利用双子表面活性剂辅助制备纳米材料和介孔材料的研究进展

纳米材料的特殊结构决定了其具有大的比表面积、高的表面活性等特点,因而在力学、热学、光学、电磁学等方面都具有广泛的应用。以表面活性剂形成的胶束和乳液等为模板制备纳米材料是一种常见的方法,该方法可以大大降低溶剂的表面张力并改变体系的界面组成和结构,已经引起了研究者们的高度重视。有序介孔材料具有规则可调的纳米级孔道,可用作吸附剂、催化剂、催化剂载体或模板。以表面活性剂自组装形成的聚集体为模板合成有序介孔材料由于操作简单,且材料的孔道分布更为均一,因而成为了最常见的制备方法。但目前在纳米材料及介孔材料的制备中,普遍使用传统的单链表面活性剂作为模板剂,由于该种表面活性剂结构单一,因而以其为模板所生成的纳米材料及介孔材料暴露出形貌单一且结构不易调控等缺点。双子表面活性剂由于具有特殊的胶束自组装行为、高的表面活性及分子结构中疏水链段与联结基组成可调等特点,可实现纳米材料更加良好的分散及制备具有独特形貌的纳米材料和介孔材料。根据国内外研究进展,本文从双子表面活性剂在溶液中形成的各种有序聚集体——胶束(反胶束)、囊泡及液晶等角度出发,综述了以其为模板或者微反应器制备纳米材料的研究进展,同时对以双子表面活性剂为稳定剂辅助制备纳米材料的研究进展进行了阐述,并总结了双子表面活性剂辅助制备介孔材料过程中其结构参数变化对介孔材料形貌的影响,最后对双子表面活性剂辅助制备纳米材料及介孔材料的前景进行了展望。     

模板法制备结构可控纳米材料的研究进展

综述了模板法制备结构可控纳米材料的研究进展,讨论了模板法可控制备纳米材料的原理及高度有序自组装的纳米多孔Al2O3模板的形成机理.重点介绍了纳米材料的可控制备方法,主要包括纳米多孔Al2O3模板法、聚合物模板法和生物模板法.其中纳米多孔Al2O3模板法又分为电化学纳米多孔Al2O3模板合成法和电化学诱导的溶胶-凝胶方法等.根据材料的物化性能,选用适合的模板,采用合理的工艺路线,可以制备出结构可控的纳米材料.     

软模板技术制备银的各向异性纳米粒子

纳米银的光学、电学和催化活性与粒子的粒径、形貌和结构之间存在着强烈的依赖关系,研究各向异性银纳米材料的形成具有重要意义.结合软模板技术在各向异性银纳米材料制备方面的研究成果,着重讨论了银纳米棒和纳米线的制备方法和形成机理,概述了树枝状纳米银、纳米银片(盘)、纳米银立方体和三棱柱的研究进展,指出利用软模板技术可合成各种形貌的纳米银粒子,并指出了此类材料在研究中存在的不足,展望了其发展趋势.     

模板法制备纳米材料

模板法是合成纳米复合材料的一种非常重要的技术,利用其空间限域作用和结构导向作用可对合成材料的尺寸、形貌、结构和排列等进行有效的调制。主要从生物材料模板、有机化合物模板和无机化合物模板3方面综述了近年来模板法制备纳米材料的研究进展,展示出模板法所具有的广阔应用前景。     

模板法制备纳米材料

模板法是合成纳米复合材料的一种非常重要的技术，利用其空间限域作用和结构导向作用可对合成材料的尺寸、形貌、结构和排列等进行有效的调制。主要从生物材料模板、有机化合物模板和无机化合物模板3方面综述了近年来模板法制备纳米材料的研究进展，展示出模板法所具有的广阔应用前景。     

多孔阳极氧化铝模板制备的研究进展

多孔阳极氧化铝(PAA)模板在制备纳米材料、光谱材料、磁性材料、生物传感材料、太阳能电池材料等领域有着极为广泛的应用。实现多孔阳极氧化铝模板的孔径、孔间距、氧化层厚度等参数的可控制备是获得最佳性能材料的关键。概述了近年来多孔阳极氧化铝模板制备的研究进展,简要介绍了在电化学方法制备条件下各种工艺因素对模板形貌的影响,并综述了利用多孔阳极氧化铝作为模板合成纳米材料的几种方法。     

软模板法合成纳米材料的研究进展

介绍了近年来合成高分子模板法、生物高分子模板法、表面活性剂模板法、有机小分子添加剂模板法制备纳米材料的研究进展,重点介绍了模板剂诱导不同形貌和结构的纳米材料形成的作用机理。因合成高分子模板制备简单,结构设计灵活,生物高分子模板绿色环保,能更精确调控纳米材料结构,故详细综述了这2种方法。     

生物模板制备纳米材料的研究进展

生物模板法是一种融合了生命科学和材料科学而发展起来的制备纳米材料和纳米结构的新方法.自然进化形成的组织结构互不相同的各种生物体为模板的选择提供了丰富而廉价的素材,并且对研究结构与性能的关系有着重要意义.综述了近年来生物模板在纳米材料制备中的应用进展,并对此领域未来的发展进行了展望.     

