Evaluating multiepisode events: Boundary conditions for the peak-end rule.

This study advances our understanding of how people arrive at retrospective evaluations of multiepisode experiences. Large samples from the United States, France, and Denmark (810, 820, and 805 participants, respectively) reported their feelings during each episode of the previous day using the Day Reconstruction Method. The duration-weighted average of these feelings represented the normative approach to evaluation, and, contrary to the predictions of the peak-end rule, the average was the best predictor of retrospective evaluations of the day. To capture participants' heuristic evaluation, they also reported having a wonderful (peak) and/or awful (low) moment during the previous day. The results indicate that retrospective evaluations of multiepisode events rely on the averaged ratings of emotions, ignore ends, and also consider the presence of lows, and occasionally peaks, as subjectively defined by those experiencing them. Peaks and lows contribute more to comparative, rather than absolute evaluations. Future research should examine whether these findings extend to other multiepisode events that, unlike days, form cohesive units in terms of their content, goal, and emotionality. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

散射性介质辐射传热的数值模拟

利用有限容积法采用C语言模拟了三维圆柱体内吸收、散射性介质的辐射传热温度场：通过辐射传递过程的数值计算，分析了介质本身性质、各向异性散射对温度分布的影响。与光线踪迹法相比较，有限容积法计算速度快具有较好的精度，是目前辐射传递过程数值模拟的一种较好的方法。计算结果表明，由于径向辐射射程比轴向辐射射程小，所以各向异性散射在径向对温度场的影响要比在轴向的大；此外反照率对温度场的影响不大。     

Experimental investigation into radiative heat transfer characteristics for mould fluxes containing transition oxides

Abstract

Infrared transmittance of glassy and crystalline mould fluxes was measured using a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer at room temperature. Radiation heat transfer from the steel shell to the mould was calculated by a model. The results indicate that transition metal oxides MnO, FeO and TiO₂ have a marked negative effect on infrared transmittance and radiation heat flux of glassy samples. With MnO, FeO and TiO₂ added, the reductions of radiation heat flux in glassy samples are 19–25%, 34–36%, 6–29% respectively. X-ray diffraction results indicated that the crystalline phase in transition oxides free samples was mainly Ca₄Si₂O₇F₂. After transition oxides MnO, FeO and TiO₂ added, Mn₂SiO₄, Fe₂SiO₄, CaTiO₃, Ca₂SiO₄ and other minor phases were also precipitated in mould fluxes. On account of strong refraction and scattering, the negative effect on radiation heat flux in crystalline samples was much larger than that in the glassy ones.