研究了在制动过程中盘面各点瞬时温度、最高温度、闸片温度与制动工况的关系。结果表明：碳/陶制动盘与碳/陶复合闸片摩擦副温度及温度梯度均高于其他2种摩擦副,其温度梯度在低速制动时随压力的增加而明显增加,当制动速度较高时,温度梯度并没有随压力的增加而增加;对于碳/陶制动盘与铜基和铁基粉末冶金闸片摩擦副,随制动速度和压力的提高,盘面温度梯度变化不明显。原因在于材料导热性和起始摩擦因数决定了盘面的散热能力和制动功率,碳/陶制动盘与碳/陶复合闸片摩擦副因较高的起始摩擦因数以及较低的导热性,其制动功率高和散热能力低,导致盘面温度持续升高。     

Effect of Matrix Alloying of Fe on Friction and Wear Properties of Cu-Based Brake Pad Materials

Abstract

Argon-gas-atomized Cu–Fe prealloyed powder was used to prepare Cu-based composites, and the effect of matrix alloying of Fe on microstructure and friction and wear properties of the brake pad material was systematically investigated on an MS3000 friction and wear tester. The results indicate that matrix alloying of Fe induces the precipitation of a uniformly distributed iron-rich phase at the interior of grains, the segregation of the iron-rich phase along SiO₂–matrix interface, and the formation of pearlite in the vicinity of the graphite–matrix interface, which favors the strengthening of copper matrix, improves interfacial bonding, and protects the third body. The prealloyed sample exhibits relatively high friction coefficient and enhanced friction stability, as well as reduced wear loss when the braking speed is lower than 200?km/h. At higher braking speed (>200?km/h), the breakage of the iron-rich phase leads to an unstable friction coefficient and high wear loss.     

汽车风冷盘式制动器摩擦学特性试验研究

为得出制动参数对汽车风冷盘式制动器摩擦学特性的影响机理,考虑空气流动和车辆惯性因素,基于噪声、振动与声振粗糙度（NVH,Noise Vibration and Harshness）台架试验机精确模拟制动工况,研究摩擦副表面在不同制动压力（1.0~3.0 MPa）、行驶速度（5~30 m/s）以及温度（100~350  ℃）条件下平均摩擦系数与摩擦稳定系数的变化规律。试验结果表明：制动压力增大时,摩擦力矩并非一定随之增大,尤其是较高行驶速度条件;当制动盘表面温度超过300 ℃时,低速条件下的平均摩擦系数和摩擦稳定系数急剧减小。     

Friction properties of sisal fibre reinforced resin brake composites

Using a constant speed tester, the friction and wear characteristics of sisal fibre reinforced brake composites with different contents at separate friction temperatures were studied, and its tribology and wear character were discussed. It's showed that the friction and wear properties of sisal brake composites reach the optimum point when the proportion between resin and sisal fibre is 3:4. Compared with asbestos and mineral/steel fibre, sisal fibre reinforced friction composites shows that the friction coefficient is good for fitting with low wave rate at different friction temperatures. The sisal is an ideal substitute of asbestos for brake pads.     

Study of Friction and Wear Characteristics of the Friction Pair of Centrifugal Brake Rollers

In the article, the structure of a bench for testing the friction characteristics of a friction pair of centrifugal brake rollers has been considered. The dependences of the coefficient of friction and wear on the temperature of the materials of the friction pair, viz., a brake insert manufactured by Huzhou Jiutong Logistics Machinery Co., Ltd (China) and a domestic friction pair of the 6KV-10 rolled brake band of the EM-2 grade over St.3 steel grade (A537Gr.58), were obtained for temperature ranges that do not exceed 100°C. It has been shown that the rubber–PA6 friction pair widely used in brake rollers of foreign manufacture cannot be employed at high values of the slip velocity and the normal force applied to the friction lining, as it results in rapid heating to the critical temperature and, as a consequence, intensive wear. The domestic 6KV-10 brake band of the EM-2 grade, along with a metallic roller shell is proposed as the material of the friction pair. The frictional material proposed for the friction lining has a high coefficient of friction and a high wear resistance in a wide range of operating temperatures, normal forces, and temperatures of the frictional contact.