液态金属钠在圆管中湍流传热特性研究

采用高Re k-ε模型与壁面函数法对液态金属钠在圆管中湍流传热特性进行数值计算,并与文献实验结果进行了比较,计算值与实验结果符合较好。同时应用该方法研究了湍流程度和加热条件对液态钠传热特性的影响。结果表明：湍流程度对传热的影响主要集中在流道前半段,后半段分子扩散对传热的影响逐渐凸现出来,使不同湍流程度流体传热特性的区别逐渐缩小。初始温度与热流密度对传热特性无明显影响。     

液态金属钠在圆管内传热特性数值模拟研究

为研究液态金属钠在不锈钢材料表面流动时的湍流传热特性,在已有实验研究的基础上,提出了k-ε模型下的湍流普朗特数Pr_t模型,并使用Fluent程序对圆管内的液态金属钠在不锈钢材料表面流动时的传热特性进行了计算。理论设计值与已有实验结果进行对比,二者符合较好。根据本文提出的Pr_t模型,可较为精确地计算液态金属钠在不锈钢材料表面流动时的传热特性。     

液态金属钠在圆管内传热特性数值模拟研究

为研究液态金属钠在不锈钢材料表面流动时的湍流传热特性,在已有实验研究的基础上,提出了k-ε模型下的湍流普朗特数Pr_t模型,并使用Fluent程序对圆管内的液态金属钠在不锈钢材料表面流动时的传热特性进行了计算。理论设计值与已有实验结果进行对比,二者符合较好。根据本文提出的Pr_t模型,可较为精确地计算液态金属钠在不锈钢材料表面流动时的传热特性。     

液态金属钠沸腾两相流动传热特性理论研究

在实验的基础上对液态金属钠沸腾两相流动传热特性进行理论研究。计算对象为环形流道。单相流动区域认为液态金属钠不可压缩;两相流动区域考虑钠蒸汽的可压缩性。两相流动区域选用均匀流模型,求解过程中采用迎风格式进行积分。将模型计算结果与相关实验数据进行对比,结果表明本文模型可用于计算液态金属钠沸腾两相流动传热特性,模型计算结果在一定程度上能完成对实验工作的拓展。     

环形通道内液态金属钠流动传热特性数值模拟

利用数值方法，使用商用软件ANSYS CFX，针对内径4~10 mm、外径7~20 mm的环形通道内不同边界条件下单相钠的流动和传热特性进行了研究，分析了流速、入口温度、内壁面热流密度和外壁面热流密度等对其流动传热的影响。结果表明，环形通道间隙对液态金属钠流动和传热影响较大，热流密度对其影响较小。将计算结果与文献中理论和实验结果进行了比较和分析，得出环形通道内液态金属钠的传热关系式。数值模拟结果与文献实验结果吻合较好，总体趋势符合良好。      

基于四方程模型的LBE环管湍流换热数值研究

为计算液态铅铋（LBE）在环管内不同加热环境下的湍流换热,基于开源计算流体力学程序OpenFOAM开发了四方程模型求解器4eqnFoam。将LBE在平板和圆管内的预测结果与直接数值模拟结果和实验结果进行对比,验证了求解器的有效性。基于该求解器,分别计算了LBE在外壁绝热内壁加热以及内外壁面等热流加热环管内不同雷诺数下的湍流换热量。结果表明：随着雷诺数的增加,两种加热条件下的无量纲温度脉动、雷诺热流、湍流热扩散作用增大,而平均湍流普朗特数减小;当雷诺数增加到一定程度时,平均湍流普朗特数变化不明显。基于4eqnFoam求解器,可为计算LBE热工水力现象提供更多参考。     

环形通道内液态金属钠流动换热特性实验研究

对液态金属钠在环形通道内的单相流动换热特性进行了实验研究。结合实验数据,将液态金属钠单相流动分为层流区(Re≤2 000)、过渡区(2 000Re≤4 000)及湍流区(Re4 000),分别拟合得到不同流态下摩擦系数的计算关系式,并拟合得到液态金属钠环形通道内换热特性的相应关系式。结果表明:液态金属钠单相流动特性与常规流体(如水)类似,其层流区摩擦系数略大于水,湍流区与水的很接近。液态金属钠对流换热过程中,导热项占较大份额,同时Nu随Pe的增大而略有增大。     

液态铅铋合金管内流动传热特性研究

为研究液态铅铋合金的流动传热特性,建立了相应的实验台架,并开展了传热特性试验,获得了1组针对液态铅铋合金的传热关系式。同时使用Fluent程序对圆管内铅铋合金的流动换热进行了模拟计算,以研究不同湍流普朗特数模型和不同湍流模型的选取对计算结果的影响。根据计算结果,探讨了不同湍流普朗特数模型对计算结果的影响,并得到了不同Peclet数下推荐使用的物理模型。     

液态金属钠在圆管和环管内流动时放热问题的数值解

液态金属因导热系数很高,与普通流体相比,其传热规律独特。特别是由于湍流放热机理复杂,纯理论研究不能或难于给出精确解析解,但是借助数值计算法则可得到满意的结果。本文中广泛比较了影响 Nu 值的各种因素的关系式,验证了它们的适用性,而且用数值法研究了等热流边界条件下液态金属圆管和环管放热问题,所得结果与实验及他人理论计算结果符合得较好。     

环形通道内液态金属钠沸腾两相传热特性实验研究

对环形通道内液态金属钠沸腾两相流动特性进行了实验研究。实验中,系统压力为3.6~110.0kPa,热流密度为11~600kW·m~(-2),流速为0.02~0.45m·s~(-1)。实验结果表明,液态金属钠沸腾传热系数与壁面热流密度和系统压力有强烈关系,而与入口过冷度和质量流速无关。在本文实验数据基础上,拟合得到了计算液态金属钠沸腾两相传热系数的关系式,通过与各组实验数据间的比较,证明本文关系式适用于计算环形通道内液态金属钠沸腾两相传热系数。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.     

微型X射线管空气比释动能和能谱的测量

为研究微型X射线管的特性,通过电离室测量光管出射口30 cm远处的空气比释动能,使用高纯锗探测器分别测量了Ag过滤和Cu过滤下的X射线能谱。结果表明,空气比释动能随电流的增加有线性增加的趋势,能谱图明显的观察到银的两个特征X射线。完成了微型X射线管空气比释动能和能谱的测量方法以及实验测量的工作,为微型x射线管下辐射质的建立提够了条件基础。     

Gamma-ray attenuation technique for measuring void fraction in horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow

The measurement of void fraction is of importance to the oil industry and chemical industry. In this article, the principle and mathematical method of determining the void fraction of horizontal gas-liquid flow by using a single-energy γ-ray system is described. The γ-ray source is the radioactive isotope of 241Am with γ-ray energy of 59.5 keV. The time-averaged value of the void fraction in a 50.0-mm i.d. transparent horizontal pipeline is measured under various combinations of the liquid flow and gas flow. It is found that increasing the gas flow rate at a fixed liquid flow rate would increase the void fraction. Test data are compared with the predictions of the correlations and a good agreement is found. The result shows that the designed γ-ray system can be used for measuring the void fraction in a horizontal gas-liquid two-phase flow with high accuracy.