National multimodal travel information - a strategy based on stakeholder involvement and intelligent transportation system architecture

In Norway, the work on multimodal travel information services is based on ARKTRANS, the national framework architecture for multimodal intelligent transportation systems (ITS). ARKTRANS is harmonised across all transport modes, and arranges for services supporting all phases of door-to-door travel. The authors describe the process towards such services and how they are enabled by ARKTRANS. As a result of ARKTRANS, the experience gained in pilot projects providing new and improved travel information services can be transferred into generic knowledge and used in national, regional and local travel planners. Stakeholder involvement, use of existing solutions and the iterative evolution of services are described as well as the use of the architecture     

Reconstruction techniques for energy-absorbing guardrail end terminals

Steel beam longitudinal barriers protect errant vehicles from roadside hazards; when impacted, they safely redirect the impacting vehicle and minimize the probability of serious injury. Guardrail end terminals are devices placed on the ends of longitudinal barriers and are frequently hit by vehicles that leave the roadway. Crash reconstruction is the effort to determine how a vehicle crash has occurred. Reconstruction is performed by several groups, including designers and testers of roadside safety devices so that they design and test for real-world conditions, and also by departments of transportation in order to determine appropriate warrants, maximizing the benefit-cost ratio for limited resources. This paper focuses on two items: first, the numerous types of energy-absorbing guardrail end terminals are identified and delineated and second, a crash reconstruction technique for determining the initial velocity of a vehicle impacting a guardrail end terminal based upon conservation of momentum and conservation of energy is developed. By understanding the types of guardrail terminals and being able to reconstruct real-world crashes, highway planners, designers and maintenance people will have significant more information than is currently available to aid in the goal of mitigating roadside crashes.     

针对全盲用户的导航软件信息无障碍设计

目的 研究影响全盲用户使用导航软件的因素,并基于信息无障碍设计,提出具体的设计策略和服务系统架构,为导航软件进一步服务全盲用户提供借鉴。方法 首先,提出信息无障碍设计中信息的等效替代、强固性、易用性及设计的通用性原则。其次,从生理、认知和行为习惯等方面分析全盲用户群特征,并通过实地访谈和观察实验的方法对全盲用户进行调查研究,构建人物角色模型,绘制用户旅程图,从而获知全盲用户使用导航软件的痛点和机会点。结论 研究表明当前导航软件的无障碍服务水平有待提升,存在缺少盲道指引、无障碍物提示、目的地定位不准确等问题,因此,在增加盲道指引,利用听觉感官给予交互反馈,提供实时路况这3个具体功能点的基础上,构建信息无障碍的服务系统架构。     

Using the Weibull distribution to characterise road transport vibration levels

This paper reviews the various ways that have been proposed to characterise road transport vehicle vibrations and recommends a new approach to characterise the vibrations levels during a transport journey. Some 47 road vehicle vibration records, obtained from a broad range of conditions, were analysed, and results show that the root-mean-square (rms) distribution of the vibrations can be accurately modelled with a reduced version of the three-parameter Weibull distribution (shape parameter set to 2). This statistical approach to characterising road vehicle vibrations takes into account the random fluctuations in rms levels that occur naturally during a road journey and can be used to classify the severity of RVV. This offers significant improvement on the simplistic mean rms value that has, so far, been the sole parameter to describe vibration levels during transport. The Weibull location parameter represents the low threshold of the rms level in the record (except when xo is less than zero, in which case the low rms threshold is zero), whereas the Weibull range parameter is proportional to the range of rms level. Results also reveal a strong relationship between the rms mean and the sum of the location and scale parameters. In addition, this enables generation of rms distributions from the mean power density spectrum (PDS) alone. The modified (fixed-shape) Weibull distribution can be used to faithfully describe the entire statistical distribution of the rms level of a journey or transport mode with just two parameters. This new approach can be used in a practical way for quantifying and comparing transport vibration rms levels for design and testing purposes.     

Implementation specification for software process improvement supportive knowledge management tool

Software process improvement (SPI) is a long-term journey, which is made comfortable by many means. The most dominant and preferred plan is a knowledge driven methodology with which software development organisations are experimenting. To have a look and feel of knowledge and its management, it has become essential to have a standardised knowledge management tool (KMT) that comprises specifications like-acquisition, representation, sharing and deploying. Although several tools and techniques are available for managing knowledge to solve domain problems, it is felt in the knowledge society that no standard KM tools exist that would facilitate SPI. In this piece of implementation work, the authors outline the features that are deemed significant to implement a KMT that drives the journey of SPI. Four process areas are chosen and four subsystems are identified in covering these process areas. A series of studies conducted among organisations requiring the support of a KMT in making a decisive SPI initiative are also discussed with elaborate and significant results. Implications of this work demands the cooperation of software development companies with the research community in finding a better approach to their improvement program.     

