多孔材料有效导热系数的实验和模型研究

为研究多孔材料的传热机理,采用实验测量验证理论模型的方式,利用瞬态热线法测量283~333 K范围内多孔保温材料挤塑式聚苯乙烯(XPS)的有效导热系数,并根据多孔材料各组成部分导热系数、密度以及结构特点,使用5种基本模型包括串联模型、并联模型、Kopelman isotropic模型、Maxwell-Eucken模型以及EMT模型,分别对其有效导热系数进行计算。结果证明:对于XPS,Kopelman iostropic和Maxwell-Eucken模型更具适用性,其计算结果与实验结果最大偏差均小于0.5%,为进一步开展多孔材料的有效导热系数模型和实验研究提供理论依据。     

保温多孔材料含湿传热过程分析模型

基于粗宏观表征体元RMV(representative macroscopic volume),考虑孔隙中含有湿分的情况,建立了多孔介质传热的黑箱、灰箱、白箱模型。根据建立的"三箱"模型和传热过程分析,推导出了导热系数的公式。以岩棉为例,通过所建模型数值计算并讨论了孔隙率、含湿率、孔隙通道分布系数和迂曲度对导热系数的影响效果。结果发现,孔隙率和孔隙通道分布系数与导热系数呈负相关关系,含湿率和迂曲度与导热系数呈正相关关系。结论可为提高材料的保温性能提供相应的思路和方法。     

建筑外墙外保温材料的研究与应用

概述了建筑外墙目前常用保温材料的使用性能、应用状况和存在问题,包括有机类的EPS、XPS、PU、PF和无机类的岩棉、泡沫玻璃(陶瓷)、泡沫混凝土.有机保温材料具有低的导热系数,保温性能好,但是易燃、防火等级低,安全性差,需要进行阻燃处理；无机保温材料不燃,防火等级高,安全性能好,但是保温性能不如有机保温材料,需要开发低导热系数的无机保温材料.最后指出,导热系数低、综合性能优异的无机保温材料将成为未来建筑保温材料的首选.     

低密度炭/炭保温材料导热性能的影响因素

本文制备了四种低密度炭/炭保温材料,分析了材料成型结构、基体炭类型、处理温度以及材料密度对导热系数的影响。结果表明:针刺整体毡结构导热系数最大,薄毡粘接结构导热系数最小,而厚毡粘接和薄毡与厚毡交替铺层结构的导热系数介于两者之间。树脂炭基体的炭/炭保温材料导热系数小于热解炭基体的导热系数。对于薄毡粘接结构低密度炭/炭保温材料随着处理温度的升高,导热系数呈上升的趋势。同样,薄毡粘接结构低密度炭/炭保温材料随着密度的增大,导热系数增大。     

真空绝热板导热系数预测模型及实验研究

真空绝热板(VIPs)等效导热主要表现为芯层材料导热、稀薄气体等效导热和热辐射等效导热等,综合多孔介质芯材结构、板内真空度等因素,建立了VIPs等效导热系数预测数值模型,理论分析了真空度和VIPs有效导热的关系,并选用发泡材料、超细玻璃纤维材料、二氧化硅纳米颗粒材料等三种典型多孔介质作为芯材,制作了三组VIPs并对其板内真空度和导热系数进行了测取,与理论预测模型在真空压力较低时具有良好的一致性。文章所建立的数学模型及分析方法对VIPs的生产和推广应用具有指导意义。     

基于分形理论的开孔聚氨酯泡沫等效导热系数研究

开孔聚氨酯泡沫保温材料是一种典型的多孔介质。采用分形理论描述开孔聚氨酯泡沫材料的微尺度空间结构,建立了简化单元体模型,提出了计算其有效导热系数的分形模型,并导出了气相和固相热传导计算公式、热辐射等效导热系数计算公式、材料总有效导热系数计算公式。模型计算值与实验测量值比较具有较好的一致性,同时总结了多孔介质材料绝热性能的主要影响因素。该分析方法对新型绝热材料的研制和绝热性能的提高具有实用价值。     

