硐室分装药包在大边坡爆破工程中的应用

为解决硐室爆破站软质岩体大边坡稳定性的影响,采用硐室拉槽,松动控制爆破,小硐室预裂,微差起爆技术等方案和分装药包法,试验研究了高30m,长120余米的双边坡山体路堑一次性拉槽硐室爆破的技术问题．实验结果表明,分装药包法可以满足松动爆破技术要求,同时也可保证高沉积层状砂岩体大边坡的稳定性．     

Model experiment of rock blasting with single borehole and double free-surface

In order to improve the quality of laneways and tunnel excavation by drilling and blasting and by making effective use of explosive energy, a model experiment of rock blasting with a single borehole and a double free-surface was performed with the objective of studying the effect of parameters such as charge structure, free-surface and rock compressive strength on rock blasting. The model experiments indicate that: 1) the smaller the rock compressive strength and density, the more distinctive the cavity expanding action by blasting; 2) the powder factor in an air-decoupling charge structure is larger than that in a coupling charge structure, i.e., the explosive energy in an air-decoupling charge structure transferred to the rocks is less than that in a coupling charge structure; 3) a free-surface improves the utilizations of explosive energy; 4) an air-decoupling charge structure helps to maintain the integrity and stability of wall rock in controlled perimeter blasting, such as in roadways and tunnel excavation by drilling and blasting.     

Numerical simulation for influence of excavation and blasting vibration on stability of mined-out area

Dynamic analysis steps and general flow of fast lagrangian analysis of continua in 3 dimensions （FLAC3D） were discussed. Numerical simulation for influence of excavation and blasting vibration on stability of mined-out area was carried out with FLAC3D. The whole analytical process was divided into two steps, including the static analysis and the dynamic analysis which were used to simulate the influence of excavation process and blasting vibration respectively. The results show that the shape of right upper boundary is extremely irregular after excavation, and stress concentration occurs at many places and higher tensile stress appears. The maximum tensile stress is higher than the tensile strength of rock mass, and surrounding rock of right roof will be damaged with tension fracture. The maximum displacement of surrounding rock is 4.75 mm after excavation. However, the maxi- mum displacement increases to 5.47 mm after the blasting dynamic load is applied. And the covering area of plastic zones expands obviously, especially at the foot of right upper slope. The analytical results are in basic accordance with the observed results on the whole. Damage and disturbance on surrounding rock to some degree are caused by excavation, while blasting dynamic load increases the possibility of occurrence of dynamic instability and destruction further. So the effective supporting and vibration reducing measures should be taken during mining.     

损伤岩石周边控制爆破分析

应用损伤力学的理论与方法,对崩落眼爆破经起光爆层岩石损伤因子与光面爆破参数的关系进行了分析,导出了相应在的光爆参数计算式,并与不考虑岩石损伤的光面爆破参数进行了对比,指出了目前低强度岩石中光爆效果往往较差,原因是没有考虑损伤因子对光面爆破参数的影响,造成炮孔装药过量所致,由此认为研究崩落眼爆破对光爆层岩石的损伤规律及损伤岩石的光面爆破参数计算方法,是未来深入研究岩石学面爆破理论与技术的方向。     

资兴高速K21段顺层岩质边坡支护过程数值模拟研究

以资兴高速K21段顺层岩质边坡为研究对象,借助现场调查、数值模拟研究段边坡的开挖和支护过程,对各阶段的稳定性、位移、应力等的变化规律进行分析,验证了开挖、支护设计的合理性以及边坡加固的安全性,研究了边坡在开挖支护过程中应力应变规律。结果表明,顺层岩质边坡开挖扰动开挖破坏了边坡原有的应力分布,导致岩体产生裂隙损伤和变形,并逐渐扩张,弱化岩体和层面自身的强度。同时,边坡开挖,直接破坏了边坡原有的连续受力体系,由于软弱层面的抗剪强度较低,从而导致岩层沿开挖揭露的软弱层面整体下滑。锚索框架一方面通过对坡体的位移的控制作用,增加坡体的稳定性,另一方面通过预应力锚索把层状岩体锚固在一起,使得各层之间摩阻力增大,内应力和挠度大为减少,大大提高了层面的抗剪强度。     

