Study on Wacker-type catalysts for catalytic synthesis of diethyl carbonate from ethyl nitrite route

CO catalytic synthesis of diethyl carbonate in vapor phase had been studied in a continuous flow system and a fixed-bed reactor at atmospheric pressure. PdCl₂–CuCl₂/AC (activated carbon) catalyst exhibited better catalytic activity compared with other Wacker-type catalyst systems using SiO₂, α-Al₂O₃ and hexagonal mesoporous silica (HMS) as the carriers. The catalytic activity of the catalyst could be effectively improved by chemical pretreatment with H₂. The suitable Pd content was 2.0 wt.% considering both factors of DEC production and DEC selectivity, and an optimum Pd/Cu mole ratio existed for catalytic activity, which was 1/2. The study also revealed that CH₃OH was an excellent solvent for PdCl₂–CuCl₂/AC catalyst preparation.     

Synthesis of diethyl carbonate by catalytic alcoholysis of urea

The production of diethyl carbonate (DEC) from urea and ethanol was investigated in a batch process. The catalytic activities of many metal oxides were evaluated, the influences of various operation conditions on the DEC yield were explored, and the catalytic mechanism was also analyzed. Among the tested catalysts, ZnO showed the best catalytic activity toward DEC synthesis. The optimum reaction conditions were as follows: ethanol/urea molar ratio of 10, catalyst concentration of 6%, reaction temperature of 463 K, reaction time of 5 h and the reaction pressure of 2.5 MPa, respectively. The highest DEC yield was 14.2%. The reaction of producing N-ethyl ethyl carbamate (N-EEC) was the main side reaction in this process, which consumed both ethyl carbamate and DEC. It is necessary to remove DEC from the reactor as quickly as possible.     

Effect of alkyl nitrite decomposition on catalytic performance of CO coupling reaction over supported palladium catalyst

The syntheses of dimethyl oxalate (DMO) and diethyl oxalate (DEO) by CO coupling reaction in gaseous phase were investigated in a fixed bed reactor over Pd-Fe/Al₂O₃ catalyst. The catalytic performance was characterized by CO conversion, space-time yield (STY) and selectivity of DMO (or DEO). The results showed that over Pd-Fe/Al₂O₃ catalyst, the STY of DMO was higher than that of DEO under the same reaction conditions. The optimum reaction temperatures for synthesizing DMO and DEO were 403 K and 393 K, respectively, at the molar ratio 1 ∶ 1 of alkyl nitrite to CO. The difference in synthesizing DMO and DEO on the same catalyst was attributed to the decomposition performances of methyl nitrite (MN) and ethyl nitrite (EN), as density functional theory (DFT) calculation showed that EN decomposed more easily than MN.     

Chaos and synchronisation in heterogeneous catalytic systems: CO oxidation over Pd zeolite catalysts

The influence of experimental parameters on the structure of global reaction rate oscillations and the coupling of local oscillators on a catalyst bed in a continuous stirred tank reactor is studied for the oxidation of CO on zeolite supported palladium catalysts. Global coupling can be achieved via mass transfer through the gas phase or via heat transfer in the case of a support of high heat conductivity. Characteristic differences in the activity of catalysts as well as in the period and the amplitude of the oscillations are related to the size of the palladium clusters and can be simulated by adding the state of the oxidation of the metal surface as a parameter to a common kinetic model. The analysis of observed chaotic behaviour leads to the conclusion that diffusional chaos characteristic of a distributed system is observed on the level of the zeolite crystallite that supports the palladium clusters.     

