风能转换系统的动态矩阵控制

在实际的变速变桨风力机系统中,模型的强非线性、满负载工况下不稳定的风速及系数参数测量误差的存在,使传统的控制方法难以取得满意的控制效果,因此针对满负载工况下的风能转换系统提出了一种基于多变量动态矩阵控制的控制策略,先构建风能转化系统模型,将时变非线性模型在平衡点处线性化,得到其输入输出偏移量的线性化模型;再利用动态矩阵算法,间接控制发电机转速与功率在额定值处稳定;最后在风轮与电机转动惯量测量误差为40%的情况下进行仿真。结果表明,所得动态矩阵控制器具有较小的波动与较好的鲁棒性,能有效减小系统参数误差的影响,可在安全的工作范围内提供期望的性能,有助于提高电力系统的效率和电能质量。     

风电机组电动变桨距伺服系统的研究

基于非线性PI理论,针对风力发电机组电动变桨距伺服系统中执行电机的非线性特性,提出了一种新的非线性控制方法。该方法基于对象的非线性模型,通过简单的非线性变换,把串励直流电机控制器的设计简化为线性系统问题。通过对变桨距电机负载所受驱动力进行了详细分析,进一步设计了控制器,在Matlab/Simulink环境下进行的数字仿真表明,此伺服系统具有良好的动态性能。     

双馈风力发电系统最大风能追踪控制的研究

在分析了风力机功率特性和DFIG运行特性的基础上,通过对双馈机转速控制进行最大风能追踪具体过程的深入研究,提出了一种基于最大风能追踪的双馈电机有功、无功功率的解耦控制方法。建立了基于发电机定子磁链定向矢量控制的双馈风力发电系统最大风能追踪系统模型,并利用PSCAD/EMTDC对其进行仿真,结果验证了控制策略的正确性。     

风力机叶片动态气弹变形及其对整机性能的影响

基于风力机整机刚柔耦合模型,文章提出了一种叶片动态气弹扭转变形分析的新方法。该方法采用SIMPACK和AeroDyn软件联合数值仿真对风力机在几种恶劣风况下进行动力学分析,通过对分析结果的变换处理,进而得到叶片在复杂工况下的动态气弹变形数据。采用该方法,重点分析了叶片气弹扭转变形对风力机气动功率及气弹稳定性的影响。该方法为大型风电叶片的气弹特性评价以及气弹剪裁设计提供了一种新的技术手段。     

Low power wind energy conversion system based on variable speed permanent magnet synchronous generators

This paper presents a low power wind energy conversion system (WECS) based on a permanent magnet synchronous generator and a high power factor (PF) rectifier. To achieve a high PF at the generator side, a power processing scheme based on a diode rectifier and a boost DC–DC converter working in discontinuous conduction mode is proposed. The proposed generator control structure is based on three cascaded control loops that regulate the generator current, the turbine speed and the amount of power that is extracted from the wind, respectively, following the turbine aerodynamics and the actual wind speed. The analysis and design of both the current and the speed loops have been carried out taking into consideration the electrical and mechanical characteristics of the WECS, as well as the turbine aerodynamics. The power loop is not a linear one, but a maximum power point tracking algorithm, based on the Perturb and Observe technique, from which is obtained the reference signal for the speed loop. Finally, to avoid the need of mechanical sensors, a linear Kalman Filter has been chosen to estimate the generator speed. Simulation and experimental results on a 2‐kW prototype are shown to validate the concept. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

互补集合经验模式分解与奇异值能量谱在风电齿轮故障识别中的应用

针对风电机组齿轮系统故障模式的有效识别问题,提出一种互补集合经验模式分解(CEEMD)与奇异值能量谱相结合的故障识别方法。利用CEEMD将齿轮非平稳信号分解为有限个平稳的本征模态函数,并将其组成初始特征向量矩阵,对矩阵进行奇异值分解并求出风电齿轮不同工况下的奇异值能量谱分布,以奇异值能量谱为元素构造特征向量,通过计算不同工况振动信号的灰色关联度来判断齿轮的故障类型。实例表明,该方法能有效应用于风电机组齿轮系统的故障诊断。     

Disturbance observer‐based integral sliding mode control for wind energy conversion systems

