摇摆对水平管内气液两相流流型的影响

本文对水平放置在摇摆台架,随台架做偏离水平位置的左右往复运动的管内空气-水两相流流型进行了实验研究.实验发现,低流速时,摇摆状态下水平管内流动变得很小稳定,流型发生周期性的改变:当水平管处于倾斜向上或倾斜向下状态时,管内流型分别有些近似于非摇摆的稳态倾斜上升或倾斜下降管内流型,并且流型转变要经历一个发展的过程,发展快慢与气相和液相流速大小有关;而在高液相或高气相流速时,摇摆状态下与非摇摆稳定状态下的两相流流型相近,主要有泡状流、间歇流(弹状流和准弹流)和环状流.根据可视观察以及气液界面在一个摇摆周期内的整体特征和部分时间段的局部特征,定义了不同流动条件下气液两相流的流型,给出了摇摆状态下水平管内气液两相流流型图.     

摇摆状态下水平管内气-水两相流流型的判定方法

对摇摆状态下水平管内气-水两相流流型进行了实验研究.实验发现,摇摆状态下两相流的压差波动有明显的周期性.本文根据各流型压差波动的差异判断摇摆状态下水平管内气-水两相流的流型.结果表明:通过与可视化观察和高速摄影观察的流型相比,利用压差特性曲线可以很好地判断摇摆状态下气-水两相流的流动型式.     

管内向下气液两相流动界面参数分布特性

借助双探头光纤探针测量方法,对管内竖直向下空气-水两相流动的界面参数局部分布特性进行了实验研究。实验段采用内径50 mm、长度2 000 mm的圆管,气液两相表观速度范围分别为0.004～0.077 m/s和0.43～0.71 m/s。实验结果表明,不同于竖直向上两相流动中局部界面参数径向分布呈现的“壁峰”或“核峰”型分布,向下流动中局部界面参数径向分布呈“壁峰”或“宽峰”型分布;向下流动时空泡份额截面平均值均比向上流动时大119.6%～145.0%,界面面积浓度截面平均值比向上流动时大18.8%～82.5%;向下流动时界面参数分布表现出明显的均匀化趋势。     

摇摆对过冷沸腾相分布特性的影响机理分析

采用双探头光学探针测量了摇摆条件下圆管内过冷沸腾局部空泡份额、界面面积浓度及汽泡尺寸等局部相界面参数径向分布特性,根据实验及计算结果,从汽液相界面作用力角度对摇摆运动条件下过冷沸腾相分布机理进行了分析。结果表明：摇摆条件下,浮力径向分量、升力、湍流分散力和壁面润滑力量级约为10³ N/m³,附加惯性力与其余诸力相比小2～3个量级。因此摇摆条件下过冷沸腾相分布特性主要取决于周期性波动的升力、湍流分散力、壁面润滑力及浮力径向分量之间的平衡关系。     

振动幅度对两相流局部参数变化影响研究

为研究实验段振动对管内两相流局部参数变化的影响,利用电导探针技术对振动状态下局部两相流特性参数包括空泡份额、气泡直径和界面浓度进行了测量。实验首先在静态工况下进行,通过固定在实验段上方的偏心轮转动获得振动工况。实验段振动周期保持在0.5 s,偏心轮提供的振动幅度分别为4.8 mm、9.5mm和15.8 mm。实验结果表明,振动对环管内气-水两相流局部时均参数分布影响很小。但振动引起的附加惯性力作用使两相流局部参数径向分布在实验段振动周期中发生明显变化,而且局部参数的变化幅度随实验段振幅的增加而显著增大。在含气率较低的流动工况,当振幅增大到15.9 mm时振动工况下径向空泡份额峰值较静态工况下的空泡份额峰值的增量可以达到70%。但振动对局部流动参数的影响随气流量增大而降低。     

双探针测量气液界面密度的研究

推广了原有气液两用流局部界面密度双探针方法测量模型，使这一模型不仅可用于球形界面，而且可用于各种长、短轴半径之比的椭圆形扁球体界面型式的气液分散流动。基于改进的测量模型，应用光导纤维双探针技术测量了垂直圆管内气液两相泡状流的界面密度。测量结果与照相方法所测结果符合良好。     

摇摆状态下水平管内气-水两相流的流型研究

摇摆产生的惯性力以及水平管路发生向上和向下倾斜,会使管道内两相流的流动型式发生变化.本文对直径25mm管内气-水两相流在摇摆周期为15s、摇摆角度为10°状态下的流型进行了实验,研究了气-水两相流在摇摆状态下的流动型式,并给出了流型图.实验结果表明,在一些气-水流量区域,两相流体在一个摇摆周期内存在两种流动型式.     

