腐植酸类活化剂对磷铵、钙镁磷肥的促释增效研究

应用腐植酸的活化功能,开发磷的高效利用技术,是当前磷肥科技创新中的重要内容。通过室内模拟和玉米盆栽试验,研究了腐植酸类活化剂对磷铵、钙镁磷肥的促释增效作用。结果表明,高效磷铵有较高的抗土壤固定能力,而活化钙镁磷肥的磷释放量明显提高。在等重的情况下,高效磷铵的肥效与普通磷铵的相当,而活化钙镁磷肥的肥效则优于普通钙镁磷肥。     

微细磷矿粉对玉米苗期生长和土壤性质的影响研究

以沙土盆栽试验研究了微细磷矿粉提高土壤速效磷含量及其生物有效性。结果表明：磷矿粉有效磷含量、水溶性磷含量及土壤速效磷和水溶性磷含量随颗粒细度提高而提高,特别是大部分颗粒细度在20μm以下时,有效磷和水溶性磷含量增幅较大,越是难溶的磷矿粉提高幅度越大。当磷矿粉粒度达到大部分在20μm以下时,与0．100～0．075mm粒度所含有效磷相比,绵竹和昆阳的磷矿粉分别提高6．97和6．09倍,怀化和晋宁的磷矿粉分别提高5．96和2．64倍,安宁和开阳的磷矿粉分别提高2．59和0．84倍;6个产地的磷矿粉的水溶性磷含量提高1．20～8．56倍;晋宁和开阳的磷矿粉对产量贡献率分别提高24％和10％左右,而且分别提高土壤速效磷含量130％和53％。     

开发矿物新资源 研制促释新肥料

采用与缓释反方向的理化促释技术,于常温、常压条件下,在磷、镁、钾3种矿物肥源中添加质量分数5%～10%的活化剂(CS),制得粉体促释磷、镁、钾肥,促进养分释放。试验表明:促释技术可提高矿物肥源的水溶性养分含量和肥效,提高作物产量,大大拓宽制肥矿物资源,具有明显的节资、节能作用。     

促释型硼泥的养分释放特点及其肥效研究

采用连续浸提、盆栽试验的方法,研究促释型硼泥的养分释放特点及其肥效.连续浸提结果表明,与硼泥相比,促释型硼泥每次的水溶性镁释放量都有提高;烟草盆栽试验结果表明,与硼泥处理相比,促释型硼泥处理烟草的叶绿素含量、光合速率、生物量和镁肥利用率均更优.     

超微细磷矿粉的特性及其肥效机理研究

采用室内物理化学分析与生物试验相结合的方法研究了超微细磷矿粉的理化性质及其肥效,主要研究结果如下:a.超微细磷矿粉的粒径分别为7.26 μm、4.06 μm;b.超微细磷矿粉能明显促进玉米幼苗生长及提高植株的磷利用率,与普通磷矿粉相比达到显著水平,生物有效性显著提高c.超微细磷矿粉与普通磷矿粉相比显著增加了土壤中有效磷含量.     

微细磷矿粉的有效性研究

以褐土盆栽试验研究了超微细磷矿粉提高土壤速效磷含量及其生物有效性.结果表明:磷矿粉有效磷含量、水溶性磷含量及土壤速效磷含量随颗粒细度减小而增加,特别是大部分颗粒细度在20 μm以下时,磷矿粉的有效磷和水溶性磷含量提高幅度较大.当磷矿粉粒度在20.11～2.87 μm时,与0.100～0.075 mm粒度相比,有效磷含量...     

机械化学法活化磷矿的机理研究

通过XRD和红外光谱分析对机械活化的磷矿进行结构相变和官能团的改变进行分析,改变高能行星式球磨机的球磨时间和球磨方式(干磨和湿磨)得出不同条件下的磷矿粉中有效磷和水溶性磷的浸出率.结果表明磷矿粉经机械活化后,磷灰石产生晶粒细化、结构缺陷及生成新的低结晶度的相,可溶磷含量提高到61.6％.根据实验数据推论出机械活化的固相反应动力学模型,发现在反应前期为扩散阶段,后期为界面反应阶段,计算出反应速率常数k,发现k并非一成不变,反应过程中在变化.     