冷链物流用木基纤维保温包装材料的制备及性能的研究

目的 制备木基纤维保温包装材料,并提高它的保温性能。方法 以轻质天然木材为原料,通过化学脱木素制备木材纳米纤维多孔材料,再对木材纳米纤维多孔材料表面闭孔处理,制备出木基纤维保温材料。结果 基于瞬态平面热源法,当纤维同向平行放置时,木基纤维保温材料的导热系数为0.019 W/(m·K);当纤维异向交叉放置时,木基纤维保温材料的导热系数为0.023 W/(m·K),表明开发的这种材料有较好的保温性能。此外根据该种保温材料的缓冲系数–最大应力曲线可知,当最大静应力σ_m=0.63 MPa时,沿纤维同向平行叠放时,木基纤维保温材料的最小缓冲系数C=3.5;沿纤维异向交叉叠放时,木基纤维保温材料的最小缓冲系数C=4.2,可见保温材料的缓冲性能均与发泡聚苯乙烯(EPS)、发泡聚乙烯(EPE)的缓冲性能相近。结论 制备的轻质木基纤维保温材料兼具较好的保温和缓冲性能,有望用于冷链物流代替塑料保温包装材料。     

基于分形理论的碳泡沫有效导热系数研究

以煤焦油基中间相沥青为原料，在一定的温度和压力条件下升温发泡，然后再经碳化、石墨化便可以制得一种高导热系数的多孔材料——碳泡沫。应用分形理论讨论了这种新型多孔材料的导热特性，推导出了碳泡沫的面积分形维数，并在此基础上建立了石墨化碳泡沫材料的导热模型，采用热阻法导出了石墨化碳泡沫材料的等效导热系数的关系式，计算出了碳泡沫的有效导热系数，计算结果与碳泡沫样品的实测值基本一致，这种方法为更好地利用其优良的导热性能提供了理论基础。     

基于孔尺度的泡沫金属强化相变储热材料传热性能数值模拟

导热系数低是影响相变储热材料应用的主要难题之一,而泡沫金属具有高热导率、高孔隙率以及高比表面积等特性,在相变材料中添加泡沫金属可实现强化传热。该文基于泡沫金属基3D微观结构W-P模型,重点分析了泡沫金属基复合相变材料有效导热系数与泡沫金属孔隙率以及孔径的关系,采用数值模拟方法利用该模型预测并验证了泡沫铝6101添加空气与水的有效导热系数,研究结果表明该模型能够精确预测泡沫金属材料有效导热系数,在此基础上预测了石蜡中添加泡沫铜的有效导热系数,结果表明,泡沫金属可以显著提高相变材料的导热系数,当泡沫铜的孔隙率为97.57%时,复合相变材料的导热系数与纯石蜡相比提高了13倍。研究结果对于相变储热材料的热物性强化研究具有一定参考价值。     

新型绝热材料在稠油注蒸汽管线保温中的应用

本实验采用新型保温材料气凝胶、硅基生态保温涂料以及镁基陶瓷复合保护层制备了新的保温结构,并将其与传统保温材料硅酸钙保温壳、硅酸铝纤维保温结构的保温效果(表面温度以及表面热损失)进行了对比分析。结果表明:与传统保温材料硅酸钙保温壳和硅酸铝纤维相比,新型保温材料的年节能量分别是94.8 t标准煤和140.6 t标准煤。     

新型无石棉微孔硅酸钙保温材料的性能测试和评价

本文全面介绍了新型无石棉微孔硅酸钙保温材料的各种性能的测试和评价方法。测试结果与国际和我国国家标准性能比较,表明了该材料的性能全面达到国际上先进国家同类产品的水平。本文所述的性能测试方法对常用硬质无机保温材料的评价具有应用及参考价值。     