负载型KI催化甘油与CO2合成甘油碳酸酯

添加不同组分对氧化铝载体进行调变改性,再以改性氧化铝为载体,负载KI制备了一系列负载型催化剂KI/Al₂O₃-MgO、KI/Al₂O₃-ZnO、KI/Al₂O₃-TiO₂和KI/Al₂O₃-ZrO₂,并通过CO₂、环氧丙烷和甘油合成甘油碳酸酯反应评价其催化活性,发现KI/Al₂O₃-MgO具有最高的活性。由不同载体的CO₂-TPD分析可以发现,载体表面少量碱性位的存在有利于反应进行。实验研究了不同负载量KI/Al₂O₃-MgO的活性及稳定性,发现KI负载量为1.5mmol/g较为适宜。同时,实验又通过N₂吸附/脱附(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)等手段对不同负载量的KI/Al₂O₃-MgO进行了表征,进一步说明了负载量过多会导致KI晶粒团聚,并阻塞载体孔道。优化了反应条件,在最佳条件下(环氧丙烷0.3mol,甘油0.1mol,反应温度130℃,反应时间2h,反应压力6.0MPa),甘油的转化率为65.5%,甘油碳酸酯的产率为60.8%。     

碱性催化剂上由CO2合成有机碳酸酯的研究进展

评述了碱性催化剂作用下由CO₂出发合成有机碳酸酯的研究进展，并介绍了用于该类反应的各种碱性催化剂和超强碱催化剂对合成反应的促进作用。其中,负载型碱金属卤化物和碱金属碳酸盐是性能优异的催化剂,制备过程简单，易于分离，催化剂成本低。     

Methanol decomposition to synthesis gas over supported Pd catalysts prepared from synthetic anionic clays

Supported Pd or Rh catalysts were prepared by the solid-phase crystallization method starting from hydrotalcite anionic clay minerals based on [Mg₆Al₂(OH)₁₆CO ₂ ²⁻ ]·4H₂O as the precursors. The precursors were prepared by a coprecipitation method from the raw materials containing Pd²⁺ and various trivalent metal ions which can replace each site of Mg²⁺ and Al³⁺ in the hydrotalcite. Rh³⁺ was also used for preparing the catalyst as comparison. The precursors were then thermally decomposed and reduced to form supported Pd or Rh catalysts and used for the methanol decomposition to synthesis gas. Among the precursors tested, use of Mg–Cr hydrotalcite containing Pd²⁺ resulted in the formation of efficient Pd supported catalysts for the production of synthesis gas by selective decomposition of methanol at low temperature. Although Pd²⁺ cannot well replace the Mg²⁺ site in the hydrotalcite, the Pd supported catalyst (Pd/Mg–Cr) prepared by the solid-phase crystallization method formed highly dispersed Pd metal particles and showed much higher activity than that prepared by the conventional impregnation method. When the precursor was prepared under mild conditions, more fine particles of Pd metal were formed over the catalyst, resulting in high activity. It is likely that the high activity may be due to the highly dispersed and stable Pd metal particles assisted by the role of Cr as the co-catalyst. This revised version was published online in November 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Low-temperature catalytic combustion of methanol and its decomposed derivatives over supported gold catalysts

Gold can be compared favorably with Pd and Pt in the catalytic combustion of CH₃OH, HCHO and HCOOH when it is deposited on some reducible metal oxides (-Fe₂O₃, TiO₂, etc.). While the supported gold catalysts are less active in H₂ oxidation, they exhibit much higher activities in CO oxidation. For Au/TiO₂, the effect of catalyst preparation was further investigated. Since the activity for CO oxidation of the gold catalysts is not depressed but enhanced by moisture, they are practically applicable to CO removal from air at room temperature. Gold supported on manganese oxide is especially effective in the selective CO removal from hydrogen, indicating its potential applicability to polymer electrolyte fuel cells using the reformed gas of methanol.     

