Drivers of water governance reforms in the Philippines

This paper analyses the enabling conditions for a water governance model responsive to future Philippine water requirements. Using the stage-based approach to institutional reforms, it assesses the outcomes of previous water governance reforms, such as conflicts in customary and formal rules; urban and rural; upstream and downstream; and the contestations in water supply privatization in Metro Manila. The analysis suggests that past water governance reforms were symbolic and procedural, and structural changes to support the legal frameworks were not achieved. Based on the case findings, the authors support the current reform agenda of implementing a decentralized framework of water governance at a watershed scale.     

如何完善塔里木河流域水资源管理

长期以来，不适当的水资源管理机制导致塔里木河流域水资源利用极不合理，供需矛盾日益突出。为此，本文着重从提高资本积累能力、技术创新能力、公众参与能力和协调发展能力等四个方面，深入探讨了提高塔里木河流域可持续水资源管理能力的主要对策。     

浙江省农村饮用水工程管理模式探讨

针对面广量大的农村饮水安全工程，如何加强管理，使工程长久良性运行，保障农民的饮水安全，浙江省各地在实践中进行了探索。通过水务一体化的管理体制、乡镇供水统一管理的模式、村级饮用水工程产权与经营权制度改革等措施．探索出农村饮水安全工程长效管理的模式，并取得了明显成效，农村饮水安全工程管理走出了一条可持续发展的道路。     

农村供水消毒设备运行管理与检测评价方法

饮用水消毒是供水工程必不可少的重要环节,是保证供水安全的最后一道屏障。在正确选择消毒技术和设备的基础上,消毒设备正常运行对保证饮用水消毒合格十分重要。在简要介绍了4种农村供水常用消毒设备组成和原理的基础上,根据全国6个省的6个县100多处农村供水消毒技术示范工程运行管理与监测评价经验,总结形成了适合农村供水特点的消毒设备运行操作方法及环境条件要求,提出了消毒效果评价指标、检测方法和频率,以期实现农村供水消毒设备正常运行和消毒效果达标。     

Estimating rural households' willingness to pay for water supply improvements: a Benin case study using a semi-nonparametric bivariate probit approach

This paper estimates households' willingness to pay (WTP) to improve rural water supply in Benin. Particular attention is given to the distribution of WTP, which is traditionally addressed using parametric assumptions. To avoid distributional assumptions, a semi-nonparametric bivariate probit approach is introduced. Results provide the first evidence that, in rural Benin, households wanting to improve water supply are willing to pay more than the current price. WTP for water supply is determined by wealth, education, and characteristics of existing and new water systems. Results indicate that a demand-driven management approach can contribute to water supply improvements and sustainability.     

Specification of a human right to water: a sustainability assessment of access hurdles

Any implementation of the right to water requires a sound specification. For that purpose, this article offers an innovative analytical framework. First, the object of the analysis should be the hurdles to access (pecuniary, spatial, temporal, qualitative), not least because they partly fulfil sustainability functions. Second, these hurdles need to be assessed on the basis of three criteria: functionality, reasonableness and non-discrimination. This framework allows the identification of supply situations that infringe upon the right to water, provides starting points for improving access, and honours the commitment of the Sustainable Development Goals to take equal account of social and sustainability concerns.     

The impact of cost recovery and sharing system on water policy implementation and human right to water: a case of Ileje, Tanzania

In Tanzania, the National Water Policy (NAWAPO) of 2002 clearly stipulates that access to water supply and sanitation is a right for every Tanzanian and that cost recovery is the foundation of sustainable service delivery. To meet these demands, water authorities have introduced cost recovery and a water sharing system. The overall objective of this study was to assess the impact of cost recovery and the sharing system on water policy implementation and human rights to water in four villages in the Ileje district. The specific objectives were: (1) to assess the impact of cost recovery and the sharing system on the availability of water to the poor, (2) to assess user willingness to pay for the services provided, (3) to assess community understanding on the issue of water as a human right, (4) to analyse the implications of the results in relation to policies on human rights to water and the effectiveness of the implementation of the national water policy at the grassroots, and (5) to establish the guidelines for water pricing in rural areas. Questionnaires at water demand, water supply, ability and willingness to pay and revenue collection were the basis for data collection. While 36.7% of the population in the district had water supply coverage, more than 73,077 people of the total population of 115,996 still lacked access to clean and safe water and sanitation services in the Ileje district. The country's rural water supply coverage is 49%. Seventy-nine percent of the interviewees in all four villages said that water availability in litres per household per day had decreased mainly due to high water pricing which did not consider the income of villagers. On the other hand, more than 85% of the villagers were not satisfied with the amount they were paying because the services were still poor. On the issue of human rights to water, more than 92% of the villagers know about their right to water and want it exercised by the government. In all four villages, more than 78% of the interviewees are willing to payforwater provided that the tariffs are affordable. Water policy implementation continues slowly: regardless of the fact that more than five years have passed since policy inception, 60% of the villagers in Itumba still have no water services at all. The study shows that government fulfilment of human rights to water has a long way to go, especially in rural areas where people cannot afford to pay for water and some of the villages still depend on water from wells and seasonal rivers.     

