焊材Ni含量对海工钢EQ47气保接头组织和性能的影响

采用高Ni和低Ni含量两种药芯焊丝对30 mm厚海工钢板EQ47进行了热输入量为17 kJ/cm的多层多道气保焊接试验,通过测试焊接接头微观组织、硬度和冲击性能,分析了Ni含量对焊缝和热影响区组织和性能的影响。结果表明,焊接接头焊缝区主要由针状铁素体（AF）和晶界铁素体构成,高Ni含量焊缝中的针状铁素体体积含量高于低Ni含量焊缝,这也导致高Ni含量焊缝相对于低Ni焊缝具有较高的硬度和低温韧性。两个焊接接头热影响区的组织类别相似,粗晶区和细晶区分别由上贝氏体,铁素体和珠光体构成,而临界粗晶区则在上贝氏体的晶界上出现了M-A组元。高Ni含量接头的粗晶区由于Ni含量高于低Ni接头,导致其硬度（249 HV0.5）高于低Ni接头粗晶区（235 HV0.5）;Ni含量的差异也导致了高Ni接头的临界粗晶区中的硬度（244 HV0.5）高于低Ni接头（233 HV0.5）,这是由于前者的M-A组元的尺寸和含量高于后者。冲击性能结果表明：高Ni含量接头热影响区的冲击性能低于低Ni含量接头,这是由于使用高Ni焊材熔入粗晶区的Ni含量更高,导致粗晶区和临界粗晶区硬度升高,韧性降低。高Ni焊材有助于焊缝区的韧性,而低Ni焊材则有利于热影响区的韧性。     

Nb含量对X80管线钢环焊接头热影响区韧性的影响

采用热膨胀仪、光学显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜等研究了不同Nb含量对X80管线钢环焊接头热影响区中不同位置的显微组织、大角度晶界分布及韧性的影响。结果表明：高Nb钢(0.055%Nb)中较多固溶的Nb降低了γ→α的转变温度，促进了粒状贝氏体形成。0.055%Nb钢中的临界粗晶热影响区(ICCGHAZ)及亚临界粗晶热影响区(SCGHAZ)韧性显著恶化。ICCGHAZ韧性降低的原因是原奥氏体晶界上形成尺寸较大的链状M/A组元所致，而SCGHAZ则是由于有效晶粒尺寸变大、显微组织中大角度晶界数量降低，以及贝氏体板条束边界上尺寸较大的M/A组元所致。较高的合金含量引起的亚稳奥氏体中碳含量升高是导致0.055%Nb试验钢韧性降低的主要原因。     

局部脆性区对直接淬火回火钢焊接热影响区断裂韧性的影响

通过焊接热模拟和厚板焊接接头ＣＴＯＤ断裂性能试验,研究了直接淬火回火钢焊接热影响区局部脆性区组织和性能及对厚板焊接接头断裂韧性的影响,结果表明,在γ＋α二相区的内再次加热的粗晶区（ＩＣＣＧＨＡＺ）具有最低冲击韧性值,是焊接接头中最薄弱环节,该区在原奥氏体晶界上分布着“项链”状,ＭＡ组元,引发多层焊热影响区脆断起裂,降低热影响区断裂韧性,局部脆性区韧性的高低和尺寸的大小是控制直接淬火回火钢多层焊热和     

X70管线钢焊接热影响区组织和韧性研究

通过焊接热模拟的方法，研究了焊接线能量对X70管线钢焊接热影响区组织和低温韧性的影响。结果表明，在25kJ／cm的焊接线能量下，热影响区粗晶区的组织发生粗化，韧性显著降低；随着焊接线能量增加，低温韧性进一步恶化。然而，焊接线能量对细晶区的组织和低温韧性影响不大，在60kJ／cm的大焊接线能量下．细晶区仍能获得优良的低温韧性。     

铌含量对高强船板钢大线能量焊接粗晶区组织性能的影响

利用焊接热模拟方法研究了铌含量对高强船板钢大线能量焊接粗晶区组织和性能的影响.结果表明,随Nb含量增加,粗晶区中晶界铁素体减少,MA岛(粒状贝氏体)和板条贝氏体增多,Nb含量在0.038wt％时,板条贝氏体贯穿整个奥氏体晶粒,严重降低了粗晶区的低温韧性;同时,MA岛的形态也由块状变为长条状,同样降低了粗晶区的低温韧性.在大线能量焊接下Nb对高强船板钢的焊接性造成了不利的影响.     