Recently, wind power production has been under the focus in generating power and became one of the main sources of alternative energy. Generating of maximum power from wind energy conversion system (WECS) requires accurate estimation of aerodynamic torque and uncertainties presented in the system. The current paper proposed the generalized high‐order disturbance observer (GHODO) with integral sliding mode control (ISMC) for extraction of maximum power via variable speed wind turbine by accurate estimation of wind speed. The assumption in previous works that considers the aerodynamic torque as slow‐varying is not applicable for the real system. Therefore, the high‐order disturbance observers were designed for precise estimation of uncertainties with fast‐changing behavior. A robust control system was designed to control the speed of the rotor at the optimal speed ratio. The obtained simulation results have shown the better performance characteristics than conventional linear quadratic regulator (LQR) approach. The stability of the proposed algorithm was proven by Lyapunov stability anaysis. Simulations results were obtained in Matlab/Simulink environment.     

Linear models‐based LPV modelling and control for wind turbines

The non‐linear behaviour of wind turbines demands control strategies that guarantee the robustness of the closed‐loop system. Linear parameter‐varying (LPV) controllers adapt their dynamics to the system operating points, and the robustness of the closed loop is guaranteed in the controller design process. An LPV collective pitch controller has been developed within this work to regulate the generator speed in the above rated power production control zone. The performance of this LPV controller has been compared with two baseline control strategies previously designed, on the basis of classical gain scheduling methods and linear time‐invariant robust H_∞ controllers. The synthesis of the LPV controller is based on the solution of a linear matrix inequalities system, proposed in a mixed‐sensitivity control scenario where not only weight functions are used but also an LPV model of the wind turbine is necessary. As a contribution, the LPV model used is derived from a family of linear models extracted from the linearization process of the wind turbine non‐linear model. The offshore wind turbine of 5 MW defined in the Upwind European project is the used reference non‐linear model, and it has been modelled using the GH Bladed 4.0 software package. The designed LPV controller has been validated in GH Bladed, and an exhaustive analysis has been carried out to calculate fatigue load reductions on wind turbine components, as well as to analyse the load mitigation in some extreme cases. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The helix approach: Using dynamic individual pitch control to enhance wake mixing in wind farms

Wind farm control using dynamic concepts is a research topic that is receiving an increasing amount of interest. The main concept of this approach is that dynamic variations of the wind turbine control settings lead to higher wake turbulence, and subsequently faster wake recovery due to increased mixing. As a result, downstream turbines experience higher wind speeds, thus increasing their energy capture. In dynamic induction control (DIC), the magnitude of the thrust force of an upstream turbine is varied. Although very effective, this approach also leads to increased power and thrust variations, negatively impacting energy quality and fatigue loading. In this paper, a novel approach for the dynamic control of wind turbines in a wind farm is proposed: using individual pitch control, the fixed‐frame tilt and yaw moments on the turbine are varied, thus dynamically manipulating the wake. This strategy is named the helix approach because the resulting wake has a helical shape. Large eddy simulations of a two‐turbine wind farm show that this approach leads to enhanced wake mixing with minimal power and thrust variations.     

Power converter topologies for wind energy conversion systems: Integrated modeling,control strategy and performance simulation

This paper presents new integrated model for variable-speed wind energy conversion systems, considering a more accurate dynamic of the wind turbine, rotor, generator, power converter and filter. Pulse width modulation by space vector modulation associated with sliding mode is used for controlling the power converters. Also, power factor control is introduced at the output of the power converters. Comprehensive performance simulation studies are carried out with matrix, two-level and multilevel power converter topologies in order to adequately assert the system performance. Conclusions are duly drawn.     

风电机组偏航控制系统的新型算法—V-HC研究

为有效进行偏航迎风控制,提高对风精度,提出了一种新型的偏航系统控制算法--VANE-HILL CLIMB-ING,该算法的核心内容是在大范围风向变化时采用风向标控制算法,而在小范围风向变化时则采用功率控制算法.采用PSCAD仿真软件建立了双馈电机的仿真模型,给出了程序流程框图,进行了仿真实验.通过仿真,得到仿真曲线,并进行了分析,结果表明该算法有效可行,提高了对风精度,增加了系统的输出功率.     

