Ag纳米粒子等离子体共振增强太阳能电池吸收

针对薄膜太阳能电池硅薄膜层吸收效率较低的问题,提出了运用金属纳米粒子局域表面等离子体共振(LSPR)增强太阳能电池的吸收效率,采用时域有限差分(FDTD)法,模拟计算了太阳能电池中不同厚度的硅薄膜层吸收特性,分析了不同几何参数的矩形Ag纳米粒子与Ag背反射膜对增强太阳能电池吸收效率的影响作用。计算结果表明,硅薄膜层厚度为500nm的太阳能电池具有较高的吸收效率,通过调整Ag纳米粒子的相关参数,有效地降低了太阳电池硅薄膜表面的反射损耗,取得最大吸收增强因子为1.35。Ag背反射膜有效地降低了Ag纳米粒子硅薄膜结构的透射损耗,其最大的吸收增强因子达到1.42。     

硅薄膜太阳电池高效陷光结构的研究

利用严格耦合波分析方法和模式传输线理论,对硅薄膜太阳电池结合DBR（Distributed Bragg Reflector,分布布拉格反射器）和衍射光栅的叠层底部背反射器结构进行了优化设计。结果表明,光栅周期、光栅厚度和光栅宽度分别为0.5λg、0.18λg、0.48λg（λg为硅的带隙波长）以及对应的DBR中心波长为0.85μm时,太阳电池对光子的总吸收最强,且总吸收的提高主要来自于对长波光子的吸收增强,提高了薄膜太阳能电池对长波光子的陷光能力。     

锥型亚波长光栅在薄膜晶硅电池中的吸收增强效应分析

基于严格耦合波理论,从反射率、吸收增强因子、光生载流子几率和理想光电转换效率几个方面模拟分析了不同锥型亚波长光栅对1μm厚晶硅电池产生的影响。模拟结果得出:在相同光栅高度下,虽然小周期(P=100nm)锥形亚波长光栅的表面反射率低于大周期(P=500nm)结构的表面反射率,但是大周期锥形亚波长光栅薄膜晶硅电池的光生载流子几率和理想光电转换效率高于小周期结构的相应值,且这种区别随着光栅高度增加而增加。在AM1.5D太阳光谱下,最优化的大周期光栅使得薄膜晶硅电池光生载流子几率和理想效率增加1.4倍和1.65倍,而最优化的小周期光栅只能分别增加0.54倍和0.48倍。     

多晶黑硅表面微结构对电池效率的影响

采用Ag离子辅助化学刻蚀法制备了多晶黑硅薄片,使用NaOH溶液处理多晶黑硅表面,增大其表面纳米孔直径,使SiNx薄膜能够均匀覆盖整个黑硅表面,提高黑硅的钝化效果,进而提高多晶黑硅电池光电转化效率.通过反射谱仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、太阳电池测试系统等测试和表征不同扩孔时间对多晶黑硅各方面性能的影响.结果表明:未被NaOH扩孔处理的多晶黑硅的反射率最低,为5.03％,多晶黑硅太阳电池的光电转化效率为16.51％.当多晶黑硅被NaOH腐蚀40 s时,反射率为10.01％,电池的效率为18.00％,比普通多晶硅太阳电池的效率高2.19％,比未被扩孔处理的多晶黑硅太阳电池的效率高1.49％.     

金属光栅提高蓝光LED提取效率的研究

为了提高发光二极管(LED)的光提取效率，并比较不同光栅形状对LED光提取效率的影响，采用严格耦合波法优化了与矩形、等腰三角形、等腰梯形光栅分别集成的倒装LED，使它们出光面透射率达到最优，随后使用有限时域差分法模拟计算它们的光提取效率。经过模拟计算和理论分析可得3种不同结构LED最优光栅参量(光栅占空比f、光栅周期p、光栅厚度h)和过渡层厚度d分别是:f=0.35, p=150nm, h=80nm, d=190nm; f=0.45, p=175nm, h=80nm, d=190nm; f=0.7, p=150nm, h=80nm, d=190nm。结果表明，3种最优的LED结构在波长0.4μm~0.5μm范围内，矩形光栅倒装LED和等腰三角形光栅倒装LED出光面透射率相同，等腰梯形光栅倒装LED出光面透射率最低; 由于光透射率最低，导致等腰梯形光栅倒装LED光提取效率较低，最高仅为58.07%，但是由于等腰三角形光栅倒装LED特殊的光栅形状加上高的光透射率，其光提取效率可以达到77.75%。此研究可以为制备高光提取效率LED提供理论方法指导。     