Mn对船板钢大热输入焊接CGHAZ组织性能的影响

采用焊接热模拟的方法研究了Mn元素含量对EH36船板钢焊接粗晶区组织与性能的影响.结果表明,Mn含量对EH36钢大热输入焊接粗晶区的低温韧性存在显著影响.Mn元素含量较高(1.58%)或较低(0.56%)时,粗晶区的低温韧性均差.当Mn含量等于1.20%时粗晶区的低温韧性最高.Mn含量对EH36钢大热输入焊接粗晶区的组织同样存在显著影响.Mn含量较低(0.56%)时,粗晶区的主要组织为粗大的先共析铁素体,其宽度约为30μm;而Mn含量较高(1.58%)时,粗晶区组织则以硬质相M-A岛状组织为主.先共析铁素体和硬质相M-A岛状组织共同决定着船板钢焊接粗晶区的韧性.     

M-A组元对石油储罐用钢粗晶热影响区韧性的影响

利用Gleeble-3800热模拟试验机模拟粗晶热影响区(CGHAZ)焊接热循环,研究了大热输入条件下不同石油储罐用钢的粗晶区组织、韧性及其变化规律.结果表明,各钢粗晶区组织均以贝氏体为主,但由于铁素体、粒状贝氏体等组织的比例差异,韧性差别较大.同时,随着M-A组元面积分数的增加,韧性也呈下降趋势,两者均为先降之后维持较低值.另外,M-A组元的形态等也对韧性有影响,块状M-A组元对韧性的损害大于条状M-A组元.考虑多种合金元素共同作用对M-A组元形成的综合影响,利用多元线性回归的方法对M-A组元面积分数做出了预测,对粗晶区韧性评判有一定实际意义.     

含铜时效钢焊接粗晶区组织与韧性分析

研究了含铜时效钢焊接粗晶区的组织与韧性,并测定了含铜时效钢焊接粗晶区连续冷却转变曲线(SHCCT曲线).结果表明,冷却速度对含铜时效钢焊接粗晶区的组织和韧性有显著影响.随着冷却速度的增加,粗晶区的组织由粗大的粒状贝氏体转变为细小的板条贝氏体;当t8/5≤40s时,焊接粗晶区无塑性转变温度低于-50℃,可获得良好的低温韧性.当t8/5＞40s时,焊接粗晶区冲击韧度显著降低,大尺寸M-A组元的增多是导致含铜时效钢韧性恶化的重要原因.     

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粗晶区是焊接接头的薄弱环节.通过对X80管线钢进行热模拟、金相显微镜和透射电镜分析后表明,粗晶区的组织主要为板条束贝氏体和粒状贝氏体;X80管线钢焊接热影响区粗晶区冲击韧性较差,存在严重脆化,粗晶区脆化是由于晶粒的粗化以及M-A组元数量增多造成的;随着t8/5的增加,粗晶区的冲击韧性和硬度随之降低;峰值温度越高,X80级管线钢的组织越粗大、韧性越低;中间临界区是焊接热影响区中另外一个韧性较薄弱的区域.     

Q460耐候钢焊接粗晶热影响区中M-A组元及其对韧性的影响

利用模拟试验机对Q460耐候钢不同热输入条件下的焊接粗晶热影响区进行模拟,分析粗晶热影响区中显微组织及其中马氏体-奥氏体(M-A)组元的数量、形态、分布及大小对韧性的影响。结果表明,t8/5较小时,组织由板条贝氏体和粒状贝氏体构成,M-A组元尺寸较小;t8/5为100 s时,组织中板条贝氏体量逐渐减小,粒状贝氏体含量逐渐增多,M-A呈块状,尺寸变大,有效晶粒尺寸增加,韧性降低;当t8/5达到150~200 s时,即使组织粗大,M-A组元的量有所减少,出现部分残留奥氏体,韧性也会增加。     