广东省水权交易制度研究与设计

水权交易制度建设是新形势下广东省水资源管理适应市场经济体制深化改革、增强社会各界节水意识、优化配置水资源的必行之路。通过开展广东省水权交易制度研究,鲜明地提出了包括可交易水权的定义与内涵,水权交易需要具备水权明晰、计量准确、价值可估三个基本条件,水权交易可分为政府储备水权竞争性配置、区域之间交易、用水户之间交易三种交易类型,以及需要建设水权交易法规、管理、技术论证和交易市场四大配套体系等符合广东省省情和水情现状的"一三三四"省级水权交易制度的顶层设计框架,为广东省水权交易制度建设和水市场培育提供重要的理论依据和指导方向。     

Right to Water: The Millennium Development Goals and Water in the MENA Region

It is difficult to imagine a more basic human need than water. Still, around one billion people lack access to safe drinking water. Among these, 15 million are in North Africa and 23 million in West Asia. Whether these people should have the right to water seems to be a cumbersome discussion that has lasted decades. This paper analyses the current situation in water services in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), by reviewing the status of achievement of the UN Millennium Development Goals. Although one Target (10) implicitly mentions water supply services, it is crucial to appreciate that water is related to almost all other Targets too. On average, the region is making relatively good progress in meeting Target 10. But the discrepancies between countries and between rural and urban areas are vast. Many countries have huge coverage shortcomings and show very little, if any, progress. The other Millennium Development Goals and Targets complicate the picture as they bring further, often massive strains to the water sector. The future outlook is somewhat cloudy since the MENA region has witnessed an economic and social development in the past decades which is far below the world's average, and this tendency may not change much in the near future. Therefore, the right to water seems to remain a distant dream to several tens of millions of people in the MENA countries in coming years.     

流域初始水权分配有关问题的研究

松辽流域的大凌河流域、霍林河流域省（自治区）水量分配方案的制定,已进入协调阶段.在初始水权分配过程中,涉及流域水资源承载能力、水量分配中时空特征选择、对效率和公平的理解等,对这些问题的广泛研究探讨,是在水量分配方案编制过程中的必经阶段.这些问题涉及水资源承载能力的自然属性和经济社会属性.     

北京市再生水利用现状及发展思路探讨

首先分析了再生水在北京市水资源战略中的重要地位、意义及再生水的利用现状,在总结现状存在问题的基础上,提出北京市再生水发展总体思路:"中心城污水处理厂升级改造为再生水厂,郊区污水处理厂按高品质再生水标准一步建成,变污水为资源。"从中心城、郊区、农村3个层次大规模开发利用再生水。对北京市再生水发展战略乃至全国再生水发展思路提出重要参考。     

云南省饮水安全状况及对策建议

云南省农村饮水不安全人口有1513万多人，占农村总人口的42％，水质问题主要是氟、砷、铁、锰等超标严重。同时，通过对273个城市饮用水水源地调查情况看，县以上城市饮用水水源地总体水质较好，但由于人类生产、生活活动加剧，部分城市水源地水质安全受到威胁，并且14％的水源地水量安全得不到保障。为此提出8条建议，呼吁云南省加强饮用水水源地保护和农村饮水安全工程建设。     

再生水资源的水权问题探讨

探讨再生水资源的所有权、使用权问题,认为再生水资源是水资源的一种特殊形式,其所有权归国家所有,其使用权可以通过向水行政主管部门办理取水许可手续后获得,其用水过程应接受水行政主管部门的监督和指导。     

农村水利工程综合管理系统的研究与应用

为提高农村水利工程的监测和管理的自动化水平,解决应用系统之间不能互连互通等问题,研发了集信息采集、监测、网络传输、应用以及信息决策于一体的农村水利工程综合管理系统。该系统基于物联网体系架构了系统框架并采用SOA和ESB技术建立了应用支撑平台。应用结果表明,该系统不仅能够提高农村水利工程的管理水平,而且可对农村水利的科学决策提供有效技术支撑。     

水资源使用权初始分配协商模型研究

针对用水主体以平等的身份参与水资源使用权初始分配的协商具有多目标群决策的特征,从水资源使用权初始分配协商的要素分析出发,结合其协商的特点,构建了以综合满意度最大为目标的协商模型.并基于决策论原理,分析了模型的算法以及协商的流程.最后以宁夏为例对模型进行了验证,结果显示模型是可行性.     

