采用无缝试件确定混凝土岩石的断裂韧度

该文建立了由无缝试件确定混凝土和岩石断裂韧度的理论模型及其解析表达式。该模型考虑了混凝土骨料粒径与岩石颗粒尺寸的重要影响,仅需小尺寸无缝试件的峰值荷载,即可直接确定出无尺寸效应的混凝土与岩石的断裂韧度。进一步,进行了含不同裂缝长度的岩石试件的系列断裂试验,研究结果表明:基于该文模型由无缝试件确定的岩石断裂韧度,与采用含1 mm预制浅裂缝试件的确定结果相吻合,与基于回归分析方法由含不同长度预制裂缝试件确定的断裂韧度基本一致。同时,基于所提模型,对其他学者完成的岩石与混凝土无缝与含缝试件的试验成果进行了深入分析,验证了所提模型与方法的合理性及适用性。该文研究为由实验室小尺寸无缝试件确定混凝土与岩石无尺寸效应的断裂韧度提供了新思路。     

几何与非几何相似试件确定混凝土韧度及强度

几何相似与非几何相似试件,分别为尺寸效应与边界效应模型的推荐试件型式。考虑尺寸效应和边界效应模型的各自特点与优势,提出了改进的混凝土离散颗粒断裂模型。基于几何相似与非几何相似两类试件的断裂试验,确定出混凝土的材料参数——断裂韧度与拉伸强度,并与试验强度值及由尺寸效应模型确定的断裂韧度进行了比较。结果表明:当韧带高度(W-a0)与骨料代表尺寸di的比值约为10时,对应的断裂韧度与拉伸强度的确定曲线的相关系数最佳,且与试验强度值、尺寸效应模型断裂韧度计算值吻合较好。采用几何相似、非几何相似、几何与非几何相似试件确定的混凝土材料参数,分别建立了不同情况下混凝土断裂破坏设计预测曲线,其±20%即可涵盖全部试验数据。基于统计归纳,可取虚拟裂缝扩展量Δafic=ndi和特征裂缝长度a*∞=0.5di,进而建立了峰值荷载与断裂韧度、峰值荷载与拉伸强度的解析关系式,实现了由实测峰值荷载直接确定出混凝土的断裂韧度与拉伸强度的目的,预测值的±15%可涵盖所有试验数据。基于解析公式,预测了满足线弹性断裂的大尺寸真实结构的峰值状态。     

基于强度尺寸效应的准脆性材料脆性指标研究

长期以来,如何评价准脆性材料的脆性一直是一重要问题。然而,现有的大多数脆性指标存在明显的局限性,即显著受试件尺度的影响,往往反映的是材料的脆性行为,而不是材料性质。基于Bazant尺寸效应律,强度与试件尺寸双对数曲线图中两条渐近线的交点或与之相关的有效断裂过程区长度可反映材料脆性。该脆性指标测定简单方便、真实可靠,能广泛应用于各种准脆性材料脆性评价。     

小尺寸混凝土试件双K断裂参数试验研究

采用最大尺寸为680mm×160mm×40mm的标准三点弯曲梁试件,利用在初始裂缝两侧粘贴电阻应变片并利用混凝土裂缝扩展到此处时其应变回缩的方法测得了起裂荷载Pini,在此基础上根据Pini及初始缝长a0得到了起裂断裂韧度KIiCni;根据在试验中测得的最大荷载Pmax及对应的裂缝口张开位移CMODC计算了混凝土等效裂缝长度aC,据此计算了失稳断裂韧度KIuCn。结果表明:采用电阻应变片法可准确测定混凝土的起裂荷载Pini,且方法简单。试验结果还表明:在本试验范围内,三点弯曲梁法测得的混凝土双K断裂参数KIiCni、KIuCn与试件高度无关,进一步说明了混凝土双K断裂参数可以作为描述混凝土裂缝扩展的断裂参数。     