焊接热输入对Q690高强度桥梁钢焊接热影响区粗晶区组织与力学性能的影响

采用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机研究了16 mm厚Q690高强度桥梁钢不同焊接热输入(E)条件下焊接热影响区粗晶区(CGHAZ)的组织演变规律,研究了焊接热输入、组织和力学性能之间的关系。结果表明:Q690高强度桥梁钢CGHAZ的组织主要为板条马氏体(LM)、板条贝氏体(LB)和粒状贝氏体(GB)。随着焊接热输入的增大,LM含量逐渐减少,LB和GB含量逐渐增多,组织逐渐粗化;CGHAZ的显微硬度和-40℃冲击吸收能量均逐渐减小;当15 kJ/cm≤E≤30 kJ/cm时,CGHAZ组织为细小的LM和LB,大角度晶界(HAGB)含量较高而GB和M-A组元含量较少,显微硬度较高且冲击韧性较好。     

Microstructure and mechanical performances of CGHAZ for oil tank steel during high heat input welding

Microstructure and mechanical performances of the coarse grain heat-affected-zone (CGHAZ) for oil tank steel with different Ti content were investigated through Gleeble-3500, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometer. The results show that the strength and low-temperature toughness of base material are significantly improved for the high titanium content steel, but the impact toughness of CGHAZ is seriously deteriorated after the high heat input welding and declined sharply with the heat input increasing, while the effects of heat input on impact toughness are very weak for the low titanium content steel, impact toughness of which is gradually larger than that of high titanium content steel with the welding heat input increasing because of the granular bainite increasing, TiN particle coarsening, and (Ti, Nb) N composition evolution during the high input welding for high titanium content steel.     

EFFECT OF Zr ADDITION TO Ti-KILLED STEEL ON INCLUSION FORMATION AND MICROSTRUCTURAL EVOLUTION IN WELDING INDUCED COARSE-GRAINED HEAT AFFECTED ZONE

Effects of Zirconium on the chemical component and size distribution of Ti-bearing inclusions, favored the grain refinement of the welding reduced, coarse-grained heat affected zone （CGHAZ） with enhanced impact toughness in Ti-killed steels, which were examined based on experimental observations and thermodynamic calculations. It indicated that the chemical constituents of inclusions gradually varied from the TiO oxide to the Ti-O＋Zr-O compound oxide and a single phase of the ZrO2 oxide, as the Zr content increased from zero to 0.0100%. A trace of Zr （0.0030%-0.0080%, depending on the oxygen content in liquid steel） provided a large amount of nucleating core for Ti oxide because of the larger specific density of ZrO2 oxide, and produced a small size distribution of the inclusions favorable for acicular ferrite transformation with a high nucleation rate in the CGHAZ, and a high volume fraction of acicular ferrite was obtained in the CGHAZ, with enhanced impact toughness. Otherwise, a high content of Zr （-0.0100%） produced a single phase Zr02, which was impotent to nucleate acicular ferrite, and a microstructure composed of ferrite side plate and grain boundary ferrite developed in the CGHAZ. The experimental results were confirmed by thermodynamic calculations.     

双道次激光电弧复合焊热影响区微观组织与冲击韧性

采用焊接热模拟技术制备了低合金高强钢双道次激光电弧复合焊热影响区的均匀化组织试样,研究了二次峰值温度对热模拟试样微观组织和韧性的影响. 结果表明,未转变粗晶区为粗大的板条马氏体,晶粒尺寸在84 ~ 98 μm之间. 超临界再热粗晶区为细小的板条马氏体,晶粒尺寸为15.7 ~ 19.2 μm. 临界再热粗晶区为晶界和亚晶界分布有块状M-A组元的板条马氏体. 亚临界再热粗晶区组织为板条马氏体,晶粒尺寸在79 ~ 88 μm之间. 示波冲击试验结果表明,临界再热粗晶区试样抵抗裂纹形成能力最低,临界再热粗晶区和未转变粗晶区试样抵抗裂纹扩展能力最差.     

A model of heating a flux-cored wire in arc metallizing and analysis of the structure of the coating

Summary

This paper describes HAZ‐notched CTOD tests of multipass welds in SMYS = 420–460 MPa class high‐strength steels for offshore structural applications. The weld metal strength overmatch causes different fracture behaviour depending on the actual CGHAZ toughness. When the CGHAZ is completely embrittled, the weld metal strength overmatch leads to the lower bound critical CTOD value. This is due to elevation of the local stress in the CGHAZ caused by the restraint effect of the overmatched weld metal. The fracture surface is generally flat, and brittle fracture originates from the CGHAZ sampled by the fatigue crack front. A larger fraction of the CGHAZ along the crack front gives a smaller critical CTOD value. When the CGHAZ has moderate toughness, however, the weld metal strength overmatch may produce a higher critical CTOD value at brittle fracture initiation. This is due to crack growth path deviation towards the base metal. Plastic deformation preferentially accumulates to a greater extent on the softer base metal side before the critical stress conditions for brittle fracture initiation occur in the CGHAZ. This asymmetrical plastic deformation promotes deviation of ductile crack growth from the crack tip CGHAZ. In this case, the critical CTOD value does not always reflect the CGHAZ toughness itself.