空心球结构纳米材料制备新方法

目前,纳米材料的结构控制和性能研究已成为全球纳米技术的研究热点。发展具有结构可控和优异性能的纳米功能材料成为材料科学领域的首要任务之一。空心球纳米材料是一大类重要的纳米结构材料,其制备技术已日趋成熟并逐步实用化,在药物释放、气敏等领域具有很多重要的应用。然而,常规制备空心球纳米材料的技术,如模板法和Os-wald熟化生长等需要相对复杂的操作工艺,通用性不好,有一定的局限性。     

模板法及其在纳米材料制备领域的应用研究进展

纳米材料的量子尺寸效应、小尺寸效应、表面效应和宏观量子隧道效应使其展现出许多特有的性质,在电子、环境保护、生物医药等领域具有广阔的应用前景.模板法组装纳米材料是一种简单有效的途径.系统介绍了氧化铝、多孔硅、生物大分子、表面活性剂等6种常见模板的特点及制备机理,给出了各类方法制备纳米材料的最新进展,并展望了模板法制备纳米材料的前景.     

Biomorphic mineralization: From biology to materials

Since material properties are structure-dependent, new and interesting properties are expected from unusual or complex structures. Biomorphic mineralization is a technique that produces materials with morphologies and structures resembling those of nature living things, through employing bio-structures as templates for mineralization. The products, biomorphic materials, combine natural geometry with synthetic material chemistry. Fundamental information along with recent advances in biomorphic mineralization and biomorphic materials are provided in this review through discussions on the following aspects: biomorphic materials produced through synthesis or assembly using a range of templates including biomolecules, microorganisms, plants and animals; processing methods and mechanisms of biomorphic mineralization; properties and emerging applications of biomorphic materials in multiple areas including electronics, magnetics, photonics, biotech, sensing, and filtration. The potential of various natural structures for biomimicking to produce advanced materials will be also discussed. We conclude by making a prospect on biomorphic mineralization and biomorphic material, which is the product of close conversations between human and nature and the product of close co-operation between scientists from diverse fields.     

应用DNA模版自组装CdS纳米线

近年来,由于具有双螺旋补偿结构,DNA分子作为智能模版被广泛应用于设计棒状或管状类的纳米结构.本文报道了应用DNA双螺旋模版将CdS纳米粒子自组装为CdS纳米线.制备的CdS纳米线由几根纳米线紧密缠绕在一起,也呈螺旋形结构,该结构在无机材料中是很少见的.该结构形成的主要原因归功于CdS纳米粒子和DNA分子间的强烈静电互作用,由于含自由基的CdS纳米粒子带负电荷,而氨基的DNA核酸根带正电荷.研究结果表明应用DNA模版制备纳米线是一种简便、高效的技术和方法.同时,DNA模版法也为从底上制备纳米级的材料和物体提供了广阔的空间.     

Bioinspired design toward nanocellulose-based materials

Nature provides lots of inspiration for material and structural design for various applications. Deriving design principles from the investigation of nature can provide a rich source of inspiration for the development of multifunctional materials. The bioinspired design templates mainly include mussels, nacre, and various plant species. As a sustainable and renewable feedstock, nanocellulose can be used to fabricate advanced materials with multifunctional properties through bioinspired designs. However, challenges and opportunities remain for realizing the full potential in the design of novel materials. This article reviewed recent development in the bioinspired nanocellulose based materials and their application. This article summarizes the functions (e.g., surface wetting) and applications (e.g., composite) of bioinspired nanocellulose-based materials. The bioinspired design templates are discussed along with strategies, advantages, and challenges to the development of synthetic mimics. Additionally, mechanisms and processes (e.g., chemical modification, self-assembly) leading to biomimetic design are discussed. Finally, future research directions and opportunities of bioinspired nanocellulose-based materials are highlighted.     

仿生制备多孔ZrC/C复合陶瓷材料

以碳化后的梧桐木块作为碳模板,采用金属锆作为锆源,在KCl和KF的混合熔盐体系中制备了多孔ZrC/C复合陶瓷材料。研究了不同碳化温度对碳模板的显微形貌、显气孔率和体积密度的影响。并采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征了梧桐木的碳化过程以及复合材料的物相组成和显微形貌。结果表明:梧桐木的碳化分为有机物的热分解和石墨化两个过程;碳化后的梧桐木保留了多孔的特征结构,随着碳化温度的升高,碳模板显气孔率变大,体积密度减小;反应时间的延长有利于增强ZrC层与碳模板基体表面的结合力;KF的加入量需要严格控制,过量的KF会破坏复合材料的结构。     