Universal design (UD) principles for flexible packaging and corresponding minimal customer requirement set

Other research has established seven UD principles and performance measures for the design and assessment of generic products. The objective of this research is to improve the suitability of UD for flexible packaging. The methodology used here begins by creating customer requirements from UD performance measures and packaging functions from JIS S 0022‐4. The authors propose a correlation matrix to discard uncorrelated, duplicated and irrelevant requirements from the list of requirements. The remaining customer requirements are screened by using the Index of Consistency. Then, experts check and add essential customer requirements. A factor analysis is conducted on the survey data to find the important requirements and eliminate uncorrelated requirements. The number of customer requirements is reduced from 261 to 39 with five principles corresponding to UD. The five principles relevant to UD are (a) convenient, intuitive and simple use; (b) perceptible information; (c) structure and graphic design; (d) easy opening; and (e) equitable use. The benefit of the new five principles is not only the reduction from seven principles to five principles, but also the grouped customer requirements that are easy to use for packaging manufacturers and packaging designers. Customer requirements can be used as performance measures to evaluate the compliance of flexible packaging to UD. Finally, the application of the five principles and 39 customer requirements are demonstrated with case studies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Optimal stack layout in a sea container terminal with automated lifting vehicles

Container terminal performance is largely determined by its design decisions, which include the number and type of quay cranes, stack cranes, transport vehicles, vehicle travel path and stack layout. We investigate the orientation of the stack layout (parallel or perpendicular to the quayside) on the throughput time performance of the terminals. Previous studies in this area typically use deterministic optimisation, and a few studies use probabilistic travel times and simulation to analyse the effect of stack layout on terminal throughput times. In this research, we capture the stochasticity with an integrated queuing network modelling approach to analyse the performance of container terminals with parallel stack layout using automated lifting vehicles. Using this analytical model, we investigate 1008 parallel stack layout configurations on throughput times and determine the optimal stack layout configuration. We find that, assuming an identical width of the internal transport area, container terminals with parallel stack layout perform better (from 4–12% in terms of container throughput times) than terminals with a perpendicular stack layout.     

健康风险沟通中信息图形设计的易读性与可及性研究——以新冠疫情为例

目的 在持续的公共卫生危机期间,以信息图形提升公众对健康风险的认识是必要的手段之一。但信息图形涉及对数据、概念、流程等科学话语的视觉转译,公众可能会面临信息理解的易读性和可及性的问题。确认何种健康信息及其图形感知的设计可提升对风险概念的有效理解。方法 以新冠信息图形为例,基于风险传播、风险大小、风险接触和风险规避4个典型的风险沟通的类型,展开了一项联合社区用户、专家和设计师的焦点小组研究。结果 研究得到了5项设计建议,包括简化信息但不牺牲信息的丰富性,提供风险背景的上下文,数值比例的图形转换,感知-概念的图文整合,区分受众不同健康素养水平,谨慎处理信息的伦理问题。结论 健康风险信息紧急而复杂。信息设计可以提前介入,理解细分人群的信息行为、信息环境,快速响应沟通策略。研究得出的相关结论可对健康风险沟通实践提供参考,亦可拓展信息设计对健康传播跨学科研究的新范式。     

Modelling of composite sheet forming: a review

The use of composite materials in sheet forming applications is gaining popularity with the rise of consumer demands and specific mechanical properties. In addition to unidirectional (UD) fibres, the use of textile reinforcements such as woven fabric and knitted fabric has been shown to be feasible in recent years. This paper gives a survey on the modelling of composite sheet forming for both UD fibre and textile composites. Two broad approaches are reviewed here—the mapping approach and the mechanics approach. Mapping approaches for UD fibre composites, woven fabric composites and knitted fabric composites are elucidated on the basis of their fibre geometry. For the mechanics approach both the viscous fluid models and elastic solid models, as a means of describing the constitutive properties, are reviewed. Various updating methods for modelling large deformation found in sheet forming are then described. Finally, a guideline for the choice of modelling techniques for various types of fibre/fabric reinforcements and suggestions for future work are given.     