Influence of millisecond time,charge length and detonation velocity on blasting vibration

The law of blasting vibration caused by blasting in rock is very complex.Traditional numerical methods cannot well characterize all the influencing factors in the blasting process.The effects of millisecond time,charge length and detonation velocity on the blasting vibration are discussed by analyzing the characteristics of vibration wave generated by finite length cylindrical charge.It is found that in multi-hole millisecond blasting,blasting vibration superimpositions will occur several times within a certain distance from the explosion source due to the propagation velocity difference of P-wave and S-wave generated by a short column charge.These superimpositions will locally enlarge the peak velocity of blasting vibration particle.The magnitude and scope of the enlargement are closely related to the millisecond time.Meanwhile,the particle vibration displacement characteristics of rock under long cylindrical charge is analyzed.The results show that blasting vibration effect would no longer increase when the charge length increases to a certain extent.This indicates that the traditional simple calculation method using the maximum charge weight per delay interval to predict the effect of blasting vibration is unreasonable.Besides,the effect of detonation velocity on blasting vibration is only limited in a certain velocity range.When detonation velocity is greater than a certain value,the detonation velocity almost makes no impact on blasting vibration.     

复式楔形掏槽在马路坪矿切割上山中的应用

为了改善贵州开磷集团马路坪矿地下切割上山的掘进效果,为矿房矿石回采创造良好的自由面和岩石碎胀空间,进而提高切割上山掘进的效率和整个矿房的安全高效回采效率,通过分析独头工作面切割上山不同掏槽方式的作用机理,结合马路坪矿的工程地质和实际生产概况,在以往切割拉槽爆破技术的基础上进行工艺改进,通过对比分析提出了二级复式楔形掏槽技术方法,并在马路坪矿中磷640分层3#底柱北四矿房进行了现场爆破试验.结果证明,该复式楔形掏槽可以提高掏槽爆破中槽腔形成效果,掏槽体积更大,槽腔碎石初始动能大,同时改善了切割上山工作面的安全工作条件,为切割上山掘进工艺改进提供了新的思路.     

石方路堑硐室控制爆破研究

从控制路堑边坡稳定、提高爆破破岩效果、减少爆破危害等方面出发,探讨了多边界石方路堑硐室爆破原理和控制爆破技术。研究表明,爆破设计方法必须与各类地形边界条件相适应;炸药量计算公式,应能直接反映地形边界条件与爆破效果的影响。结合密(云)—平(谷)路的工程实践,提出采用沿路线方向布置“类条形”药包群、控制最大一段起爆药量、相邻药包实现微差起爆等控制爆破技术,能够适应因地形起伏而引起的药包最小抵抗线的变化,爆破作用效应和路堑边坡的稳定能够得到有效控制。     

Numerical simulation of parallel hole cut blasting with uncharged holes

The cavity formation and propagation process of stress wave from parallel hole cut blasting was simulated with ANSYS/LS-DYNA 3D nonlinear dynamic finite element software. The distribution of element plastic strain, node velocity, node time-acceleration history and the blasting cartridge volume ratio during the process were analyzed. It was found that the detonation of charged holes would cause the interaction of stress wave with the wall of uncharged holes. Initial rock cracking and displacement to neighboring uncharged holes become the main mechanism of cavity formation in early stage.2008 University of Science and Technology Beijing. All rights reserved.     

预裂爆破及深孔梯段爆破在施工中的应用

在开挖领域,尤其是大体积、深基坑开挖,边坡的稳定和平整,以及开挖梯段的确定都将影响施工效果.以重庆江口电站为例讨论预裂爆破和深孔梯段爆破在施工中的应用.     

