跳时序列调制超宽带正交Hermite脉冲串雷达信号分析

超宽带正交Hermite脉冲是一类非常适合表征超宽带(UWB)穿墙探测雷达工作波形的脉冲,具有设计灵活、频谱利用率高、实现简单、波形存在解析表示方便理论分析等特点。该文从定义出发推导了跳时调制超宽带(TM-UWB)Hermite脉冲串波形的模糊函数解析表达式,仿真分析了模糊特性与跳时序列的自相关特性、序列周期以及与Hermite脉冲平均重复时间间隔,脉冲的阶数和时间尺度因子的关系,并探讨了在穿墙探测环境下该波形作用的旁瓣抑制和杂波抑制等关键技术。     

Finite-Difference Time-Domain Analysis of Electromagnetic Modes Inside Printed Coupled Lines and Quantification of Crosstalk

Detailed analysis of mode structures inside coupled microstrip lines and their correlation with crosstalk between traces has been performed. The use of finite-difference time-domain and singular value decomposition methods for modal identification followed by cross correlation for crosstalk prediction is demonstrated in this paper. The combination of these methods is robust, versatile, and ideal for pulsed applications in an inhomogeneous, anisotropic multilayer substrate with complex 3-D structures. Moreover, all possible modes are extracted in a single analysis. This novel approach provides a quantitative measurement of crosstalk by establishing correlation between modes evolving inside the source line and the field waveforms coupled with the victim line. The effects of line topology, material properties, and pulse characteristics are examined. At the near end, transverse electromagnetic mode of the source line dictates coupling; however, as the pulse advances, the higher order transverse magnetic mode dominates and exhibits significant contribution to the evolution of the waveform coupled with the victim line at the far end, which is confirmed by cross correlation. This paper has physical significance in devising systems for suppressing unwanted modes responsible for crosstalk and radiation leakage due to fast pulses.      

Generation of Power-Efficient FCC-Compliant UWB Waveforms Using FBGs: Analysis and Experiment

In this paper, we design, analyze, and demonstrate experimentally U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC)- compliant power-efficient ultrawideband (UWB) waveforms generated by optical pulse shaping. The time-domain pulse shape is written in the frequency domain, and a single-mode fiber performs the frequency-to-time conversion. The waveform is inscribed in the frequency domain by the fiber Bragg grating (FBG). A significant challenge for this approach is elimination of an unwanted, positive rectangular pulse superimposed on the desired waveform. Our innovative use of balanced photodetection eliminates this pedestal, assuring compliance with the FCC mask at low frequency. Three UWB pulses with duration of 0.3,0.6, and 1.2 ns are designed and tested experimentally. Whereas an excellent match between the optimized and measured pulses is achieved for the simpler, shorter duration waveforms, the noise in the fabrication process of FBGs limits the generation of the more complex, longer duration waveforms.     

Performance Evaluation of UWB Systems Exploiting Orthonormal Pulses

The novel pulses, which not only meet the power spectral mask of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) but also preserve orthonormality at the correlation receiver, have been proposed by Kim for high data rate communications in indoor ultra-wideband (UWB) systems. The proposed multiple orthonormal pulses comply with the FCC spectral mask without additional frequency shifting or bandpass filters, and furthermore, provide enhanced bit-error rate (BER) performance, compared with a well-known Gaussian monocycle and modified Hermite pulses. This paper analyzes the impact of the proposed pulses' properties, such as their auto- and cross-correlations, on the correlation receiver of the UWB system based on the pulse position modulation. The performance of the proposed pulses are compared with different waveforms under various conditions, such as multipath fading, timing mismatch, and multiuser interference. We also discuss a modulation scheme using the multiple orthogonal pulses to achieve the enhancement of data rate and the impact of the correlation characteristics of the proposed waveforms on the BER performance. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed orthonormal pulses in various conditions, comparing with different waveforms     