全级配混凝土I型裂缝扩展全过程数值模拟

该文将起裂断裂韧度作为裂缝扩展的判定依据,应用ANSYS软件,对全级配混凝土I型裂缝扩展过程进行数值模拟,分别计算了混凝土楔入劈拉试件的荷载-裂缝口张开位移曲线、临界裂缝长度和双K 断裂韧度,并与溪洛渡大坝的断裂试验结果进行比较,吻合良好。同时,结合试验数据,将该文计算结果与《水工混凝土断裂试验规程》规定的标准尺寸试件断裂参数计算结果进行对比。结果表明:规程规定的方法也适用于大尺寸非标准试件双K 断裂参数的计算,其误差率在5%以内。此外,对于全级配混凝土,只要通过试验测得其弹性模量、抗拉强度、抗压强度和起裂荷载,即可用该文提出的方法计算混凝土的双K 断裂韧度和裂缝扩展全过程。应用该方法还可以得到全级配混凝土的K_R阻力曲线。     

低热水泥全级配混凝土断裂试验及尺寸效应分析

该文分析了低热水泥全级配混凝土断裂性能的尺寸效应规律。通过在大坝工程施工现场浇筑成型试件有效高度为0.75 m、1.5 m和2.25 m的楔入劈拉试件并开展试验,获得低热水泥全级配混凝土稳定的双K断裂参数。基于试验结果,采用理论方法推求全级配混凝土无尺寸效应的失稳和起裂韧度,预测任意尺寸试件的最大和起裂水平荷载。研究发现,当韧带高度与骨料最大粒径比值大于等于6.0后,双K断裂参数趋于稳定。尺寸效应模型及其演化形式可用于确定全级配混凝土无尺寸效应的起裂和失稳断裂韧度,定量分析强度与韧度对裂缝扩展的影响,并可通过引入等效几何参数,分别建立任意尺寸试件最大和起裂水平荷载的预测方程。     

基于虚拟裂缝模型的混凝土等效断裂韧度

本文采用虚拟裂缝模型,将临界裂缝尖端张开位移ＣＴＯＤｃ作为控制参数,利用三点弯曲梁试件通过迭代求得了混凝土裂缝亚临界扩展量的临界值△ａｃ,据此求得了混凝土起裂断裂韧度ＫｉｎｉＩｃ、等效断裂韧度ＫｕｎＩｃ值。计算结果表明,随着试件尺寸的增大,△ａｃ增大,但ＫｉｎｉＩｃ、ＫｕｎＩｃ值却是与试件尺寸无关的断裂参数。这表明线弹性断裂韧度准则可应用于混凝土结构的裂缝评定。     

钢纤维对水泥基复合材料抗起裂特性的影响

通过不同钢纤维体积分数及不同试件尺寸的预制缺口三点弯曲梁断裂试验,研究了普通乱向及定向钢纤维增强水泥基复合材料的抗起裂特性。利用试验测得的荷载-裂缝口张开位移曲线,分析了钢纤维对水泥基复合材料断裂性能的影响,并基于线性相关系数陡降法计算了起裂韧度。结果表明,定向钢纤维增强水泥基复合材料的起裂韧度明显高于普通乱向钢纤维增强水泥基复合材料;起裂韧度随钢纤维体积分数的增加而逐渐增大,当钢纤维体积分数达到0.9%左右时,定向钢纤维增强水泥基复合材料的起裂韧度值趋于稳定;在本试件高度范围内(40~100mm),起裂韧度随试件尺寸增加而逐渐增大,且定向钢纤维增强水泥基复合材料的增长趋势较为平缓。此外,从裂缝尖端夹杂改变其应力强度因子的角度解释了钢纤维的掺入及定向对起裂韧度的提高作用。     

基于定长裂缝试件的脆性材料尺寸效应实验方法

由于脆性或准脆性材料内各类微缺陷的影响,材料的力学性能,如名义破坏应力,　刚度以及断裂韧性等随试件的大小而改变,具有明显的尺寸效应。通常情况下,描述材料尺寸效应的Ｂａｚａｎｔ尺寸效应律是建立在一系列相似试件的基础上通过实验方法确定的。　本文提出了一种新的用含固定长度裂缝试件测定断裂韧性和有效断裂过程区大小的实验方法和计算公式。与相似试件测定方法相比,实验结果吻合很好。根据本文提出的定长裂缝试件实验方法,在保证与相似试件相同脆性指数范围的前提下,可以用小试件进行测量。     