超薄晶硅太阳电池的上表面陷光结构研究(Ⅰ)

基于太阳光谱的特点和晶硅材料吸收光谱的性质,首先分析了超薄晶硅太阳电池上表面的陷光要求,然后利用传递矩阵法(TMM)和频域有限差分(FDFD)法设计上表面增透膜结构和织构结构,最后利用FDFD法分析了SiO2/SiN4双层增透膜结构和三角条带式表面织构结构构成的组合结构的光吸收效果。研究结果表明,在超薄晶硅太阳电池的有效吸收光谱范围(波长范围200～1 200nm)内,双层增透膜比单层增透膜具有更小的反射损耗;一维光子晶体表面织构结构中,使用三角条带式一维光子晶体比矩形条带式一维光子晶体具有更小的反射损耗。借助于透膜结构和三角条带式织构结构的优化参数,设计出入射角θ45°、波长处于200～1 200nm范围内和反射率小于5%的上表面结构形式。     

梯形折射率调制长周期光纤光栅的理论分析

提出一种新型光栅模型——梯形折射率调制类型长周期光纤光栅（LPG）。以耦合模理论为基础，研究了折射率调制梯形上、下底边宽度差对光栅传输光谱特性的影响。计算结果表明：随着梯形上、下底边差值的增大，传输谱谐振峰的位置将向长波方向漂移；与矩形折射率调制LPG相比，梯形折射率调制LPG可以有效地减小光栅的折变量；当梯形上、下底边宽度差值的1／2为30μm时，光栅的折变量仅为相同光栅参数下矩形折射率调制光栅的80．2％。     

表面多孔硅层对单晶硅太阳电池性能的影响（英文）

反射率对太阳电池的性能至关重要。采用电化学法在单晶硅衬底上制备多孔硅来降低器件的反射率,并采用快速热退火法对多孔硅层进行磷扩散处理,进而制备了单晶硅太阳电池。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)显示出单晶硅表面形成了孔径均匀的多孔硅层,且孔径随着刻蚀时间的增加而增大;紫外-可见光分光光度计表明,该多孔硅层的反射率在400～1 100 nm的光谱范围达到12%;磷扩散后薄层方块电阻达到42Ω/□,证明多孔硅层促进了磷扩散。最终在850℃、40 s快速热退火扩散条件下,成功制备出了效率为12.32%、短路电流密度为27.99 mA/cm~2、开路电压为0.49 V以及填充因子达到71%的太阳电池。     

用于四结太阳电池的多对TiO2/SiO2减反膜系的研究

随着GaInP/GaInAs/GaInNAs/Ge四结太阳电池的快速发展,设计并镀制可与四结太阳电池更加匹配的光学减反膜系变得尤为重要.实验中通过TFCale软件理论模拟了3对TiO2/SiO2(6层)减反膜系,其中理论模拟膜系与实际镀制膜系反射率曲线重合性良好.实际制备并讨论了离子源功率、薄膜物理厚度等参数对减反膜系反射率的影响.发现得到优异反射率的关键在于对第二层SiO2薄膜物理厚度的控制,尤其是在400～1 000 nm波段内.实验中制备的3对TiO2/SiO2(6层)减反膜系在280～1 400 nm波段内其反射率均小于10％,特别是在影响四结太阳电池限流结的GaInAs/GaInNAs两结波段(670～900 nm/900～1 100 nm)内,其反射率均在5％以下.     

硅薄膜矩形空芯波导太阳能电池光捕获性能的研究

为提高薄膜电池对光的捕获能力, 将平面硅薄膜电池制 作成矩形空芯波导结构,对其太阳光注入方式、光捕获能力和光-电转换效能进行了理论和 实验探讨。基于 多层膜反射理论和波导反射模型对波导电池光捕获效果的预测表明,波导电池能够将入射光 限制在空芯结 构内多次反射和吸收,具有较平面电池更高的光捕获能力。测定了不同平行光束在不同入射角度 下平面和波导 电池的光捕获功率和光-电转换效能的结果表明,波导电池对入射光功率近似全部捕获,其 光-电功率转换效能 较对应的平面电池有3～5倍的提升。对不同截面尺寸和长度的单结空芯波导电池光捕获率 进行了计算,提 出从电池膜层结构和空芯几何尺寸参数优化硅薄膜矩形空芯波导电池的思路,通过优化有 望实现用小于多结平面电池外形尺寸的单结空芯波导电池达到更好的光捕获效果。     