碳酸二甲酯和乙醇酯交换合成碳酸二乙酯工艺研究

碳酸二乙酯分子结构中含有活性基团乙氧基和羰基,化学性质活泼,是一种重要的有机合成中间体、溶剂和性能优良的燃料添加剂,在化工领域具有很高的应用价值。以碳酸二甲酯和乙醇为原料,甲醇钠为催化剂,通过酯交换反应合成碳酸二乙酯。气相色谱分析表明,在酯与醇物质的量比1∶20、催化剂用量为碳酸二甲酯质量的1.0%、反应温度78 ℃和反应时间1 h条件下,碳酸二甲酯转化率达99%,碳酸二乙酯和碳酸甲乙酯选择性分别为86%和14%。     

Bimetallic Pt–Sn catalysts supported on activated carbon. II. CO oxidation

A commercial activated carbon (AC) was used as a catalyst support either in its original form or after two different oxidation treatments, namely air oxidation and HNO₃ oxidation, aiming at the enhancement of its textural and surface chemical characteristics. These properties were determined by N₂ adsorption and temperature programmed desorption (TPD), respectively. Monometallic Pt and bimetallic Pt–Sn catalysts were prepared on the AC supports. Impregnation was used in the preparation of the monometallic samples. For the bimetallic samples, coimpregnation and a sequential impregnation procedure, in which the Sn precursor is introduced prior to Pt, were used. The Pt load was kept fixed as 1 wt.% for all monometallic and bimetallic samples. Two different Sn loads, 0.25 and 0.50 wt.%, were used for the bimetallic samples in order to investigate the effects of Sn load on the catalytic properties. The catalyst samples were characterized by H₂ adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and structure insensitive benzene hydrogenation. The activities of all samples were measured in CO oxidation. The results indicate the strong effects of the surface chemistry of the AC supports, the Pt:Sn ratio, the preparation procedure and the reduction procedure, on the CO oxidation activities of the catalysts.     

CO催化偶联制草酸二乙酯催化剂的宏观反应动力学

采用固定床积分反应器,研究了自制的负载型钯系催化剂上CO气相催化偶联主、副反应的宏观动力学模型.所采用的催化剂是经过模式1000 h连续运转、性能稳定的φ1.5 mm×（3～5）mm圆柱状催化剂.在适宜的反应条件下测定了动力学实验数据,并采用一维拟均相模型建立了微分方程组.使用了幂函数宏观动力学模型,采用Runge-Kutta法解微分方程组,并用单纯形法确定动力学模型参数,同时进行了残差分析和统计检验.结果表明,所得的动力学模型与实验数据吻合良好,可以为草酸二乙酯合成反应器设计和放大提供依据.     

常压气相羰基化合成碳酸二乙酯

用积分反应器在固定床连续流动反应体系中进行CO气相催化合成碳酸二乙酯。研究了以各种活性炭为载体的钯催化剂、催化剂浸渍方法和不同催化剂组成对合成碳酸二乙酯催化活性和选择性的影响 ,得到了有发展前景的催化剂。结果表明 ,以逐滴浸渍法 ,使用M3 为助催化剂 ,反应温度 1 0 5～ 1 2 0℃时 ,催化剂有较好的活性和选择性。     

碳酸二乙酯联产碳酸甲乙酯技术开发及产业化

阐述了碳酸二乙酯联产碳藏甲乙酯的工艺路线和开发过程，预测市场情况。     

Dimethyl carbonate synthesis from methyl nitrite and CO over activated carbon supported Wacker-type catalysts: The surface chemistry of activated carbon

A series of supported Wacker-type catalysts under treatment of nitric acid were prepared and utilized in the synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from CO and methyl nitrite. Nitrogen adsorption, Boehm titration, scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and H₂-temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) were employed to explore the relationship between the physicochemical properties and reactivity of catalysts. Correlated with the results of Boehm titration, it was found that catalytic activities increased monotonically with the number of phenolic group on activated carbon surface. XPS spectra showed that the catalysts, which had much more amount of phenolic group, were possessed of large amount of Cu^2 + species. H₂-TPR results indicated that the phenolic group contributed to the easier reducibility of Cu^2 + species, further facilitating the oxidation cycle between Pd and Cu species and consequently the catalytic performance.     