A notch location nearer the weld metal sometimes causes fracture initiation in the weld metal if the fatigue crack tip samples the CGHAZ. Such experimental data do not reflect the real CGHAZ toughness.

The significance of the critical CTOD value obtained in the tests must be determined in the fracture toughness evaluation of the weld CGHAZ. This paper presents a procedure for evaluation of CTOD test results obtained for HAZ‐notched welds that considers the strength mismatch effect.     

X80管线钢Cu-Ni含量及热输入对CGHAZ冲击离散性的影响

利用Gleeble-1500模拟实际焊接条件下双丝纵列焊接热循环过程,通过冲击试验、光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）以及电子背散射衍射（EBSD）对不同Cu-Ni含量的X80管线钢模拟焊接粗晶区（CGHAZ）的显微组织、马/奥组元（M/A）分布及形态、冲击韧性和室温组织粗化程度进行了研究,对低Cu-Ni含量的X80管线钢在不同焊接热输入下进行了显微组织、晶粒粗化程度和冲击韧性的表征. 结果表明,随着奥氏体稳定性元素含量的降低,CGHAZ平均晶粒尺寸无明显变化,但晶粒尺寸离散度增加;原奥氏体向贝氏体转变温度升高,晶界渗碳体含量增加,且粒状贝氏体的晶粒取向选择过于单一,大角度晶界（>15°）密度显著降低;M/A组元由块状向长条状转变且数量明显减少. 上述原因使X80管线钢模拟CGHAZ的冲击韧性离散性增加,但随着焊接热输入的降低,模拟CGHAZ晶粒尺寸离散度降低,大角度晶界（>15°）密度显著提高,这使X80管线钢模拟焊接接头的CGHAZ冲击吸收功得以稳定.     

WB36钢临界再热粗晶区组织性能

用热模拟方法研究了WB36钢（15NiCuMoNb5）临界再热粗晶区（IRCGHAZ）组织特征及性能,分析组织转变过程及M-A组元形成原因,揭示了1RCGHAZ脆化机理。结果表明,IRCGHAZ保持粗大的板条状马氏体组织特征,形成了密集的M-A组元,其中条状M-A组元分布于马氏体板条间,而在原始奥氏体晶界形成链状M-A组元。与一次粗晶区（CGHAZ）、二次粗晶区及过临界再热粗晶区（SCCGHAZ）相比,IRCGHAZ的韧性最低,它将导致接头的局部脆化现象。IRCGHAZ脆化的主要原因是存在于晶内的条状M-A组元,而不是分布于晶界的粒状M-A组元,这是由于条状M-A组元比颗粒状M-A组元更容易引起解理断裂。     

Effect of Zr Addition on the Microstructure and Toughness of Coarse-Grained Heat-Affected Zone with High-Heat Input Welding Thermal Cycle in Low-Carbon Steel

Microstructures and toughness of coarse-grained heat-affected zone (CGHAZ) with high-heat input welding thermal cycle in Zr-containing and Zr-free low-carbon steel were investigated by means of welding thermal cycle simulation. The specimens were subjected to a welding thermal cycle with heat inputs of 100, 400, and 800 kJ cm^?1 at peak temperature of 1673 K (1400 °C) using a thermal simulator. The results indicate that excellent impact toughness at the CGHAZ was obtained in Zr-containing steel. The Zr oxide is responsible for AF transformation, providing the nucleation site for the formation AF, promoting the nucleation of AF on the multi-component inclusions. High fraction of acicular ferrite (AF) appears in Zr-containing steel, acting as an obstacle to cleavage propagation due to its high-angle grain boundary. The morphology of M-A constituents plays a key role in impact toughness of CGHAZ. Large M-A constituents with lath form can assist the micro-crack initiation and seriously decrease the crack initiation energy. The relationship of AF transformation and M-A constituents was discussed in detail.     

Effect of boron on microstructure and toughness of simulated CGHAZ of HSLA steel

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