太阳模拟器AM0型滤光片及其稳定性研究

太阳模拟器作为航天科技卫星空间环境模拟和太阳能电池检测与标定的必要模拟设备,越来越受到人们的关注。太阳模拟器滤光片作为模拟器的核心部件,通过对模拟器光源滤光,可以得到不同的太阳光谱辐照度。文中研究的AM0滤光片通过对氙灯光源滤光,可以得到大气层表面的太阳光谱辐照度分布。根据标准AM0光谱辐照度曲线和标准氙灯辐照度曲线,得到AM0滤光片透过率曲线。在此基础上对滤光片进行膜系设计和镀制,得到了满足国标A类标准的AM0滤光片。对滤光片进行了紫外辐照实验和高温烘烤实验,研究了其光学稳定性,所镀制的滤光片光学稳定性优于目前使用的滤光片。     

Reciprocity between electroluminescence and quantum efficiency used for the characterization of silicon solar cells

Spectrally and spatially resolved electroluminescence emission of crystalline silicon solar cells is interpreted in terms of two electro‐optical reciprocity relations. The first relation links the photovoltaic quantum efficiency to the electroluminescence spectrum. Both methods contain information on recombination and the optical pathlength of the incident light, simultaneously. From the electroluminescence spectrum, we derive the pathlength enhancement factor of textured and untextured crystalline silicon solar cells. Further, we use local quantum efficiency measurements to quantitatively explain light induced current as well as panchromatic electroluminescence images. A second reciprocity relation connects open circuit voltage of a solar cell with the light emitting diode quantum efficiency of the same device. For a given quality of light trapping and a given open circuit voltage, we predict the attainable LED quantum efficiency and verify our results experimentally. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of spectral variations by means of component cells useful for CPV rating and design

A methodology is presented to determine both the short‐term and the long‐term influence of the spectral variations on the performance of multi‐junction (MJ) solar cells and concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) modules. Component cells with the same optical behavior as MJ solar cells are used to characterize the spectrum. A set of parameters, namely spectral matching ratios (SMRs), is used to characterize spectrally a particular direct normal irradiance (DNI) by comparison to the reference spectrum (AM1.5D‐ASTM‐G173‐03). Furthermore, the spectrally corrected DNI for a given MJ solar cell technology is defined providing a way to estimate the losses associated to the spectral variations. The last section analyzes how the spectrum evolves throughout a year in a given place and the set of SMRs representative for that location are calculated. This information can be used to maximize the energy harvested by the MJ solar cell throughout the year. As an example, three years of data recorded in Madrid shows that losses lower than 5% are expected because of current mismatch for state‐of‐the‐art MJ solar cells. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

InGaN/GaN多量子阱电池的垒层结构优化及其光学特性调控

InGaN基量子阱作为太阳电池器件的有源区时,垒层厚度设计以及实际生长对其光学特性的影响极为重要.采用金属有机化学气相沉积(MOVCD)技术,在蓝宝石衬底上外延生长了垒层厚度较厚的InGaN/GaN多量子阱,使用高分辨X射线衍射和变温光致发光谱研究了垒层厚度对InGaN多量子阱太阳电池结构的界面质量、量子限制效应及其光学特性的影响.较厚垒层的InGaN/GaN多量子阱的周期重复性和界面品质较好,这可能与垒层较薄时对量子阱的生长影响有关.同时,厚垒层InGaN/GaN多量子阱的光致发光光谱峰位随温度升高呈现更为明显的“S”形(红移-蓝移-红移)变化,表现出更强的局域化程度和更高的内量子效率.     

Towards high‐efficiency multi‐junction solar cells with biologically inspired nanosurfaces

Multi‐junction solar cells offer extremely high power conversion efficiency with minimal semiconductor material usage, and hence are promising for large‐scale electricity generation. However, suppressing optical reflection in the UV regime is particularly challenging due to the lack of adequate dielectric materials. In this work, bio‐inspired antireflective structures are demonstrated on a monolithically grown Ga_0.5In_0.5P/In_0.01Ga_0.99As/Ge triple‐junction solar cell, which overcome the limited optical response of reference devices. The fabricated device also exhibits omni‐directional enhancement of photocurrent and power conversion efficiency, offering a viable solution to concentrated illumination with large angles of incidence. A comprehensive design scheme is further developed to tailor the reflectance spectrum for maximum photocurrent output of tandem cells. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Validation of energy prediction method for a concentrator photovoltaic module in Toyohashi Japan