一次成井掏槽爆破炮孔合理封堵长度研究

封堵长度是超深孔一次成井掏槽爆破设计中的一个重要参数.为合理选取封堵长度,提高掏槽爆破效果,基于爆破破岩爆炸冲击波和爆生气体共同作用理论,分析了炮孔封堵物的作用机理及封堵长度对爆破效果的影响;基于掏槽爆破封堵物的抛出时间与槽腔范围内岩石破碎时间、爆破漏斗形成时间和分段爆破时相邻分段封堵范围内岩石破碎所需时间的关系,从动量定理入手推导出了上端、中间和下端封堵长度上、下限的计算公式.在华丰矿11111矸石仓,结合施工条件合理确定封堵长度等爆破参数,形成爆破设计方案.实际应用后矸石仓成型较好、爆破矸石块度适中.     

不同地形地质条件下岩质边坡的场地效应初步确定

为有效减轻变电站等输电设施震害,保障输电工程的安全,选定了具有代表性的4个岩质边坡作为本文的研究对象,开展了不同岩性、地形、地质的地震动传播特性研究,初步确定了不同地形地质条件下边坡放大系数,并与《建筑物抗震设计规范》进行了对比。得到以下结论：对均质和非均质成层类型边坡,其放大系数大小排序基本为：上软下硬>软岩>中硬岩>上中硬下硬>硬岩;对于覆盖土层岩质边坡,不同厚度的土层对放大系数影响很大,与均质边坡完全不同;软弱夹层岩质边坡的放大系数与均质岩质边坡基本一致,只是前者大于后者,差值都在0.1之内,说明当软弱夹层的厚度比较小时,软弱夹层对放大系数的影响与坡高、坡度、岩性无关;不同的夹层厚度对边坡的放大系数影响基本上呈半正弦形式;通过分析坡顶和坡脚的傅里叶谱,发现高边坡具有明显的放大效应,而低边坡却不明显;软岩的傅里叶幅值明显大于中硬岩和硬岩情况,而硬岩和中硬岩则基本相同,因此从频谱特性上也可以说明岩性不同,场地效应也不同,且坡高越大,这种区别就更加明显;在中低高度(80m以下),傅里叶幅值几乎随坡度保持不变,且在此高度范围缓倾边坡的最大幅值基本相同,而对于高边坡,则会有所不同,坡度越陡,幅值越大,基本成线性增大趋势;对于非均质成层的边坡,坡高不同,傅里叶谱不相同,主频段也不相同;软弱夹层岩质边坡的傅里叶谱基本与相对应的均质边坡的傅里叶谱相同,无关坡高的影响,不同夹层厚度的傅里叶谱基本一致,说明夹层厚度对傅里叶谱的影响不大。与规范的放大系数相比,软岩类型均质边坡基本与其相同,而对于中硬岩、硬岩和上中硬下硬等类型边坡则都小于规范值,随着坡高及坡度的增加,计算值与规范值的差距则在逐渐增加,表明规范对坡高和坡度的规定限制得比较小,应扩大对坡高、坡度的规定。该研究可以为变电站工程设计提供技术支持。     

露天矿山深孔台阶爆破振动监测与分析

针对露天采石场深孔台阶爆破振动可能对附近民房存在影响,进行了爆破振动监测．通过对采集的数据进行全面分析得出,该地形地质条件下,台阶爆破振动速度的衰减规律、不耦合系数与振动速度之间的关系．监测及分析结果对今后类似地形、地质条件下矿山深孔台阶爆破开采具有一定的参考意义．     

丽水市上沙溪埋管段进口浅孔控制爆破技术

在周边环境复杂的条件下,采用浅孔控制爆破技术,合理确定浅孔控制爆破各项技术参数和有效地控制爆破中产生的有害效应,对于保证施工和周边安全、获得理想的工程效果.就丽水市上沙溪埋管进口石方开挖浅孔控制爆破技术进行了论述.     

