全馏分催化汽油加氢脱硫工艺的标定与运行分析

中海油惠州炼化为了满足全厂汽油升级至国Ⅳ、Ⅴ标准的要求,新建一套50万吨/年催化汽油加氢脱硫装置。该装置采用全馏分催化汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术（CDOS-FRCN）,催化剂采用海顺德公司的催化剂专利技术。装置标定情况说明,催化汽油经全馏分加氢精制后,加氢精制汽油硫质量分数达到11 μg/g,硫醇硫质量分数达到10 μg/g,汽油辛烷值损失小于1.5个单位。二反入口温度对脱硫效果和辛烷值损失有很大影响,温度越高,则脱硫率越高,但辛烷值损失偏大。CDOS-FRCN技术能够有效降低汽油硫含量,减少辛烷值损失,可为炼油厂生产硫含量小于50 μg/g甚至10 μg/g的清洁汽油提供经济、灵活的技术方案。     

催化汽油加氢脱硫装置运行技术分析

中海油惠州炼化分公司新建一套50万吨／年全馏分催化汽油加氢脱硫装置（CDOS．FRCN）,以满足公司汽油升级至国Ⅳ、V标准的要求。装置运行表明,惠炼催化汽油经CDOS-FRCN处理后,汽油产品硫含量降至50ppm和10ppm时,RoN损失分别为0．25和1．4。CDOS-FRCN技术具有流程简单、投资省、能耗低的特点,可为炼油厂汽油质量升级提供经济适用、脱硫灵活的技术方案。     

CDOS-FRCN Ⅱ工艺在50万t汽油加氢装置中的应用

介绍了新建50万t/a汽油加氢装置采用第二代全馏分选择性加氢脱硫工艺技术(CDOS-FRCNⅡ工艺技术)的首次开车运行情况。CDOS-FRCNⅡ工艺技术工艺流程简单,省去了催化汽油轻重馏分切割(LCN/HCN)过程,且投资省、耗能低、操作方便灵活。该技术配套选择加氢催化剂HDDO-100、选择加氢脱硫催化剂HDOS-200、选择加氢脱硫醇催化剂HDMS-100及相配套的HCP-100、HCP-200、HCP-300系列保护剂。运行结果表明,该技术满足了生产产品硫≤10μg/g,烯烃体积分数≤24%,RON≥93国Ⅴ汽油的技术要求。     

全馏分催化汽油选择性加氢脱硫装置的工艺设计

中海油惠州炼化分公司(下简称惠炼)新建的50万t/a催化汽油加氢脱硫装置,采用惠炼与北京海顺德钛催化剂有限公司(下简称海顺德)合作开发的全馏分催化汽油选择性加氢脱硫工艺(CDOS-FRCN)技术。该技术催化汽油馏分不需要切割,具有设备投资少、能耗低、脱硫选择性高及辛烷值损失小的特点。尤其适用于处理惠炼催化裂化汽油,在原料硫含量不大于450μg/g的情况下,能够生产硫含量不大于20μg/g的低硫汽油,而且辛烷值损失1.5个单位。     

MIP汽油生产硫含量≯50 μg/g汽油研究及工业应用

研究了MIP(Maximizing Iso-Paraffins,最大化多产异构烷烃FCC工艺)汽油与FCC汽油的性质特点,比较了抚顺石油化工研究院开发的OCT-M催化汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术将MIP汽油与FCC汽油硫含量降低到≯50 μg/g情况下(欧IV标准)其辛烷值损失情况.工业应用标定结果表明,OCT-M技术将MIP汽油硫含量由417～710 μg/g降低到24～28 μg/g,RON损失1.6～1.8个单位,表明OCT-M技术可为我国炼厂生产欧IV标准清洁汽油提供经济、灵活的技术方案.     

催化汽油选择性加氢脱硫技术在华北石化装置的工业应用

介绍了催化汽油选择性加氢脱硫(CDOS)技术在华北石化分公司汽油加氢脱硫装置上的运行情况。工业应用结果表明,采用CDOS技术可将FCC汽油硫含量由568μg/g降至42μg/g,硫醇硫含量由58μg/g降至7μg/g,相应的RON损失只有1.2个单位。CDOS技术可为炼油厂生产硫含量小于50μg/g的清洁汽油提供经济、灵活的技术方案。     

OCT-M技术生产清洁汽油的工业应用

石家庄炼油化工股份有限公司60万t/a OCT-M FCC汽油选择性加氢脱硫装置2005年3月首次开工,开工初期硫醇偏高,辛烷值损失较多.根据抚顺石油化工研究院的建议,优化了OCT-M装置的催化剂装填方案和操作工艺条件.2005年11月,在装置累计运转6个月之后,对OCT-M装置进行了满负荷标定,标定结果表明硫含量由606～676 μg/g降低到114～180 μg/g,RON损失0.4～0.6个单位.2006年11月,在装置累计运转17个月之后,对OCT-M装置又进行了一次标定,标定结果表明MIP汽油硫含量由417～442 μg/g降低到24～53 μg/g,RON损失0.7～1.8个单位,标定结果表明OCT-M技术可为我国炼厂生产硫含量≯150 μg/g)和硫含量≯50 μg/g的清洁汽油提供经济、灵活的技术方案.     

DSO-FCC汽油加氢脱硫技术开发与应用

介绍了玉门炼油厂320 kt/a催化裂化汽油加氢脱硫装置,首次采用了中国石油石油化工研究院开发研究的DSO-FCC汽油加氢脱硫技术。结果表明:加氢后重汽油硫含量随原料硫含量波动,原料平均硫含量从451μg/g降到166μg/g,脱硫率为63.2%,RON平均损失0.35个单位,在大幅度降低硫含量的同时辛烷值损失较小,能够保证国Ⅲ清洁汽油的出厂。     

CDOS催化裂化汽油选择加氢脱硫技术的首次工业应用

介绍了CDOS技术在中国石油华北石化分公司汽油加氧脱硫装置上开工情况及运行结果.工业应用标定结果表明,采用CDOS技术可将FCC汽油硫含量由541～600μg/g降至41～49μg/g,硫醇硫含量降至不大于10μg/g,辛烷值(RON)损失1.0-1.4个单位,CDOS技术可为炼油厂生产硫含量小于50μg/g的清洁汽油提供经济、灵活的技术方案.     

凹凸棒黏土脱硫剂脱除RFCC汽油中的硫醇和硫醚

引言汽油中的硫化物燃烧生成的SOx是汽车尾气中的主要污染物之一,世界各国为此严格限制燃料油中硫含量,欧美等国家对汽、柴油的硫含量分别限制在30μg.g-1以下和50μg.g-1左右,国内汽油硫含量标准控制在150μg.g-1[1]。目前,脱硫技术主要有加氢脱硫和非加氢脱硫。加氢脱硫(HDS)[2]是从各种馏出物中脱除硫的有效技术,     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。