考虑骨料体积含量影响的混凝土准脆性断裂预测模型及应用

基于对准脆性断裂边界影响模型参数的分析,该文将平均骨料粒径d_ave引入模型中,得到了考虑骨料体积含量及尺寸影响的混凝土准脆性断裂预测模型。模型中的有效裂缝与特征裂纹的比值,明确表征了三分点加载单边切口梁(SENB)试件的尺寸及初始缝长度变化时服从的断裂失效准则;模型中d_ave及分散系数β_ave将影响最大荷载P_max作用下临界微裂纹扩展区的平均虚拟裂纹长度Δa_fic。通过SENB试件在P_max时的受力分析,得到了临界正应力σ_n、有效裂缝长度a_e、拉伸强度f_t及断裂韧度K_IC之间的关系式。通过Amparano的试验结果,当a_fic为0.8~1.4倍d_ave时,采用混凝土准脆性断裂模型能较好预测混凝土拉伸强度及断裂韧度。通过对Δa_fic=1.2d_ave时模型得到的预测曲线与试验结果的对比,证明了模型计算结果的可靠性。考虑骨料体积含量影响的混凝土准脆性断裂模型能基于RILEM规范中三分点加载SENB试验预测混凝土断裂韧度与拉伸强度。     

Size effects in concrete fracture – Part II: Analysis of test results

This paper presents an analysis of the extensive experimental program aimed at assessing the influence of maximum aggregate size and specimen size on the fracture properties of concrete. Concrete specimens used were prepared with varying aggregate sizes of 4.75, 9.5, 19, 38, and 76mm. Approximately 250 specimens varying in dimension and maximum aggregate size were tested to accomplish the objectives of the study. Every specimen was subjected to the quasi-static cyclic loading at a rate of 0.125mm/min (0.005in./min) leading to a controlled crack growth. The test results were presented in the form of load-crack mouth opening displacement curves, compliance data, surface measured crack length and crack trajectories as well as calculated crack length, critical energy release rate, and fracture toughness (G ₁). There is a well pronounced general trend observed: G ₁ increases with crack length (R-curve behavior). For geometrically similar specimens, where the shape and all dimensionless parameters are the same, the R-curve for the larger specimens is noticeably higher than that for the smaller ones. For a fixed specimen size, G ₁ increases with an increase in the aggregate size (fracture surface roughness). For the same maximum aggregate size specimens, the apparent toughness increases with specimen size. It was clear that the rate of increase in G ₁, with respect to an increase of the dimensionless crack length (the crack length normalized by the specimen width), increases with both specimen size and maximum aggregate size increase. The crack trajectory deviates from the rectilinear path more in the specimens with larger aggregate sizes. Fracture surfaces in concrete with larger aggregate size exhibit higher roughness than that for smaller aggregate sizes. For completely similar specimens, the crack tortuosity is greater for the larger size specimens. The crack path is random, i.e., there are no two identical specimens that exhibit the same fracture path, however, there are distinct and well reproducible statistical features of crack trajectories in similar specimens. Bridging and other forms of crack face interactions that are the most probable causes of high toughness, were more pronounced in the specimens with larger maximum size aggregates.     

Notch sensitivity and brittleness in fracture testing of S2 columnar freshwater ice

Two loading configurations (four-point-bend, three-point-bend) were used in the laboratory at Clarkson to test for the fracture toughness of carefully grown S2 columnar freshwater ice. For one specific crack orientation and one grain size, the crack length was varied ranging from very short to very deep. The crack length effects were studied in this way for three specimen sizes (the in-plane dimensions of the specimen size were geometrically scaled; the specimen thickness was essentially constant). These crack length and specimen size tests are primarily directed towards designing fracture toughness tests for ice that both satisfy small scale yielding requirements and provide material properties (in the sense of (1)) — toughness values independent of the size and geometry of the specimen. Considerations of sufficient notch sensitivity in terms of brittleness numbers provide a means to determine the necessary specimen size. The results reported in this paper suggest that the specimen sizes used in testing S2 ice to date have largely been sub-size.     