Graphene Emerges as a Versatile Template for Materials Preparation

Graphene and its derivatives are emerging as a class of novel but versatile templates for the controlled preparation and functionalization of materials. In this paper a conceptual review on graphene‐based templates is given, highlighting their versatile roles in materials preparation. Graphene is capable of acting as a low‐dimensional hard template, where its two‐dimensional morphology directs the formation of novel nanostructures. Graphene oxide and other functionalized graphenes are amphiphilic and may be seen as soft templates for formatting the growth or inducing the controlled assembly of nanostructures. In addition, nanospaces in restacked graphene can be used for confining the growth of sheet‐like nanostructures, and assemblies of interlinked graphenes can behave either as skeletons for the formation of composite materials or as sacrificial templates for novel materials with a controlled network structure. In summary, flexible graphene and its derivatives together with an increasing number of assembled structures show great potentials as templates for materials production. Many challenges remain, for example precise structural control of such novel templates and the removal of the non‐functional remaining templates.     

Titania nanotube/hollow sphere hybrid material: Dual-template synthesis and photocatalytic property

Inspired by the complicated structure of natural substances, we designed and fabricated nanotube/hollow sphere hybrid structured functional anatase titania material. Cellulosic substance (commercial filter paper) was chosen as nanotube template while silica and polystyrene colloidal microspheres with different diameters were employed as hollow sphere templates. The ultrathin nature of titania layer enabled faithful replication of the nanoscopic structural details of both the template substances. The microsphere and cellulose templates were removed by calcination for polystyrene microsphere template case, and further alkali treatment was carried out to dissolve away the silica component for silica microsphere template case. The obtained anatase titania nanotubes were decorated with nanoscale titania hollow spheres with wall thickness of about 7.5 nm. The resulted hybrid materials exhibited similar but superior photocatalytic efficiency compared with simple titania nanotube structured materials due to the higher surface area endowed by the complex highly porous structure.     

多孔阳极氧化铝膜在纳米功能材料制备中的应用

纳米材料具有一系列不同于块体材料的新异特性，在许多领域都有着广阔应用前景。阳极氧化铝膜具有独特的多孔结构，可作为制备各种纳米功能材料的模板，因而在纳米功能材料制备中占有重要地位。本文综述了多孔阳极氧化铝模板的结构特征、制作方法及由模板合成法制备的多种纳米功能材料的研究与应用现状，并介绍了模板及纳米功能材料的常用表征手段。     

Biomimetic formation of crystalline bone-like apatite layers on spongy materials templated by bile salts aggregates

Since the trabecular bone exhibit sponge-like bicontinuity there is a growing interest in the synthesis of spongy-like sieves for the construction of bio-active implantable materials. Here, we propose a one step sol–gel method for the synthesis of bicontinuous pore silica materials using different bile salts aqueous mixtures as templates. The influences of the type and amount of bile salt on the synthesis processes are investigated and correlated with the final material morphology. As a final point, their structural properties are interrelated with their ability to induce a bone-like apatite layer in contact with simulated body fluid (SBF). We have confirmed that under specific template conditions, the synthesized material has an open bio-active macropore structure that is blanched in a 3D-disordered sponge-like network similar than those existed in trabecular bone.     

介孔材料SBA-15/环氧树脂复合材料的制备和固化动力学

通过溶胶-凝胶方法合成并接枝修饰介孔材料SBA-15,再通过热分析方法研究了介孔材料SBA-15和环氧树脂复合材料的固化动力学。主要对环氧树脂体系的固化过程和介孔材料(SBA-15)表面羟基和甲基对该固化过程的影响进行研究。结果表明,SBA-15对环氧树脂固化的催化作用主要表现在两个方面:一方面是表面羟基基团催化作用,另一方面是其空间限制的较微弱催化作用。从固化动力学角度来说,低分子量液体双酚A型环氧树脂(DGEBA)和二乙基甲苯二胺(DETDA 80)体系和SBA15-CH3的体系都能很好地符合Kamal自催化动力学模型,在加入SBA15-OH体系使固化初始阶段醚化反应强烈,不能符合Kamal模型。     

Silica-precipitating peptides isolated from a combinatorial phage display peptide library

Many biological organisms contain specialized structures composed of inorganic materials. Cellular processes in vivo facilitate the organized assembly of mineral building blocks into complex structures. The structural hierarchy and complexity across a range of length scales are providing new ideas and concepts for materials chemistry. Proteins that direct biomineralization can be used to control the production of nanostructured materials and facilitate the fabrication of new structures. Here, we demonstrate that some of the silica-binding peptides isolated from a combinatorial phage peptide display library can be used in precipitating silica from a solution of silicic acid. The results described in this report demonstrate that peptides displayed by phages act as templates in inorganic material synthesis and provide a means of understanding how some of the biological systems may be carrying out materials chemistry in vivo.