纳米CeO_2催化CO_2与甲醇反应合成碳酸二甲酯的研究

本文介绍了金属催化剂纳米CeO2的制备方法,通过对催化剂结构、性质的表征和催化活性的比较,确定出高效的催化剂,并优化了气固相CO2与甲醇直接合成DMC的反应条件。借此,实验得到以下结果:通过对5种方法制备的纳米CeO2催化剂的比较,发现溶胶凝胶法制备的纳米CeO2催化活性最好,甲醇的转化率可达0.215%,DMC选择性为100%。考察了CO2和甲醇合成DMC的较合适的工艺条件是:反应温度433K,反应压力1.0MPa,催化剂用量0.5g,CO2和甲醇摩尔比2.0,甲醇的转化率可达0.215%,DMC选择性为100%。     

An investigation of carbon-supported CuCl2/PdCl2 catalysts for diethyl carbonate synthesis

The synthesis of diethyl carbonate (DEC) by the oxidative carbonylation of ethanol was investigated using catalysts prepared by the dispersion of CuCl₂ and PdCl₂ on amorphous carbon promoted with KCl and NaOH. Catalysts were characterized extensively by XRD, XAFS, SEM and TEM with the aim of establishing their composition and structure after preparation, pretreatment, and use. It was observed that after preparation and pretreatment in He at 423 K copper is present almost exclusively as Cu(I), most likely in the form of [CuCl₂]⁻ anions, whereas palladium is present as large PdCl₂ particles. Catalysts prepared exclusively with copper or palladium chloride are inactive for DEC synthesis, indicating that both components must be present together. Evidence from XANES and EXAFS suggests that the DEC synthesis may occur on [PdCl_2−x][CuCl₂]_x species deposited on the surface of the PdCl₂ particles. As-prepared catalysts exhibit an increase in DEC synthesis activity and selectivity with time on stream, but then reach a maximum activity and selectivity, followed by a slow decrease in DEC activity. The loss of DEC activity is accompanied by a loss in Cl from the catalyst and the appearance of paratacamite.     

酯交换合成碳酸二甲酯催化剂研究进展

综述了近年来国内外碳酸乙烯酯或碳酸丙烯酯与甲醇酯交换合成碳酸二甲酯催化剂的研究进展,重点对金属氧化物催化剂、离子交换树脂和负载型催化剂等多相催化剂的制备和催化性能作了介绍。金属氧化物催化剂在使用过程中可能发生化学变化,催化寿命较短;离子交换树脂对热稳定性较差,不能在高温下长期使用;负载型催化剂活性组分的流失有待解决。尽管存在这些不足,但多相催化剂分离简单,容易实现反应 分离一体化,是今后研究开发的主要方向。     

Study on the reaction pathway in the vapor-phase hydrogenation of biomass-derived diethyl succinate over CuO/ZnO catalyst

The reactivity of biomass-derived diethyl succinate and its main reaction intermediates was separately investigated in a fixed-bed reactor over CuO/ZnO catalyst, and some interesting results were obtained. Ethyl 4-hydroxybutyl succinate as an intermediate of diethyl succinate hydrogenation reaction was first detected, and it could be converted to 1,4-butanediol or polyesters. Additionally, propanol and butanol are mainly derived from 1,4-butanediol rather than gamma-butyrolactone. A comprehensive reaction pathway for the hydrogenation of diethyl succinate is proposed, which is significant for the design of new catalytic formulations. A CuO/ZnO + HY admixed catalyst exhibiting excellent performance was prepared according to the proposed reaction pathway.     