On the fracture toughness evaluation in weldments of a maraging steel rocket motor case

Fracture toughness of the weld joints of the maraging steel rocket motor case obtained from the limited Compact Tension (CT) specimens are found to be invalid due to the measured crack lengths through the thickness of the specimens exceeding 10% of the initial crack length. This paper proposes an indirect method to evaluate the pre-crack length of the CT specimen from the recorded load versus crack mouth opening displacement data. The Chauvenet’s criterion is applied. After confirming the initial crack size and other validity conditions, the evaluated fracture toughness is designated as the plane-strain fracture toughness (K_IC).     

Short-rod elastic-plastic fracture toughness test using miniature specimens

The standard ASTM-E399 plane-strain fracture toughness (K _IC) test requires (1) the test specimen dimensions to be greater than a minimum size and, (2) fatigue precracking of the specimen. These criteria render many materials impractical to test. The short-rod elastic-plastic plane-strain fracture toughness test proposed by Barker offers a method of testing not requiring fatigue precracking and furthermore, it appears that test specimens smaller than that stipulated by ASTM can be used to obtain validK _IC values. In this study, the use of a modified miniature short-rod fracture toughness test specimen was investigated. Our miniature short-rod specimen is approximately 7 mm long and 4 mm diameter. These mini specimens are well suited for the purpose of testing biomaterials. The value of the minimum stress intensity factor coefficient (Y _m ^* ) for the mini short-rod specimens was determined experimentally using specimens machined from extruded acrylic rod stock. An elastic-plastic fracture toughness analysis using the mini specimens gave values ofK _IC for extruded acrylic (nominally PMMA) equal to 0.67 ± 0.06 MPa m^1/2. The problem of testing non-flat crack growth resistance curve materials (such as PMMA) using the short-rod fracture toughness test method is discussed. A modification to the test procedure involving the use of aY ^* value corresponding to a short crack length is suggested as a method of overcoming this difficulty.Nomenclature a crack length - a ₀ initial crack length - a ₁ length of the chevron notch on the mini short-rod specimen - a _m critical crack length — crack length atY _m ^* - C specimen compliance - C dimensionless specimen compliance = CED - D mini short-rod specimen diameter - E Young's modulus - K ₁ stress intensity factor - K _1C plane-strain fracture toughness - K _max fracture toughness calculated usingP _max - P load applied to the test specimen during a short-rod fracture toughness test - P _c load applied to the test specimen atY _m ^* - P _max maximum load applied to the specimen during a short-rod fracture toughness test - p plasticity factor - W mini short-rod specimen width - Y ^* stress intensity factor coefficient - Y _m ^* minimum of the stress intensity factor coefficient - dimensionless crack length =a/W - ₀ dimensionless initial crack length = ₀/W - ₁ dimensionless chevron notch length =a ₁/W - _m dimensionless critical crack length =a _m/W     

Determining residual double-K fracture toughness of post-fire concrete using analytical and weight function method

Determination of double-K fracture parameter using both analytical and weight function method is carried out in present research. In calculating the cohesive fracture toughness, two situations are divided at critical load. Wedge-splitting tests with ten temperatures varying from 20 to 600 °C are implemented. The complete load-crack opening displacement curves are obtained from which the initial and critical fracture toughness could be calculated experimentally. The validation of double-K fracture model to the post-fire concrete specimens is proved. Meanwhile the weight function method agrees well with the analytical method. Finally, an index to indicate the brittleness of concrete specimen through the ratio of initial fracture toughness and unstable fracture toughness is proposed.     

考虑骨料尺寸的混凝土岩石边界效应断裂模型

该文比较了边界效应模型（BEM）和尺寸效应模型（SEM）在研究材料断裂性能方面的不同。提出了由处于准脆性断裂状态的三点弯曲试件的峰值荷载P_max,同时确定材料参数--断裂韧度K_IC与拉伸强度f_t的理论与方法。由于实验室条件下混凝土试件高度W与骨料最大粒径d_max的比例W/d_max约为5~20,试件的非均质性明显,破坏为准脆性断裂控制。因此,区别于以连续介质力学为基础的应用于准脆性断裂研究的力学模型,该文研究将骨料最大粒径d_max引入相应的断裂模型解析表达式中,由参数组合β d_max来计算结构峰值状态对应的裂缝扩展量,通过离散参数β的不同取值,实现了对材料参数--断裂韧度与拉伸强度的准确预测。基于不同学者的相同尺寸W而不同初始裂缝长度a₀,以及相同初始缝高比a₀/W而不同尺寸W的几何相似的砂浆、混凝土及岩石类材料试件的试验成果（骨料最大粒径d_max从1.2 mm~40 mm变化）,验证了所提理论与方法的合理性。     

