中国气雾剂工业和市场的特点

中国自二十世纪六十年代开始小型试产气雾剂．八十年代进入工业化生产．二十多年来已形成了配套齐全的气雾剂工业。2009年生产马口铁气雾罐1．275亿。铝气雾罐0．312亿．气雾阀2．748亿．气雾剂产品1．126亿。产量列美国、德国和英国之后居世界第四位。然而．人均气雾剂占有量只有0．8罐。气雾剂产品的品种亦比较少．因此气雾剂在中国还有广阔的发展前景。     

欢迎词

值此2009年气雾剂创新论坛暨产品展示会开幕之际．敬向来自国内外气雾剂界的朋友们表示热烈的欢迎。 改革开放以来。中国的气雾剂工业从无到有、从小到大，现在已形成从制罐、制阀、生产抛射剂、溶剂、活性成份到灌装机械配套齐全的工业体系，气雾剂年产量已突破10亿罐居世界第四位。但是，我们也看到，我国气雾剂产品门类较少，质量参差不齐，创新产品不多，能源及资源消耗偏高，这些已成为制约行业发展的软肋。     

囊罐型气雾剂产品的新进展及技术挑战

迄今为止已开发出多种囊罐型气雾剂容器．我们东洋气雾剂工业公司正在现有产品的基础上开发新技术。在这里我们将介绍到目前为止囊罐开发的进展、囊罐的特点、技术要点以及东洋气雾剂开发的新囊罐系统“东洋同时释放系统”。     

国内外气雾罐的比较

自20世纪60年代上海试产探伤气雾剂等产品所用气雾罐以来,经过近45年的发展，我国已成为气雾罐生产大国,产量已跻身世界首四位。在名列前茅之后还要不要与国外同行对比,通过对比找出差距？答案是肯定的。     

2008年美国气雾剂产量略降0．7％居历史第五位

美国特种消费品协会（CSPA）于5月6日在芝加哥宣布2008年全美气雾剂产量为36．4324亿罐．比2007年下降0．3％居历史第5位．各类产品的产量及增减情况见表1。     

三座大山相继压来 杀虫气雾剂路在何方

杀虫气雾剂是改革开放后我国第一个工业化生产的气雾剂产品。也是我国最主要的气雾剂产品。25年来南由于它在除害防病、提高人民生活质量、增进健康水平方面的重要作用已成为广大人民群众夏秋季节的生活必需品。它的产量不断增长，2007年超过了4亿罐，稳居世界第一位。而且鉴于我国的卫生设施、环境卫生水平、人们的卫生意识以及我国幅员辽阔、生态环境状况复杂，虫种繁多，它仍有着巨大的发展空间。     

第一讲：中国石油化工行业如何面对WTO和反倾销

我国石化工业经过五十余年的建设和发展,已形成了以石油化工为主体,门类比较齐全,品种大体配套,主要产品和品种基本能适应国民经济与相关工业发展的需要的石化工业体系。目前,我国有十余种大类产品的生产能力或产量居世界前六位：合成纤维产量居世界首位,合成氨,化肥产量居世界首位;农药,纯碱,烧碱等产量居世界第二位;原油一次加工能力产量居世界第四位;合成橡胶产量居世界第四位;乙烯生产能力居世界第五位;原油产量居世界第五位;塑料产量居世界第五位;合成树脂产量居世界第六位,整个石化工业现有二十余个行业,一万五千余个企业（不包括下游制品企业）能生产四万多个产品,从技术装备综合水平来看,也已达到或接近国际80年代水平。     

中国气雾剂行业面临的市场挑战与发展商机

中国气雾剂行业的起步比发达国家迟了２０多年。经过３０多年的发展,目前气雾剂产品的年产量已达到４亿罐,但从产品众多,气雾剂行业有着巨大的潜在市场,对国内外企业和人土同时存在着广阔的机遇和希望。中国的气雾剂行业要健康有序地发展,需要尽快建立中国气雾剂行业组织,对企业进行扶道、指导与协调,才能增强在世界上竞争力。     

我国亟待开发的气雾剂产品（一）

经过四十多年的艰苦奋斗．我国气雾剂工业在改革、开放的春风中得到快速发展．产量从不到1000万支到2009年的11．26亿支．从名不经传到跃居世界第四位,令世界瞩目。在当前形势下．气雾剂工业是不是发展到头了？从什么方面寻找新的增长点已成为行业中纷纷议论和关心的课题。     

水基气雾剂产品腐蚀泄漏分析

气雾剂产品由气雾罐、气雾阀、原液、抛射剂等组成,常用的抛射剂一般都采用易燃易爆的丙丁烷、二甲醚等。因此,气雾剂产品的储存安全尤为重要。产品在储存过程中,内容物可能会与气雾罐、阀门发生反应,一旦这种反应引起气雾罐或气雾阀穿孔,就会导致罐内大量的易燃气体泄漏,容易引起安全事故。本文以水性轮胎清洗气雾剂为例,分析气雾剂产品穿罐的原因。     