III–V concentrator photovoltaic systems attain high efficiency through the use of series connected multi‐junction solar cells. As these solar cells absorb over distinct bands over the solar spectrum, they have a more complex response to real illumination conditions than conventional silicon solar cells. Estimates for annual energy yield made assuming fixed reference spectra can vary by up to 15% depending on the assumptions made. Using a detailed computer simulation, the behaviour of a 20‐cell InGaP/In_0.01GaAs/Ge multi‐junction concentrator system was simulated in 5‐min intervals over an entire year, accounting for changes in direct normal irradiance, humidity, temperature and aerosol optical depth. The simulation was compared with concentrator system monitoring data taken over the same period and excellent agreement (within 2%) in the annual energy yield was obtained. Air mass, aerosol optical depth and precipitable water have been identified as atmospheric parameters with the largest impact on system efficiency. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Fine structural tuning of diketopyrrolopyrrole-cored donor materials for small molecule-fullerene organic solar cells: A theoretical study

Two novel strategies to tune diketopyrrolopyrrole and its derivatives by lactam-lactim and alkoxy-thioalkoxy exchange were theoretically presented for improving the efficiency of bulk heterojunction solar cells. The structural tunings could synergistically reduce the HOMO level and the energy gap of donors due to the disrupted aromaticity of the linked pyrrole derivatives. Compared with the parent molecule, the new designed donors not only create a more red-shift of absorption spectrum but also show better hole transport rates, larger fill factor, higher open circuit voltage and more favorable solar cell efficiency. Moreover, the arrangements at the interface and the optical properties of the donor-PCBM complexes were computationally investigated to get insight into the absorption of charge transfer states. Consequently, the strategies are judicious approaches to enhance their intrinsic properties of donors and can be used for further improving the performance of other DPP-based molecules in bulk heterojunction solar cells.     

Lateral spectrum splitting concentrator photovoltaics: direct measurement of component and submodule efficiency

To achieve high energy conversion efficiency, a solar module architecture called lateral spectrum splitting concentrator photovoltaics (LSSCPV) is being developed. LSSCPV can concentrate available sunlight and laterally split a single beam into bands with different spectra for absorption by different solar cells with band gaps matched to the split spectrum. Test assemblies of a sample LSSCPV architecture were constructed, each of which contains four p–n junctions and two optical pieces. Independent experiments or simulations had been implemented on the components but by using optimal assumptions. In order to examine the actual performances of all the components, which are dependent on each other and the light source, direct outdoor measurements were made. A set of self‐consistent efficiency definitions was articulated and a test bed was developed to measure the parameters required by the efficiency calculation. By comparing the component efficiency items derived from the outdoor measurement and the expected values based on independent simulations, the potential opportunities for efficiency improvement are determined. In the outdoor measurement at the University of Delaware, the optical component demonstrated 89·1% efficiency. Additional assemblies were tested at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. One assembly demonstrated 36·7% submodule efficiency, which compares favorably with the 32·6% previously reported verified submodule efficiency. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The spectral response of BSF silicon solar cells fabricated through masked ion implantation

The work presents the main peculiarities of the spectral response of back-surface-field (BSF) silicon solar cells fabricated through masked ion implantation of the n+-p junction. The emphasis is on the shift of maximum responsivity toward the visible spectrum and on the large bandwidth of these n+-p-p+ optical sensors. The dependence of these parameters on technological parameters are outlined in the communication.     

InGaP//GaAs//c‐Si 3‐junction solar cells employing spectrum‐splitting system

In this work, we practically demonstrated spectrum‐splitting approach for advances in efficiency of photovoltaic cells. Firstly, a‐Si:H//c‐Si 2‐junction configuration was designed, which exhibited 24.4% efficiency with the spectrum splitting at 620 nm. Then, we improved the top cell property by employing InGaP cells instead of the a‐Si:H, resulting in an achievement of efficiency about 28.8%. In addition, we constructed 3‐junction spectrum‐splitting system with two optical splitters, and GaAs solar cells as middle cell. This InGaP//GaAs//c‐Si architecture was found to deliver 30.9% conversion efficiency. Our splitting system includes convex lenses for light concentration about 10 suns, which provided concentrated efficiency exceeding 33.0%. These results suggest that our demonstration of 3‐junction spectrum‐splitting approach can be a promising candidate for highly efficient photovoltaic technologies. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.