Determination of Thermal Conductivity of Silicate Matrix for Applications in Effective Media Theory

Silicate materials have an irreplaceable role in the construction industry. They are mainly represented by cement-based- or lime-based materials, such as concrete, cement mortar, or lime plaster, and consist of three phases: the solid matrix and air and water present in the pores. Therefore, their effective thermal conductivity depends on thermal conductivities of the involved phases. Due to the time-consuming experimental determination of the effective thermal conductivity, its calculation by means of homogenization techniques presents a reasonable alternative. In the homogenization theory, both volumetric content and particular property of each phase need to be identified. For porous materials the most problematic part is to accurately identify thermal conductivity of the solid matrix. Due to the complex composition of silicate materials, the thermal conductivity of the matrix can be determined only approximately, based on the knowledge of thermal conductivities of its major compounds. In this paper, the thermal conductivity of silicate matrix is determined using the measurement of a sufficiently large set of experimental data. Cement pastes with different open porosities are prepared, dried, and their effective thermal conductivity is determined using a transient heat-pulse method. The thermal conductivity of the matrix is calculated by means of extrapolation of the effective thermal conductivity versus porosity functions to zero porosity. Its practical applicability is demonstrated by calculating the effective thermal conductivity of a three-phase silicate material and comparing it with experimental data.     

Observation of chemical hydration in inorganic mineral fibres

An experimental study has been carried out and it was observed that inorganic mineral fibres of the slag wool and rock wool types exhibit a physical disintegration and morphological modifications on the fibre surface when these fibrous products have been exposed to water vapour or immersed in a liquid water medium under heating at temperatures up to 100° C for a period of several months. The physical disintegration transformed the fine and thread-like fibres into small segments and granules. Scanning electron microscopic examinations showed that a rough and eroded fibre surface was formed for those fibres which have been immersed in water and heated at temperatures below 60° C for about 3 months and that a reticular network structure or honeycomb morphology was developed on the Jibre surface for those fibres which have been immersed in water and heated at temperatures above 85° C and up to 100° C for about 4 weeks. Measurement of the pH value of the water solution and thermogravimetric analysis of the disintegrated fibres suggest that these modifications of the fibrous products are caused by two possible mechanisms: chemical leaching and chemical hydration. Thermal conductivity measurements showed that the disintegrated fibres have thermal insulating values about 15% lower than that of the normal and thread-like fibres.     

Specific Heat Measurement of High Temperature Thermal Insulations by Drop Calorimeter Method

By applying the drop calorimeter method, a specific heat measuring apparatus that can be used in the temperature range from 100 to 1000°C has been developed. It is generally difficult to measure the specific heat of thermal insulation, because the insulation material is porous, and has low thermal conductivity and small heat capacity. In the present apparatus, the specific heat of thermal insulation is simply measured by dropping a heated specimen into water. The specific heat of the specimen obtained by the apparatus is the mean specific heat between the initial specimen temperature before dropping and the equilibrium water temperature after dropping. This apparatus was used to measure the mean specific heat of standard specimen SRM 720 Synthetic Sapphire (-Al₂O₃) whose reference values are certified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The measured values agreed well with the reference values within an error of ±10%. The specific heats of SiC refractory material, rock wool, alumina silica fiber, alumina silica board, calcium silicate, and SiO₂ glass measured with this apparatus are also presented.     

Application of rock wool waste in cement-based composites

This study investigates the properties of cement-based composites with addition of various rock wool wastes. The rock wool wastes are an insulating material. This study used rock wool waste with a cylindrical size distribution ranging from 17 to 250 μm, 30% of which is less than 150 μm. Rock wool waste can be used as a suitable substitute for coarse and fine aggregates, saving on the cost of natural aggregates and minimizing the environmental impact of solid waste disposal. In addition, because the composition of rock wool waste is similar to other pozzolan materials such as fly ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), and silica fume, it can be considered as a supplementary cementitious material. Experimental results show that partially replacing natural aggregates with rock wool wastes improves the compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, abrasion resistance, absorption, resistance to potential alkali reactivity, resistivity, and chloride-ion penetration of cement-based composites. These improved properties are the result of the dense structure achieved by the filling effect of pozzolanic product. Pozzolanic strength activity index (PSAI) results and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations confirm these findings. Therefore, rock wool wastes can act as either a cementitious material or inert filler in cement-based composites, depending on the particle size. The critical size appears to be 75 μm.     