基于Hermite函数设计UWB脉冲的算法

由于UWB信号占据的带宽极宽,不可避免地重叠在现有窄带无线通信系统的频段上。为了不干扰其他窄带通信系统,UWB脉冲不仅应具有平坦的频谱且无直流分量,而且其频谱形状也必须满足相应的频谱规划,因此设计满足频谱要求的脉冲是UWB通信系统中一个至关重要的问题。研究了Hermite脉冲的特征,依据其特征提出设计UWB脉冲的算法,用这些脉冲可以构造一个M-ary通信系统。     

A Pulsed Neural Network With On-Chip Learning and Its Practical Applications

This paper proposes a new model for the pulsed neural network. In this model, the information is coded in terms of firing times of pulses that are generated by the neuron. The pulses transmit through the network and excite the dynamics of the neuron. Their synchronism is utilized to design the architecture of the neural network such that it acts as a radial basis function (RBF) network. A new network-learning algorithm is also developed for this pulsed RBF network. The RBF neurons are generated based on the feature of the training data, and the synaptic delays can be adjusted to distribute these RBF neurons in the training data space. The pulse neural network has been implemented compactly with multiplierless approach for both the forward computation and learning algorithm with a field programmable gate array board. As an application demonstration, it is extended to a nonlinear look-up table and applied to estimate the friction occurs in a precision linear stage     

2 μm noise-like mode-locked fiber laser based on nonlinear optical loop mirror

We report a Tm-doped noise-like mode-locked (NLML) pulsed fiber laser with a compact linear cavity which consists of dual nonlinear optical loop mirrors (NOLMs). The design of dual-NOLM shows both exceptional compactness in construction and distinct flexibility. In this laser, mode-locking can be realized through the nonlinear optical loop mirror technique. Stable noise-like mode-locked pulses with spectral bandwidth of 29.18 nm and pulse energy of 46 nJ are generated at a central wavelength of 1 999.7 nm. Our results indicate that such a simple and inexpensive structure can pave the way for the development of generating supercontinuum with desirable performance.     

A Novel UWB Pulse Shape Modulation System

In this paper novel modified Hermite polynomial functions for use in impulse radio (ultra-wideband) communications are proposed. With these functions pulse shapes which are orthogonal and have nearly constant pulse width regardless of the pulse order are generated. These properties hold under the effects of differentiation. An M-ary communication system is constructed using these pulse shapes. A Matlab model for generating the pulses is designed and the effect of timing jitter on the performance of the system is investigated by computer simulation.     

Photonic synthesis of broadband microwave arbitrary waveforms applicable to ultra-wideband communication

We demonstrate photonic synthesis of broadband radio-frequency (RF) waveforms suitable for ultra-wide bandwidth (UWB) systems via open-loop reflection-mode dispersive Fourier transform optical pulse shaping. Using this technique, we synthesize broadband burst, monocycle and pulsed waveforms with RF bandwidths ranging from /spl sim/1-8 GHz. Through appropriate optical waveform design, we demonstrate direct control over the shape of the RF spectrum - a capability that enables us to tailor our RF waveforms to conform to the low-power UWB spectral criteria.     

Passive Nonlinear Pulse Shaping in Normally Dispersive Fiber Systems

We propose a novel approach to characterize the parabolically-shaped pulses that can be generated from more conventional pulses via nonlinear propagation in cascaded sections of commercially available normally dispersive (ND) fibers. The impact of the initial pulse chirp on the passive pulse reshaping is examined. We furthermore demonstrate that the combination of pulse pre-chirping and propagation in a single ND fiber yields a simple, passive method for generating various temporal waveforms of practical interest.      

Graphene Actively Mode‐Locked Lasers

Actively mode‐locked lasers offer varying degrees of flexibility for a wider range of applications than their passively modulated counterparts, due to their capability for electrically controlled ultrahigh repetition rate operation. Graphene based electrooptic modulators with unique advantages of broad operation bandwidth and ultrafast speed are suitable for light modulation in various optoelectronic applications. Here, an actively mode‐locked laser with a graphene based electrooptic modulator is reported for the first time. The active mode‐locking technique combined together with the intracavity nonlinear pulse shortening effect allows the generation of transform‐limited 1.44 ps pulses with pulse energy of 844 pJ. The electrically controlled repetition rate of generated pulses, a key performance advantage of active mode‐locking, is also demonstrated. These results provide a practical and effective approach for actively mode‐locked lasers with broad operation bandwidth and compact footprint, which contributes a new way for applications of two‐dimensional (2D) layered materials in ultrafast lasers.     