Hazard identification framework for water utilities with application to the city of Xalapa,Mexico

Abstract:

There is a growing need for a comprehensive approach for assessing drinking water systems that enables managers and engineers to quickly address critical hazards that impact their water supply systems and plan for system improvements. A hazard identification framework for water utilities is developed and applied to the municipal water supply system at Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, operated by the Comisión Municipal de Agua Potable y Saneamiento de Xalapa (CMAS Xalapa). The framework is designed to aid in the analysis of a water supply system from catchment to tap and consists of four components: system characterization, identification of hazards, assessment of the impacts of the major hazards, and determination of priority recommendations for system improvements. When the framework is applied to the CMAS Xalapa system, a number of significant hazardous events are identified including elevated turbidity events and high pressure surcharges. Recommendations for system improvements include increased data collection and analysis and enhanced management of control measures for mitigating the impacts of the hazards.     

Capturing the complexity of water uses and water users within a multi-agent framework

Due to the hydrological and socio-economic complexity of water use within river basins and even sub-basins, it is a considerable challenge to manage water resources in an efficient, equitable and sustainable way. This paper shows that multi-agent simulation (MAS) is a promising approach to better understand the complexity of water uses and water users within sub-basins. This approach is especially suitable to take the collective action into account when simulating the outcome of technical innovation and policy change. A case study from Chile is used as an example to demonstrate the potential of the MAS framework. Chile has played a pioneering role in water policy reform by privatizing water rights and promoting trade in such rights, devolving irrigation management authority to user groups, and privatizing the provision of irrigation infrastructure. The paper describes the different components of a MAS model developed for four micro-watersheds in the Maule river basin. Preliminary results of simulation experiments are presented, which show the impacts of technical change and of informal rental markets on household income and water use efficiency. The paper also discusses how the collective action problems in water markets and in small-scale and large-scale infrastructure provision can be captured by the MAS model. To promote the use of the MAS approach for planning purposes, a collaborative research and learning framework has been established, with a recently created multi-stakeholder platform at the regional level (Comisión Regional de Recursos Hidricos) as the major partner. Finally, the paper discusses the potentials of using MAS models for water resources management, such as increasing transparency as an aspect of good governance. The challenges, for example the need to build trust in the model, are discussed as well.     

滑县推进饮水安全工程产权制度改革的探索

河南省滑县在解决农村饮水安全工作中,以工程产权制度改革为突破口,大力推进饮水安全工程产权制度改革,对已建工程实行建后“拍卖”,对拟建工程实行“工程未动、改制先行”,积极探索建立了“政策引导、部门服务、个体经营、群众参与、协会监督、民主管理”的运行新模式,取得了显著的成效。     

基于云平台的国家级综合性水权交易系统设计

为推进我国水权制度建设,培育和规范我国水权水市场,方便用户实时快捷开展水权交易,中国水权交易所根据我国水权交易实践,在系统梳理水权交易系统功能需求的基础上,应用云计算、大数据、移动互联等新技术,采用面向服务的体系架构(SOA)设计,自主设计开发了基于云平台的全国性水权交易系统,完成了单向竞价、双向挂单—定期匹配模式下的系统功能设计,并在阿里云平台完成部署。该水权交易系统能够满足区域水权交易、取水权交易和灌溉用水户水权交易等多种水权交易形式的需要。水权交易系统对于完善水权交易流程,规范水权交易行为,降低水权交易成本,加快构建国家级水权交易平台发挥了重要作用,同时也为未来在全国开展大范围、高频度的水权交易流转提供了关键性技术支撑。     

水资源配置模型研究现状与展望

针对水资源开发利用面临的问题，阐述了水资源配置的意义和作用，分析了优化和模拟两种常用的水资源配置技术的特点和选用原则，介绍了国内外水资源配置模型的研究现状，评述了几类比较有代表性的水资源配置方法以及相应软件。结合当前水资源领域研究现状和发展方向，论文评述了当前水资源配置模型研究的特点，分析了在天然和人工侧支循环耦合的水资源系统模拟框架下研究水资源配置及相关问题的必要性，并展望了本领域发展趋势。