Some properties of explosive mixtures containing peroxides Part II. Relationships between detonation parameters and thermal reactivity of the mixtures with triacetone triperoxide

This study concerns mixtures of triacetone triperoxide (3,3,6,6,9,9-hexamethyl-1,2,4,5,7,8-hexoxonane, TATP) and ammonium nitrate (AN) with added water (W), as the case may be, and two dry mixtures of TATP with urea nitrate (UN). Relative performances (RP) of the mixtures and their individual components, relative to TNT, were determined by means of ballistic mortar. Thermal reactivity of these mixtures was examined by means of differential thermal analysis and the data were analyzed according to the modified Kissinger method (the peak temperature was replaced by the temperature of decomposition onset in this case). The reactivity, expressed as the EaR(-1) slopes of the Kissinger relationship, correlates with the squares of the calculated detonation velocities for the charge density of 1000 kg m(-3) of the studied energetic materials. Similarly, the relationships between the EaR(-1) values and RP have been found. While the first mentioned correlation (modified Evans-Polanyi-Semenov equation) is connected with the primary chemical micro-mechanism of the mixtures detonation, the relationships in the second case should be connected with the thermochemical aspects of this detonation.     

Wärmealterung und Grenztemperatur von organischen Isolierstoffen

Thermal aging and endurance of organic insulating materials . The knowledge of the thermal endurance of organic insulating materials is very important for the application in electrical engineering. The change of the values of the properties by thermal aging is, theoretically, described under the assumption being a linear connection to the rules of the kinetic theory of chemical reactions. By this premise it is possible to indicate functions for aging and thermal endurance, being plotted as straight lines in suitable coordinates. In this way the test results can be evaluated better than by conventional means.     

Theoretical and experimental considerations on the thermal shock resistance of sintered glasses and ceramics using modelled microstructure-property correlations

The thermal shock resistance of brittle materials such as glass and ceramics is one of their weaknesses. Pores and other incorporated second phases in these materials alter these properties which are decisive for thermal shock behaviour, and may therefore increase this behaviour in a precalculable manner. It has been theoretically demonstrated when and why porosity leads to an improvement in thermal shock resistance. The thermal shock resistance for porous borosilicate sintered glass and porous eutectic calcium titanate ceramic have been calculated and compared to experimental values. The results confirm that low porosities lead to an improvement in thermal shock resistance, that the thermal shock resistance has a maximum at a certain porosity, and that above certain porosities, the presence of pores deteriorates the thermal shock resistance. If porous materials are considered as a special case of composite materials, then relations valid for porous materials can be transferred to composite materials and vice versa (composite concept). This has been investigated using the examples of borosilicate sintered glass with incorporated antimony particles and eutectic calcium titanate ceramic with incorporated paladium particles. In the case of the glass-antimony composite material, improvements in thermal shock resistance of about 15% with 10 vol % antimony incorporation, were calculated and confirmed experimentally, while for calcium titanate-palladium composite materials, a 15% improvement in thermal shock resistance was already achieved with about 5 vol % metallic phase.Deceased.     

Convection in the insulation of refrigeration structuresLa convection dans l'isolation des constructions refroidies

Heat transfer in thermal insulating materials can take place through a number of separate and interacting mechanisms, eg by conduction, radiation, convection and by mass transfer. The importance of natural convection on heat transfer in various insulants, such as mineral wool and rigid boards is discussed. Insulation systems for liquid natural gas are discussed with respect to convection currents.