Enhanced catalytic performance of Cu-and/or Mn-loaded Fe-Sep catalysts for the oxidation of CO and ethyl acetate

The Fe-modified sepiolite-supported Mn-Cu mixed oxide (CuxMny/Fe-Sep) catalysts were prepared using the co-precipitation method.These materials were characterized by means of the XRD,N2 adsorption-desorption,XPS,H2-TPR,and O2-TPD techniques,and their catalytic activities for CO and ethyl acetate oxidation were evaluated.The results show that catalytic activities of the CuxMny/Fe-Sep samples were higher than those of the Cu1/Fe-Sep and Mn2/Fe-Sep samples,and the Mn/Cu molar ratio had a distinct influence on catalytic activity of the sample.Among the CuxMny/Fe-Sep and Cu1Mn2/Sep samples,Cu1Mn2/Fe-Sep performed the best for CO and ethyl acetate oxidation,showing the highest reaction rate and the lowest T50 and T90 of 4.4 × 10-6 mmol.g 1.s-1,110,and 140 ℃ for CO oxidation,and 1.9 × 10-6 mmol.g-1.s-1,170,and 210 ℃ for ethyl acetate oxidation,respectively.Moreover,the Cu1 Mn2/Fe-Sep sample possessed the best lowtemperature reducibility and the lowest temperature of oxygen desorption as well as the highest surface Mn4+/Mn3+ and Cu2+/CuO atomic ratios.It is concluded that factors,such as the strong interaction between the Cu or Mn and the Fe-Sep support,good low-temperature reducibility,and good mobility of chemisorbed oxygen species,might account for the excellent catalytic activity of Cu1 Mn2/Fe-Sep.     

Selective methanation of CO over supported Ru catalysts

The catalytic performance of supported ruthenium catalysts for the selective methanation of CO in the presence of excess CO₂ has been investigated with respect to the loading (0.5–5.0 wt.%) and mean crystallite size (1.3–13.6 nm) of the metallic phase as well as with respect to the nature of the support (Al₂O₃, TiO₂, YSZ, CeO₂ and SiO₂). Experiments were conducted in the temperature range of 170–470 °C using a feed composition consisting of 1%CO, 50% H₂ 15% CO₂ and 0–30% H₂O (balance He). It has been found that, for all catalysts investigated, conversion of CO₂ is completely suppressed until conversion of CO reaches its maximum value. Selectivity toward methane, which is typically higher than 70%, increases with increasing temperature and becomes 100% when the CO₂ methanation reaction is initiated. Increasing metal loading results in a significant shift of the CO conversion curve toward lower temperatures, where the undesired reverse water–gas shift reaction becomes less significant. Results of kinetic measurements show that CO/CO₂ hydrogenation reactions over Ru catalysts are structure sensitive, i.e., the reaction rate per surface metal atom (turnover frequency, TOF) depends on metal crystallite size. In particular, for Ru/TiO₂ catalysts, TOFs of both CO (at 215 °C) and CO₂ (at 330 °C) increase by a factor of 40 and 25, respectively, with increasing mean crystallite size of Ru from 2.1 to 4.5 nm, which is accompanied by an increase of selectivity to methane. Qualitatively similar results were obtained from Ru catalysts supported on Al₂O₃. Experiments conducted with the use of Ru catalyst of the same metal loading (5 wt.%) and comparable crystallite size show that the nature of the metal oxide support affects significantly catalytic performance. In particular, the turnover frequency of CO is 1–2 orders of magnitude higher when Ru is supported on TiO₂, compared to YSZ or SiO₂, whereas CeO₂- and Al₂O₃-supported catalysts exhibit intermediate performance. Optimal results were obtained over the 5%Ru/TiO₂ catalyst, which is able to completely and selectively convert CO at temperatures around 230 °C. Addition of water vapor in the feed does not affect CO hydrogenation but shifts the CO₂ conversion curve toward higher temperatures, thereby further improving the performance of this catalyst for the title reaction. In addition, long-term stability tests conducted under realistic reaction conditions show that the 5%Ru/TiO₂ catalyst is very stable and, therefore, is a promising candidate for use in the selective methanation of CO for fuel cell applications.