Design of orthogonal pulse shapes for communications viasemidefinite programming

In digital communications, orthogonal pulse shapes are often used to represent message symbols for transmission through a channel. In this paper, the design of such pulse shapes is formulated as a convex semidefinite programming problem, from which a globally optimal pulse shape can be efficiently found. The formulation is used to design filters that achieve (a) the minimal bandwidth for a given filter length; (b) the minimal filter length for a given bandwidth; (c) the maximal robustness to timing error for a given bandwidth and filter length. Bandwidth is measured either in spectral energy concentration terms or with respect to a spectral mask. The effectiveness of the method is demonstrated by the design of waveforms with substantially improved performance over the “chip” waveforms specified in standards for digital mobile telecommunications     

All-Optical Ultrawideband Monocycle Generation Using Quadratic Nonlinear Interaction Seeded by Dark Pulses

We propose and demonstrate a new approach to all-optical generation of ultrawideband (UWB) monocycle pulses using the quadratic nonlinear interaction seeded by dark pulses in a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) waveguide. When feeding two dark optical pulses with proper relative time delay to participate in the sum-frequency generation (SFG) in a PPLN, the parametric depletion effect accomplishes the tailoring of the dark pulse to be a UWB monocycle pulse at a single wavelength. Pairs of polarity-inverted UWB monocycle pulses are generated in the experiment with the central wavelength, 10-dB bandwidth, and fractional bandwidth conforming to the UWB definition by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC, part 15).      

Coherent pulsed injection seeding of two gain-switchedsemiconductor lasers

High-power, narrow-spectrum, short pulses at a wavelength near 830 nm are needed for optical logic applications. The authors report the generation of two coherent trains of pulses by pulsed injection seeding of two gain-switched semiconductor lasers with one mode-locked master oscillator. The available power was doubled and both lasers emit in nearly identical spectral lines. Short pulses (30-50 ps) are generated at a repetition rate of 1.9 GHz. The spectrum is reduced to a single mode cluster and shows a 1.7 Å wide chirp suitable for pulse compression. The peak power is 0.1 W for each pulse train. The capability of this technique for coherent power combining is demonstrated     

Exact, closed-form expressions for transient fields inhomogeneously filled waveguides

It is well known that transient electromagnetic waves in waveguides exhibit dispersion. Exact, closed-form expressions, which involve Bessel functions of the first kind, have been derived for the impulse response of a waveguide, but exact, closed-form expressions for more complex pulses are absent from the literature. In this paper, it is demonstrated that incomplete Lipschitz-Hankel integrals can be used to represent transient pulses in homogeneously filled waveguides. A continuous wave pulse is investigated in this paper, however, this technique can also be applied to a number of other transient waveforms. The resulting expressions are verified by numerically integrating the pulse distribution multiplied by the known impulse response     

Impulsive noise measurements and characterization in a UHF digitalTV channel

This paper presents the results of a study covering measurement and characterization of the wide-band impulsive noise present in a digital TV radio channel. Measurements were conducted at a frequency of 762 MHz in different outdoor and indoor environments using vertical and horizontal polarization. The measurement system was built on commercial equipment only. The calibration process, which is an important stage of this kind of measurements, is described. To analyze the measurements the impulsive noise has been modeled as a pulse train where the pulse amplitude, pulse duration and elapsed time between pulses are considered random variables. It has been found that the pulse duration and elapsed time between pulses is not dependent on the antenna polarization while the pulse amplitude is, especially in the case of the noise generated by a fluorescent lamp. It has also been found that the pulse duration of the noise measured in the outdoor environments presents some clustering features and is correlated with the pulse amplitudes. This correlation may be caused by a RF noise bandwidth that is larger than the bandwidth of the measurement system. The noise in busy streets presents larger pulse durations, larger amplitude, and shorter elapsed time between pulses that the noise measured in a pedestrian area. Several statistical tests have been done to find the distribution function that best fits these random variables. Power Rayleigh, lognormal, exponential, Poisson, and Gamma distributions have been tested. According to the assessment carried out, none of the distribution functions is adequate to model the pulse amplitudes or the elapsed time between pulses, while the pulse duration seems to be Gamma distributed     