亚洲合成纤维工业现状

概述了亚洲合纤工业的生产能力及其供需状况，对亚洲合纤工业的特点及存在的结构性问题进行了简要的分析。认为亚洲合纤工业已经在全球具有举足轻重的地位，当前的亚洲金融危机将促使亚洲合纤工业进行积极的结构调整，从而继续稳定世界纤维供应，并将促进全球纤维贸易的持续发展     

Soot Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer: Development,Validation, and Initial Application

The Soot Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SP-AMS) was developed to measure the chemical and physical properties of particles containing refractory black carbon (rBC). The SP-AMS is an Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) equipped with an intracavity laser vaporizer (1064 nm) based on the Single Particle Soot Photometer (SP2) design, in addition to the resistively heated, tungsten vaporizer used in a standard AMS. The SP-AMS can be operated with the laser vaporizer alone, with both the laser and tungsten vaporizers, or with the tungsten vaporizer alone. When operating with only the laser vaporizer, the SP-AMS is selectively sensitive to laser-light absorbing particles, such as ambient rBC-containing particles as well as metal nanoparticles, and measures both the refractory and nonrefractory components. When operated with both vaporizers and modulating the laser on and off, the instrument measures the refractory components of absorbing particles and the nonrefractory particulate matter of all sampled particles. The SP-AMS design, mass spectral interpretation, calibration, and sensitivity are described. Instrument calibrations yield a sensitivity of greater than 140 carbon ions detected per picogram of rBC mass sampled, a 3σ detection limit of less than 0.1 μg·m^?3 for 60 s averaging, and a mass-specific ionization efficiency relative to particulate nitrate of 0.2 ± 0.1. Sensitivities were found to vary depending upon laser-particle beam overlap. The utility of the instrument to characterize ambient rBC aerosol is demonstrated.

Copyright 2012 American Association for Aerosol Research     

Particle deposition in the pulmonary region of the human lung: Multiple breath aerosol transport and deposition

Comprehensive knowledge of aerosol deposition in the lung during multiple breathing cycles is essential to understanding the long term adverse effects of environmental particulate pollution as well as various therapeutic strategies for aerosolized drug delivery. In this work, a simple semi-empirical model for whole lung aerosol bolus dispersion and deposition developed in an accompanying study [Park, S.S. and Wexler, A.S., 2007. Particle deposition in the pulmonary region of the human lung: A semi-empirical model of single breath transport and deposition. Journal of Aerosol Science 38(2), 228–245] was used to estimate regional particulate dosimetry during multiple breaths. To further validate the transport and deposition model of Park and Wexler [2007. Particle deposition in the pulmonary region of the human lung: A semi-empirical model of single breath transport and deposition. Journal of Aerosol Science 38(2), 228–245], the washin and washout experiments of Davies and coworkers were simulated; predictions compared well to observations. Typical models of pulmonary particle deposition simulated transport to these distal airways by a flow-through approximation where particle-laden air is assumed to flow into the airways and out the alveoli, but resting tidal volumes do not transport particles to the distal pulmonary airways in a single breath. By simulating tidal transport and deposition over a series of breath, we find that the concentration of retained particles as a function of lung depth increases with each tidal cycle and these particles penetrate deeper with succeeding breaths. The retained particle concentration increases more slowly with each breath, so that after the 8th breath, the concentration distribution within the lung attains a steady state. Comparison with observed data and previous model predictions is made in terms of total and generational deposition fractions at steady state. After accounting for the retained fractions, the total predicted deposition fraction was similar to the experimental data while other previous model predictions underestimated it. Predicted deposition fraction per generation showed similar patterns to other model simulations yet higher deposition fractions in the more proximal pulmonary regions. This is a result of the enhanced alveolar deposition in the first half of the acinar generations due to alveoli expansion and contraction.     

我国胶鞋类产品橡胶消耗量调查与企业现状浅析

我国2001年和2002年鞋类产品的产销量达到历史新高，年产量平均达到65亿双，占世界总产量的一半以上，已成为世界第一制鞋大国。我国胶鞋分会从对全国八大产鞋区有代表性的生产企业橡胶消耗量的调查，发现我国制鞋产业的问题，从而提出支持民营企业的发展，加大科技投入，加快产品结构的调整，大力实施名牌战略、培育和铸造世界级民族品牌等4大建议。     

Analysis of non-spherical polydisperse particle growth in a two-dimensional tubular reactor

Polydisperse aggregate particle growth considering coalescence, coagulation, generation and spatial transport processes is studied in a two-dimensional reactor for the first time. Effects of two-dimensional spatial transport processes, such as convection, diffusion, deposition and thermophoresis as well as nucleation, coagulation and coalescence are of primary interests. An efficient particle dynamics model based on two sets of coupled sectional equations (J. Aerosol Sci. 32 (2001) 565) is used to facilitate the severe computation loads for analyzing the growth of non-spherical polydisperse particles in an axi-symmetric two-dimensional geometry. Fluid dynamics calculations indicate the existence of non-uniform distributions of temperature and flow fields in the radial direction as well as in the axial direction inside the reactor. Particle dynamics simulations also demonstrate the significant inhomogeneous spatial distributions of the characteristics of aggregate particles. The present two dimensional calculations for reactor temperatures and particle size distributions are in agreement with the previous experimental data. The validity of simplified one-dimensional analysis is also evaluated against the present two-dimensional analysis. While the one-dimensional analysis agreed well with the spatially two-dimensional one for the cases of low flow rates, it resulted in significant errors for high flow rates.     