微晶化磷矿粉对生菜生长的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同施用量的微晶化磷矿粉与普通磷矿粉对生菜生长的影响。研究结果表明:与普通磷矿粉相比,微晶化磷矿粉减量67%处理能改善生菜的生长指标,微晶化磷矿粉减量33%处理的肥效与普通磷矿粉处理相当;不同用量微晶化磷矿粉处理随微晶化磷矿粉施用量的增加,效果更为显著。     

黄腐酸对磷的活化效果及活化磷肥的应用研究

腐植酸具有活化矿物磷的功能,可用于活化磷肥的开发。化学检测与肥效试验表明,与一般的有机活化剂相比,腐植酸中分子量较小的黄腐酸可在2%的添加量下发挥更大的磷活化效能。因黄腐酸活化磷肥第1次与第3次浸提溶出的水溶磷含量差别不超过20%,表明该活化磷肥连续释磷更加平稳,更符合作物不同生长期的养分需求,因而获得更高的肥效。     

微量元素磷肥的生产及应用

用多种微量元素加入68％的硫酸中再与磷矿粉反应，可显著改善产品的物理性能，缩短熟化期，提高转化率。经种植水稻试验证明，产品肥效明显，经济效益显著。     

The effect of direct application of phosphate rock on increasing crop yield and improving properties of red soil

Field experiments, designed to evaluate the effect of direct application of phosphate rock, were carried out on red soil (Ultisol) uplands at three different places. The results indicated: (1) for the first year's crop, the rapeseed yields with phosphate rock treatment and triple superphosphate treatment were almost identical when their rate of phosphorus application was the same; (2) when the same level of phosphorus fertilizer was applied, the residual effect of phosphate rock was better than that of triple superphosphate, and the residual effect of all phosphorus fertilizers on winter crop yields increased with the increase of the amount of Phosphorus applied; (3) with the application of phosphate rock, the pH value, the amount of available phosphorus and exchangeable Ca and Mg of soils went up, whereas the content of active Al in soils decreased. Therefore, the direct application of phosphate rock to red soil also has an important role in improving soil properties.The project was financially supported by American Phosphate Foundation, PPI/PPIC and National Natural Science Foundation of China.     

高炉法磷矿还原反应特性研究

研究了磷矿石直接还原生产磷酸的过程,考察了温度、硅钙比、还原时间与磷矿还原率的关系.结果表明,提高反应温度有利于磷矿还原,磷矿石的还原率随着硅钙比的增大而增大,但当硅钙比为1.0以上时,再增加硅钙比,还原率增加并不明显;在磷矿还原的最佳温度1300～1500℃范围内,反应时间对磷矿的还原率影响较大,但随着反应时间的增加...     

几种微生物溶解磷矿粉的动态研究

研究了尘埃芽孢杆菌、荧光假单孢菌和青霉对磷矿粉中磷的溶解能力．结果表明,该三种菌株均显著促进了磷矿粉的溶解,磷的浸出率最高可达6．7％．其中青霉的溶磷能力要强于尘埃芽孢杆菌和荧光假单孢菌。磷矿粉用量越低,磷的浸出率越高。随着培养时间增加,磷的浸出率逐渐升高．pH逐渐下降．但培养15d后,磷的浸出率和pH不再明显变化。另外,碳源质量分数对培养液中磷的浸出率也有影响,质量分数过高或过低均会降低磷的浸出率。     

Partial acidulation of an ‘unground’ phosphate rock: I. Preparation and characteristics

Partially acidulated phosphate rocks were prepared from unground North Carolina phsophate rock and H₃PO₄ by (i) mixing phosphate rock with the requisite amount of H₃PO₄, (ii) mixing with a portion of the acid followed by adding the remaining acid during granulation and (iii) single-step acidulation and granulation. The degrees of acidulation were 20, 30, 40 and 50%. Only 20% and 30% acidulations were done by method (iii). The phosphate rock granulated readily on addition of H₃PO₄ either as in method (ii) or (iii) and the products did not need external drying before storage. The citric and water soluble P showed that from the viewpoint of acid-phosphate rock interaction all three methods of preparation were satisfactory. The granules were equally strong as or stronger than commercially available single or triple superphosphate samples tested. The percent degradation on abrasion was less than 4% compared to about 8% for superphosphate and 0.4% for triple superphosphate. A sand incubation study suggested an interaction in the partially acidulated phosphate rock between the monocalcium phosphate component and unreacted phosphate rock which initially increased the solubility of P.     

The effects of nitrogen fertilizer form on the plant availability of phosphate from soil,phosphate rock and mono-calcium phosphate

A glasshouse trial using lettuce as the test crop, and laboratory incubations were used to evaluate the influence of various nitrogen fertilizers on the availability of phosphate from an unfertilized loamy sand soil and from the same soil fertilized with Sechura phosphate rock or monocalcium phosphate. The order in which nitrogen fertilizer form increased plant yield and P uptake from soil alone and from soil fertilized with the rock was ammonium sulphate > sulphurised urea > ammonium nitrate > urea > potassium nitrate. For each rock application (both 30 and 60 mg/pot) and for soil alone, increased P uptake by the plant correlated well with decreased soil pH. In soil fertilized with the soluble P form, monocalcium phosphate, the form of the nitrogen fertilizer had little effect on plant P uptake. Subsequent laboratory incubation studies showed that increased dissolution of soil-P or Sechura phosphate rock did not occur until acidity, generated by nitrification or sulphur oxidation of the fertilizer materials, had lowered soil pH to below 5.5. A sequential phosphate fractionation procedure was used to show that in soils treated with the acidifying nitrogen fertilizers, ammonium sulphate and urea, there was considerable release of Sechura phosphate rock P to the soil, amounting to 42% and 27% of the original rock P added, respectively.     