Parametric construction of Nyquist-I pulses

A novel parametric approach for constructing families of intersymbol-interference (ISI)-free pulses is presented and examined. Some new pulses so constructed have smaller maximum distortion, a more open receiver eye, and a smaller probability of error in the presence of symbol-timing error than the Nyquist raised-cosine pulse for the same excess bandwidth. The parametric approach gives more degrees of freedom in the design of ISI-free pulses, and subsumes previous ISI-free pulses as special cases. A number of theorems that relate time-domain behaviors of a pulse to the pulse's frequency spectrum are proved. A previously known result relating pulse tail-time decay to discontinuity of the pulse-frequency spectrum is corrected and clarified.     

A CMOS UWB Pulse Generator for 6–10 GHz Applications

A CMOS ultra wideband (UWB) pulse generator with low energy dissipation and high peak amplitude is presented for 6–10 GHz applications. The pulse generator complies with the FCC spectral mask for indoor UWB systems. It consists of a glitch generator, a pulsed oscillator, and a pulse shaping filter. The pulsed oscillator is switched on by the glitch signal only for a short duration, so as to make a UWB pulse. For sub-nanosecond pulse generation, a pulsed oscillator with fast transient response is proposed. A pulse shaping filter makes the oscillator output fall into the FCC spectral mask. The pulse generator is fabricated using a 0.18 $mu$ m CMOS process. The core chip has a size of 0.11 mm $^{2}$. It shows pulse duration of about 500 ps with ${-}10$ dB bandwidth of 4.5 GHz from 5.9 to 10.4 GHz. The energy consumption is 27.6 pJ per pulse with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 673 mV on a 50 $Omega$ output load. The generated pulses are very coherent with 1.8 ps RMS jitter.      

On chip-matched filtering and discrete sufficient statistics forasynchronous band-limited CDMA systems

The problem of generating discrete sufficient statistics for signal processing in code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems is considered in the context of underlying channel bandwidth restrictions. Discretization schemes are identified for (approximately) bandlimited CDMA systems, and a notion of approximate sufficiency is introduced. The role of chip-matched filtering in generating accurate discrete statistics is explored. The impact of approximate sufficiency on performance is studied in three cases: conventional matched filter (MF) detection, minimum mean-squared-error detection, and delay acquisition. It is shown that for waveforms limited to a chip interval, sampling the chip-MF output at the chip rate can lead to a significant degradation in performance. Then, with equal bandwidth and equal rate constraints, the performance with different chip waveforms is compared. In all three cases above, it is demonstrated that multichip waveforms that approximate Nyquist sine pulses achieve the best performance, with the commonly used rectangular chip pulse being severely inferior. However, the results also indicate that it is possible to approach the best performance with well-designed chip waveforms limited to a chip interval, as long as the chip-MF output is sampled above the Nyquist rate     

Minimum-Bandwidth Optical Intensity Nyquist Pulses

The indoor diffuse wireless optical intensity channel is bandwidth-limited due to multipath distortion, and all transmitted signal amplitudes are constrained to be nonnegative. In order to control the impact of intersymbol interference (ISI) on this channel, pulse shaping is required. This paper derives the minimum bandwidth, ISI-free Nyquist pulse which satisfies the amplitude nonnegativity constraint. The minimum bandwidth required is twice that of conventional electrical channels. With the addition of excess bandwidth, the optimal bandlimited optical intensity pulse, in the sense of minimizing average optical power, is shown to be a squared double-jump pulse. Thus, a bandwidth versus optical power efficiency tradeoff in pulse design is quantified. The impact of timing jitter on the probability of symbol error for various excess bandwidths is quantified via simulation. Further, it is shown that there are no bandlimited root-Nyquist pulses satisfying the amplitude nonnegativity constraint. In fact, all practical optical intensity root-Nyquist pulses are shown to be necessarily time-limited to a single symbol interval