单向复合材料横向裂纹黏弹性损伤演化模型

建立一个考虑基体黏弹性的纤维增强聚合物单向复合材料在产生横向裂纹时的损伤演化模型,有效地预测了单向复合材料横向拉伸行为。假设呈现威布尔分布的缺陷会在变形的驱动下演化为损伤,并以此为基础建立了单向复合材料横向损伤演化模型。通过此模型,时间-温度叠加原理（TTSP）得到了更具有物理基础的解释。最后,通过具体例子阐述了此模型的应用,并通过试验对模型预测结果进行了验证。本模型有效地预测了单向复合材料横向拉伸行为。由于单向复合材料横向性能存在脆性,此模型还无法准确预测失效和强度。      

Meso-Scale Modeling to Characterize Moisture Absorption of 3D Woven Composite

For polymer-matrix composites, moisture is expected to degrade their mechanical properties due to matrix plasticization and moisture introduced micro-scale defects. In this study, the moisture absorptions of bulk epoxy, unidirectional composite (UD) and 3D woven composite (3D WC) were tested. Two-stage features have been observed for all these three materials. Moisture properties for UD and 3D WC were found not in simple direct proportion to their matrix volume fractions. The moisture approach of UD was modeled including the effect of fiber/matrix interphase which promotes the moisture uptake. Then, meso-scale FE model for 3D WC was established to characterize the inhomogeneous moisture diffusion. The moisture properties of resin-rich region and fiber bundle in 3D WC were determined from water uptake experiments of bulk epoxy and UD, respectively. Through homogenizing moisture properties of surface and interior weave structures, a simplified theoretical sandwich moisture diffusion approach was established. The moisture weight gains of 3D WC predicted by both meso-scale FE model and simplified sandwich approach were well agreed with the experimental data.     

用户体验地图、顾客旅程地图与服务蓝图比较研究

目的 理清用户体验地图、顾客旅程地图、服务蓝图3个可视化地图的概念界定,比较其异同点与相关性。方法 以桌面研究为基础,对相关文献进行检索,通过比较分析法,揭示用户体验地图、顾客旅程地图和服务蓝图之间的关系,并通过应用案例进行验证。结论 3个可视化地图相同点在于3者均是按照时间纬度,通过将利益相关者信息可视化来提升服务品质;其不同点在于用户体验地图主要研究用户及其个体体验的可视化,顾客旅程地图主要研究顾客及其流畅旅程的可视化,服务蓝图主要研究利益相关者及其服务系统的可视化;其相关性在于3个可视化地图研究对象由少到多,研究范围由小到大,研究价值由个体体验提升到整体系统优化。本研究有助于设计师有效利用服务设计中的可视化地图。     

A manufacturing system design framework for computer aided industrial engineering

This paper describes a framework that formalizes within a concurrent engineering approach the key steps in the process of manufacturing systems design. Many of the functions performed by industrial engineers, ergonomists and process planners are included in the framework and may be used iteratively as design detail is progressively added. The paper describes the framework and prototype software, indicates how the framework is evaluated and illustrates how a workplace may be designed. The emphasis of the work is the design of human centred manual assembly systems. The overall objective of the work is to improve the process of manufacturing systems design.     

Simulation of a multiterminal system for container handling

A generic simulation model structure for the design and evaluation of multiterminal systems for container handling is proposed. A model is constructed by combining three basic functions: transport, transfer, and stacking. It can be used for further detailing of the subsystems in the terminal complex while preserving the container flow patterns in the system. The modeling approach has been applied to the complete set of existing and future terminals in the Rotterdam port area, using forecasts of containers flows, statistical data from existing terminals, expert opinions, and conceptual designs of the new port area called “second Maasvlakte”. Experimental results including the requirements for deep-sea quay lengths, storage capacities, and equipment for interterminal transport are shown. Further traffic flows on the terminal infrastructure are determined, and the consequences of applying security scanning of containers are evaluated.     