风化岩路基填料沉降观测试验研究

为了揭示风化岩填料路基的工程性质,结合室内击实实验与施工段现场沉降观测实验,深入分析了风化岩路基沉降随时间的变化规律,同时,对风化岩填料路基的边坡防护进行了概述.该研究成果可用于指导、评价山区高速公路风化岩路基填筑,这不仅是对保护环境、实施可持续发展战略的双重要求,而且具有较高的经济和社会效益.     

Investigation on the threshold control of safety blasting vibration velocity for the extraction of complicated orebody under railway

The threshold control of safety blasting vibration velocity is a significant process for the underground mining of complicated ore deposit under construction, road, and water. According to the equivalent principle of displacement and velocity of mass point, differential evolution is put forward based on 3DEC dynamic analysis, making the calculation more efficient and accurate. The 3DEC model of the complicated orebody under railway is established according to the topographic maps and geological data of the eastern Pyrite Mine. The stimulus-response distribution of internal stress and displacement fields are demonstrated by analyzing the on-site monitoring vibration displacement and velocity data of the mass point. The reliability of parameter selection, such as blasting simulation waveforms, rock damping, is identified. The safety vibration velocity of railway is set to 4.5 cm/s in line with the requirement of safety blasting rules. Thus, the maximum amount of single-stage explosive in this region is 44.978 kg. The simulation result is in good agreement with the on-site monitoring datum. No displacement and settlement of the 701 railway special line was achieved by choosing the critical amount of the singlestage explosive.     

硬岩体强度弱化范围理论分析与工程验证

岩石巷道综合机械化快速掘进有助于改善采掘接续紧张的局面,而岩石硬度是影响综掘设备快速掘进的关键因素之一。针对硬岩巷道围岩岩性特点,利用超深孔预裂爆破技术,对硬岩巷道岩体强度进行弱化,并通过工程实践检验预裂效果,结果表明：硬岩巷道超深孔预裂爆破后,钻孔周围形成压碎区、裂隙区,使岩体有效强度降低,有利于综掘截割机具经济破岩;理论及数值模拟分析得出钻孔爆破后形成半径为1．8 m左右的松动破坏区;通过对新庄孜矿-812 m水平B4胶带大巷硬岩进行超深孔预裂爆破,钻孔窥视及工程验证爆破松动半径能够达到1．5～2．5 m之间,取得了良好的岩体强度弱化效果,为硬岩巷道机械化快速施工技术研究提供指导。     

Optimization of monitoring the stability of surrounding rock in a metal mine

Through analyzing the failure mechanics of rock under blasting effect, the optical fiber sensing system was used to monitor the strain of surrounding rock under blasting effect. Combined with practical exploration, the stability of surrounding rock was computed by numerical simulation using the blasting wave obtained from the site. According to the change regularities of displacement, stress, acceleration, and velocity of tunnels before and after explosion, the layout of key monitoring points was optimized....     

地下厂房岩锚梁爆破参数优化设计与效果

选择具有代表性的实际光面爆破设计参数为样本，确定炸药类型、岩体裂隙发育程度、孔径、孔深、线装药密度、最小抵抗线、间距为影响岩锚梁爆破开挖效果的主要因素，利用神经网络强大的非线性映射能力，建立岩锚梁爆破参数优化模型，进行岩锚梁爆破参数优化设计。在相似地段进行保护层和岩台修面爆破试验，得出现场试验爆破参数，结果表明优化设计值与现场试验值吻合较好。对试验保护层和岩台修面爆破进行声波检测也表明其爆破质量最好，爆破松动圈范围最小。     

软岩巷道爆破卸压机理分析

为了增强爆破卸压效果,运用岩石爆破内部作用理论,分析了软岩巷道爆破卸压的作用过程以及其影响因素,设计了爆破卸压效果现场测试系统.结果表明,爆破卸压具有硬化软岩、形成爆扩空腔和裂隙区,最终形成卸压区,并使高地应力转移到距巷帮R以远围岩深部的特征.适当加大炮孔直径、提高装药密度、选择爆速高的炸药,使炮孔间距满足L≥2R2,并尽可能减少炮孔深度,均可提高爆破卸压效果.