Role of polyamines in diet. Importance of polyamines in infant nutrition

The first studies indicating polyamines as important growth factors in breast milk began during the nineties of last century. Nevertheless, it is still not well known the role they play in infant nutrition or what the recommended intake would be for this population group. In recent years, there has been increased attention of the international scientific community towards polyamines, not only due to the important role they play in the cellular metabolism, but also to their possible implication in some diseases and during the development of the human organism. Bearing in mind that the content in polyamines of the infant formula is around tenfold less than in breast milk, it would be recommended to gain insight into this theme in order to guarantee correct nutrition during lactation.     

Pharmazeutische Aerosole zur Hautbehandlung

Pharmaceutical Aerosols for the Treatment of Skin Pharmaceutical Aerosols are employed for external application. Two phase Aerosols, suspended or dispersed systems and emulsions of the O/W as well as W/O type serve as basic formulations. The solvents, the requirements set on valves and containers, the liquified and compressed propellant gas, as well as the physiological compatibility of the latter are dealt with. Finally the question of perfuming of pharmaceutical Aerosols is discussed. As two phase Aerosols antiseptic agents, agents against acne, eczema, skin burns, rheumatism and injuries as well as those used as local anaesthetica, liquid wound dressing, adhesive tape remover and feet spray are available. Antibiotica and feet powder-sprays belong to the group of dispersed or three phase Aerosols. Aerosol foams serve as medicaments in acne, skin inflammations and skin irritations.     

石棉及替代材料

本文介绍石棉的主要产地、世界各地石棉的耗量及应用领域、石棉品种及其组成、石棉的物理、化学及机械性能及石棉对健康的危害性和职业病。接着介绍现已被用来替代石棉的材料种类、及其技术性能和应用范围。     

Design and Characterization of an Inhalation System of Iron and Manganese Oxide Nanoparticles for Rodent Exposure

Because of the rise of anthropogenic sources of NP human exposure to NP has dramatically increased in the recent years, in the general population as well as in workers (e.g., welders). This raises the question of the potential adverse effects of NP on human health, particularly at the respiratory level, since it represents the main route of exposure for air pollutants. Since inhalation exposure is the most relevant but yet under evaluated route of exposure for the evaluation of NP toxicity our study was aimed to design, build, and characterize a safe inhalation system dedicated to evaluate the respiratory effects of NP in mice. We chose to focus on the generation of iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) oxide NP distributions centered on 20–25 nm diameters at concentrations of 10⁷–10⁸ NP/cm³ as it is representative of the occupational exposure of welders. Fe and Mn NP aerosols were generated with the spark discharge generator technique with air as a carrier gas conditio sine qua non for the mice. Indeed, the spark generator has been widely studied and used but in noble gases (N2, Ar,?.?.?.) suggests the absence of oxidation. Aerosol particles are characterized in terms of size distribution, concentration, morphology, and chemical composition. Exposure of mice for 1 to 4 days (3 h a day) to these occupationally relevant aerosol concentrations induces inflammatory effects (increased lung total protein content). Moreover, clusters of particles were observed throughout the lungs.

Copyright © 2015 American Association for Aerosol Research     

Comparison of a Quadrupole and a Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer during the Feldberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment 2004

The Feldberg Aerosol Characterization Experiment (FACE-2004) took place from July 13–August 4, 2004 at the Taunus Observatory on the “Kleiner Feldberg” (825 m a.m.s.l.) in Central Germany. The experiment included (amongst others) size-resolved chemical characterization of non-refractory aerosol components. One of the experiment's objectives was to better understand and to characterize recently developed aerosol measurement instrumentation by intercomparison with other co-located instruments. One of these instruments was the Aerodyne Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (ToF-AMS).

Here we compare the datasets obtained by the ToF-AMS with those obtained by the well-characterized co-located Quadrupole Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Q-AMS). A good agreement between the recently developed ToF-AMS with the established Q-AMS is reported here for all species measured with the two instruments for a time period where both instruments operated under well-calibrated conditions. During measurements with reduced detector gain after a pump failure changed species concentrations were measured with the ToF-AMS that did not agree with those measured with the Q-AMS. These changes were different for the individual species and could be attributed to the influence of the ion detection threshold as was shown by model calculations.

For efficient and user-friendly processing of ToF-AMS raw data a data processing software package was developed. Since this is the first time this software was used for field data, it is described in some detail here.