摇摆运动对窄通道内汽液界面参数的影响

对摇摆运动下矩形窄通道内的过冷沸腾流动进行实验研究,通过数字图像处理技术计算出空泡份额和界面面积浓度等界面参数的变化规律,并分析影响界面参数波动的主要因素。实验结果表明,矩形窄通道内汽液界面参数受摇摆运动影响产生周期性波动,且波动周期与摇摆运动周期相同。摇摆运动下空泡份额和界面面积浓度的波动主要受汽泡等效直径变化的影响。     

摇摆运动对强迫循环沸腾流动特性的影响

对摇摆状态下的强迫循环沸腾流动特性进行实验研究。研究结果表明,当出口含气率达到一定值后,由于摇摆状态下的实验系统空间位置发生变化导致回路局部出现周期性的汽泡雍塞,诱发两相质量流速出现类似流动不稳定性的波动。流动的稳定边界主要受质量流速、入口压力、入口过冷度、摇摆角度及摇摆周期的影响。随着质量流速增大,摇摆参数的影响逐渐减小;系统压力、入口过冷度及质量流速越大,系统越稳定。     

竖直圆管内泡状流界面参数分布特性

采用双头光纤探针对内径为50 mm竖直圆管内空气-水两相泡状流界面参数径向分布特性进行了实验研究。气液两相表观速度变化范围分别为0.004～0.05 m/s和0.071～0.283 m/s。结果表明,竖直管内向上泡状流局部界面面积浓度（IAC）、空泡份额及气泡频率径向分布相类似,即气相流速较低时管道中间很大范围内以上3个局部界面参数几乎恒定,近壁区迅速下降到较低值;随气相流速的增加,局部界面参数在管道中心出现峰值。本实验中气泡聚合与破碎现象较少发生,索特平均直径沿径向近似均匀分布,且随气液两相流速变化很小。通过气泡横向受力解释了局部界面参数分布的影响机理。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

The control system for SSRF injection and extraction

This paper introduces the injection and extraction control system design for SSRF,which is a distributed control system aimed at stability and reliability of the pulse power supplies,PPS(Personnel Protection System)and MPS(Machine Protection System).The hardware environment is mainly based on PLC(Programmable Logic Con- troller),and ARM(Advanced RISC Machine)is also applied for studying stability of the power supplies.WinCC and EPICS(Experimental Physics and Industrial Control System)have been selected as the platforms of SCADA(Super- visory Control and Data Acquisition).For unifying the interfacing to the control computer,all front-end equipments are connected via Industrial Ethemet.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

Investigations on landmine detection by BF3 detector

Experiments were carried out to investigate the possible use of neutron backscattering for the detection of polyethylene (PE) sample buried in the soil. In detection of landmine by neutrons, the neutron detector and its shield play an important role. In this paper, the effects of graphite, heavy water, polyethylene and boric acid moderators on the flux of back scattered neutrons were investigated. We have also experimentally verified the effect of BF3 detector shield and obtained good agreement with theory.     

Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Assessment of radioactivity levels in some oil samples from the western desert, Egypt

Distributions of natural gamma-emitting radionuclides were determined in 93 oil samples collected from some petroleum fields in the western desert of Egypt. The radioisotope activities in the area under investigation lay in the range of (21 ± 4) to (38 ± 13) Bq?L-1 for 226Ra, (9 ± 2) to (15 ± 5) Bq?L-1 for 232Th, and (154 ± 28) to (303 ± 54) Bq?L-1 for 40K. The mean values were 27, 12, and 201 Bq?L-1, respectively. Among oils, variations in radionuclide ac- tivities could be on account of differences in TDS, HCO3, and Ba, with high or low pH. In this environment, oil prop- erties differently affected the mobilization of natural radionuclides. The range of 226Ra variation had been compared with available data from other countries. The calculated absorbed dose rate ranged from 22.33 to 32.66 nGy?h-1 in lo- cation (B) and (E) respectively, which was less than the accepted value.     

Preparation and properties of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP in in-vitro and in small animals

In this work,TTHMP was synthesized and labelled with 117m Sn.The preparation conditions,stability and lipophilicity of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP were investigated.Biodistribution of the complex in rabbits and mice was studied.It was found that the quantity of TTHMP and pH value of the prepararion solution had vital effects on the labeling yield of 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP.It was also found that 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP was hydrophilic and stable at room temperature and 37℃ in open air 117m Sn(IV)-TTHMP showed unexpectedly high bone uptake and bone-to-blood ratio in the animals.This made it potentially useful as an reagent for skeletal scintigraphy and radiotherapy of bone tumors.     

The role of AGFA high-energy CR in the calibration and quality control of multileaf collimators （MLC）

Linear accelerators equipped with multileaf collimators （MLC） are becoming more common and are widely used in the intensity-modulated radiotherapy （IMRT）. There is an imperative need to ensure the commissioning specification of the linear accelerators for the sake of quality assurance （QA） and quality control （QC）. This paper is aimed to investigate the role of AGFA high-energy CR （Computed Radiography） in calibrating dynamic multileaf collimators and evaluating the accuracy of the leaf position. The result shows that AGFA high-energy CR can easily and conveniently be used to calibrate MLC and verify its position. Hence, the application of AGFA high-energy CR is proved to be an accurate and time-saving method for routine MLC QC, especially when MLC calibration adjustments are required.