Fracture toughness of 2-D carbon fibre reinforced carbon composites

The fracture toughness of 2-D woven carbon fibre reinforced carbon laminate has been evaluated by linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM),R-curve andJ-integral analysis using the single edge-notched bending (SENB) specimen of edge and flatwise geometries. The edgewise specimens failed by a small extension of the self similar crack whereas the flatwise specimens failed by delamination. The surface damage developing from the tip of the initial crack was revealed by the brittle lacquer coating technique and the zone shape varied with the specimen geometry, i.e. the loading axis relative to the woven layers. Acoustic emission (AE) was also used to monitor crack growth, and the total ring down count of AE was observed to increase as the initial crack length was decreased. Both the damage zone size and total AE counts were found to increase in two linear stages as a function of the square of the stress intensity factor,K.     

A new mode I fracture test for composites with translaminar reinforcements

A new test method is presented for Mode I delamination fracture toughness testing of laminated composites containing a high density of stitches or translaminar reinforcements. The test set up, which is similar to the standard Double Cantilever Beam test, induces an axial tension in the specimen in addition to the transverse forces responsible for propagation of delamination. The tensile stresses reduce the compressive stresses in the vicinity of the crack tip caused by the large bending moments required for crack propagation. The nonlinear differential equations of equilibrium of the new specimen are solved using an iterative procedure to obtain the strain energy release rate as a function of load and crack length. Experiments were conducted using carbon/epoxy specimens containing 6.2 stitches per square centimeter (40 stitches per square inch). Results include Mode I fracture toughness, crack tip bending moment, transverse deflection and slope as a function of crack length. It is found that the apparent fracture toughness of the specimens tested remains constant as the stitches break and crack propagates, and is about sixty times that of unstitched specimens.     

Size effect of concrete members applied with flexural compressive stresses

In this study, two types of special experiments are carried out to understand flexural compressive strength size effect of concrete members. The first type is an ordinary cylindrical specimen (CS) with a fully penetrated and vertically standing plate type notch at the mid-height of the specimen, which is loaded in compression at the top surface (e.g., in the parallel direction to the notch length). The second type is a general double cantilever beam (DCB), which is compression loaded in axial direction (e.g., in the parallel direction of the notch). For CS, an adequate notch length is taken from the experimental results obtained from the compressive strength experiment of various initial notch lengths. The trial tests to select the effective initial notch length show that CS with an initial notch length approximately greater than four times the maximum aggregate size fails without an additional increased load and in stable manner under Mode I failure mechanism. Therefore, the initial notch length to the maximum aggregate size ratio of 4.0 is used for all size specimens. For DCB, the eccentricity of loading points with respect to the axial axis of each cantilever and the initial notch length are varied. In both specimens, the compressive loads apply flexural compressive stresses on the crack tip region of the specimens. These two types of specimens fail by Mode I crack opening mechanism. By testing 3 geometrically proportional size specimens for CS and DCB, the experimental datum for flexural compression size effect of concrete are obtained. Using the obtained flexural compressive strength size effect datum, regression analyses are performed using Levenberg-Marquardt's least square method (LSM) to suggest new parameters for the modified size effect law (MSEL). The analysis results show that size effect is apparent for flexural compressive strength of specimens with an initial notch. For CS, the effect of initial notch length on flexural compressive strength size effect is apparent. For DCB, flexural compressive size effect is dependent on the eccentricity of loading points with respect to the axial axis of the cantilever beam. In other words, if DCB specimen is applied with greater tensile stress at the crack tip, the size effect of concrete becomes more distinct. The results show that the flexural compressive strength size effect of initial notch length variation of DCB exists but directly dependent on the loading location. This is due to the fact that the sizes of fracture process zone (FPZ) of all DCB specimens are similar regardless of the differences in the specimen slenderness ratio, but the flexural compressive and tensile stress combinations resulting in stress concentration at the crack tip region has direct effect on size effect of concrete members.