基于智慧旅游背景下旅游APP的服务设计

通过对服务设计中用户旅程的构建确定目标用户需求,对用户从搜集信息开始到观看直播结束后整个过程中的行为、情绪变化挖掘目标用户的痛点、机会点,构建设计原型"随行",为用户提供一个统一的信息发布和直播平台,同时对用户旅程中目标用户的痛点提出相应的解决方案。     

基于通用设计方法的机场洗手间服务系统设计研究

目的 在倡导“残健融合”、提升“社会福祉”背景下,运用通用设计(UD)理论探讨机场航站楼洗手间服务系统的构建方法与设计路径。方法 首先,以广州白云机场为例,从“用户多样性”视角对机场洗手间用户画像进行细分与再定义,梳理出一个涵盖“长期性”“阶段性”“场景性”三种类型的多维用户障碍分析框架;其次,加入“差异化场景”变量,观测、分析用户在不同场域下入厕行为与状态的差异,导出设计策略;最后,按照服务逻辑构建了新的、系统性的机场洗手间服务流程与触点。结论 基于通用设计方法、兼顾“细分用户”与“差异化场景”而构建的洗手间服务系统,有助于为机场这类用户基数庞大、类型复杂的公共交通枢纽,提供有效的、包容的、公平的服务。     

Drivers’ comprehension of traffic information on graphical route information panels

The concept of using signs to display graphical traffic information is now becoming increasingly popular. The main objective of this study was to design and undertake laboratory research to examine whether the content of traffic information displayed on graphical route information panel (GRIP) could be readily understood. Six kinds of GRIP signs that composed of three changeable information contents (road color only, road color with journey time, and road color with traffic speed) and two different road network types (triangle and tetragon) were proposed and tested in the experiment. Results showed that GRIP with road color only had the greatest optimum route choice percentage and the fastest response time compared to the other contents. On the contrary, GRIP with traffic speed had the slowest response time and the least optimum route choice percentage. Participants took less response time and greater optimum route choice percentage for triangle road network than for tetragon road network. Further, changeable information content interacted with road network type on response time and optimum route choice percentage. The road network type had little effect on response time and optimum route choice percentage under road color only, whereas under road color with journey time and road color with traffic speed, response times increased and optimum route choice percentage decreased significantly as road network complexity increased. Considering drivers’ comprehension and response, using road color only to present traffic condition on GRIP could be an applicable solution. Road color with traffic speed presented on GRIP was not recommended. Road color with journey time can be used for a simple road network. However, it was not suggested for a complex road network. The findings of this study could assist in displaying suitable traffic information on GRIP and in improving efficient driving for motorists.     

基于用户行为的视障儿童画板设计

目的 以用户体验为目标,以用户行为为切入,探究视障儿童画板设计的方法与路径。方法 首先筛选目标用户,归纳其行为特质,其次进行目标用户聚类的发散与细分,展开调研并根据调研结果绘制用户画像与用户体验旅程图,分析用户行为并整理其真实需求,从中寻找设计机会点,最后提出切实可行的产品设计原则和方案。结果 结合多种用户行为研究方法洞察用户需求,输出兼顾好用与易用、安全与情感的点显式视障儿童画板设计。结论 对用户行为及用户体验的高度重视和积极研究,使视障儿童画板的设计需求具体、过程清晰、功能多元。同时,该方法使产品设计流程更为客观和系统、设计方案更具现实价值,也可为此类特殊群体的设计提供一定参考。     

An integrated approach to multi-criteria design and control of manufacturing systems using simulation and goal-regression

In this paper we discuss the issue of multi-criteria design and control of manufacturing systems. We also trace the development of domain-independent non-linear planners from the field of artificial intelligence. These planners automate the task of generating a sequence of actions to achieve a specified goal. The problem of conjunctive goal planning is addressed, and a parallel drawn with the design and control of manufacturing systems where multiple criteria are to be satisfied. The inability of existing approaches to facilitate optimization across multiple performance criteria is also highlighted. Finally, to ameliorate the problem an integrated approach based on goal-regression and simulation is proposed. To facilitate conflict-resolution across multiple goals, a new algorithm is developed. The approach is tested on different configurations of test systems and found to perform satisfactorily for manufacturing systems with fairly large sets of defining variables.     

结构可靠度分析的均匀设计响应面法

均匀设计和正交设计在试验次数相近的情况下,前者所选试验点均匀性更好,也更具代表性。该文将均匀设计与响应面法相结合,提出了结构可靠度的数值模拟新方法：基于均匀设计的响应面法、均匀设计响应面与蒙特卡罗抽样相结合的混合模拟法;介绍了利用均匀设计选取试验点构造响应面方程,求解可靠度的流程。结合一个门式框架的可靠度问题,基于AN...