汽爆秸秆对磷矿粉溶解作用及其溶解残渣对小麦生长的影响

为探究生物质对磷矿粉的溶解作用,以玉米秸秆为原料,利用蒸汽爆破（汽爆）技术释放有机酸,在高温水热条件下溶解磷矿粉并制备含磷腐殖酸。通过实验对汽爆秸秆溶解磷矿粉工艺进行了探究及优化,并利用傅里叶红外光谱（FT-IR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和X射线荧光光谱（XRF）进行分析和表征。研究结果表明：15 g汽爆秸秆与1 g磷矿粉以及75 mL水在170℃、加入10% CaCl₂的条件下,反应3 h的溶磷量为1.46 mg/g（以秸秆质量计,下同）。加入与磷矿粉相同质量的NaHSO₄后可使体系pH值降低至2,pH值的降低是磷溶出的关键因素,溶磷量提高为13.10 mg/g。溶磷后的秸秆制备腐殖酸作为小麦盆栽肥料,用量0.2%时,小麦株高、根长、叶绿素含量和相对电导率均显著高于空白组。     

微波诱变氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸出磷矿粉中可溶性磷

采用微波辐照对氧化亚铁硫杆菌进行诱变,并利用诱变菌在黄铁矿存在条件下从磷矿粉中浸出可溶性磷.结果表明:800 W微波辐照功率条件下(处理4 min),氧化亚铁硫杆菌浸磷的效果较佳,磷的浸出率达12.25%,比原菌提高了52.74%.通过微波诱变可提高氧化亚铁硫杆菌的氧化活性和产酸量,从而增强磷矿粉中可溶性磷的浸出效果.     

湿法磷酸生产中降低磷矿浆水分的研究

由于湿法磷酸产能的提升,磷矿浆细度的提高,导致磷矿浆在浓密机内难沉降,磷矿浆相对密度降低,水分升高,对下游生产带来极大不便,影响其经济效益。分析主要原因,并介绍采取的相应措施,改造后,矿浆w(H_2O)由41%降为40.89%,降低了生产成本,为下游生产带来了良好的效果。     

Investigations on interactions of phosphorus compounds in partially acidulated phosphate rock and fertilizer effectiveness

Khouribga phosphate rock was partially acidulated with 50 and 70% of the required H₂SO₄ for complete acidulation. The unreacted rock residue was isolated by subsequent extractions with water and alkaline ammonium citrate solution. P solubility in 2% formic acid of this residues was reduced as compared to the original Khouribga phosphate rock. This loss in reactivity consistently increased with the degree of acidulation. Plant response to fertilizer application emphasized the negative effect of partial acidulation in an acid soil. Mixtures of superphosphate and phosphate rock were more effective than partially acidulated phosphate rock.Applications of apatitic P did not affect P efficiency on a neutral soil. Differences between mixed and partially acidulated phosphate rock could therefore not be observed. The effectiveness of the products was due to their content of acidulated P.Hydrolysis of monocalciumphosphate caused a further acidulation of the residual apatite in moist incubated granules. The extent of these reactions, however, was too low to improve P efficiency significantly.     

Characterizing the dissolution of phosphate rock materials by electro-ultrafiltration

Electro-ultrafiltration (EUF) was evaluated as a potential technique for characterizing the dissolution and assessing the chemical reactivity of contrasting phosphate rock (PR) materials. The types of rock used were: three reactive rocks, Sechura phosphate rock (SPR), North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR), and Chatham Rise phosphorite (CRP), which contains significant amounts of calcium carbonate; one unreactive rock, Tennessee phosphate rock (TPR); and one iron and aluminium phosphate, calcined Christmas Island C grade phosphate rock (Calciphos). Dissolution of SPR increased as the solution:solid ratio increased to 250:1, the voltage was increased from 0 to 400 V, and the ionic strength of the extracting solution was increased. The neutralizing effect of any CaCO₃ present in PR materials, which is a major limitation with single chemical extraction procedures, does not appear to be a problem with EUF. A limitation of using de-ionized water as the extracting solution with EUF is the small amounts (1 to 6%) of total of P extracted. Addition of NaCl to the extracting solution increased the dissolution of all PR materials, although this varied with the PR. With both de-ionized water and NaCl as the extracting solution, EUF was inferior to 2% formic acid for assessing agronomic effectiveness of the PR materials. EUF appears to be of limited value in assessing the chemical reactivity of PR materials.