基于网格-坐标化遗传算法的风电场布局优化

采用Jensen尾流模型来描述风电机组间尾流的干扰效应。首先基于网格化的改进遗传算法获得风电机组的数量和布局初始位置,再通过坐标化遗传算法对风电机组位置进行进一步调整优化,从而提高单位成本的发电量。根据所提出的方法,在3种不同的风场（定风向定风速、定风速变风向和变风速变风向）下,针对2 km×2 km的标准风场区域进行风电机组布局优化,再将其应用到不规则的实际案例,对比分析表明所提出的方法能有效提高发电量。     

Fuzzy modeling techniques and artificial neural networks to estimate annual energy output of a wind turbine

The purpose of this article is to develop a new method to estimate annual energy output for a given wind turbine in any region which should be easy to use and has satisfactory accuracy. To do this, hourly wind speeds of 25 different stations in Netherlands, output power curve of S47 wind turbine and fuzzy modeling techniques and artificial neural networks were used and a model is developed to estimate annual energy output for S47 wind turbine in different regions. Since this model has three inputs (average wind speed, standard deviation of wind speed, and air density of that region), this model is easy to use. The accuracy of this method is compared with the accuracy of conventional methods and it is shown that this new method performs better. Thereafter, we have shown that by making some small changes to this proposed model, other pitch control wind turbines could be modeled too. As an example, we have modeled E82 wind turbine based on the model developed for S47 and it is shown that this model has still satisfactory accuracy.     

基于混合深度学习的风电功率预测及一次调频应用

为了解决高比例不确定性风电接入电力系统带来强烈调频需求的问题,提出了基于混合深度学习模型的风电功率预测及其一次调频应用方法。首先,采用孤立森林(Isolated Forest, IF)对历史数据进行异常值处理,提高数据质量,其次,构建卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Network, CNN)、双向长短期记忆(Bidirectional Long Short Term Memory, BiLSTM)和注意力机制(Attention Mechanism, AM)的混合深度学习模型对风电功率进行预测。最后,依据功率预测精度配置超级电容器储能,设计储能调频控制原则,弥补风电机组自身预测误差,并协同风电机组参与电力系统一次调频。基于预测结果为4台风电发电机组2个负荷区域仿真系统配置超级电容器储能系统,利用digsilent平台进行了风预测误差和负荷波动下的一次调频仿真。结果表明：所提IF-CNN-BiLSTM-AM模型比BP和LSTM基准模型预测误差(MSE)降低了81.53%和51.44%,具有最优的预测性能;设计的风储一次调频模型与原则可有效应对风电预测误差和负荷波动...     

A new control strategy for a stand-alone self-excited induction generator driven by a variable speed wind turbine

This paper presents a new control strategy of a stand-alone self-excited induction generator (SEIG) driven by a variable speed wind turbine. The proposed system consists of a three phase squirrel-cage induction machine connected to a wind turbine through a step-up gear box. A current controlled voltage source inverter (CC–VSI) with an electronic load controller (ELC) is connected in parallel with the main consumer load to the AC terminals of the induction machine. The proposed control strategy is based on fuzzy logic control principles which enhance the dynamic performance of the proposed system. Three fuzzy logic PI controllers and one hysteresis current controller (HCC) are used to extract the maximum available energy from the wind turbine as well as to regulate the generator terminal voltage simultaneously against wind speed and main load variations. However, in order to extract the maximum available energy from the turbine over a wide range of wind speeds, the captured energy is limited due to electrical constraints. Therefore the control strategy proposed three modes of control operation. The steady state characteristics of the proposed system are obtained and examined in order to design the required control parameters. The proposed system is modeled and simulated using Matlab/Simulink software program to examine the dynamic characteristics of the system with proposed control strategy. Dynamic simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.     

A robust power control strategy to enhance LVRT capability of grid‐connected DFIG‐based wind energy systems

This paper presents a new robust and effective control strategy to mitigate symmetrical voltage dips in a grid‐connected doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy conversion system without any additional hardware in the system. The aim is to control the power transmitted to the grid so as to keep the electrical and mechanical quantities above their threshold protection values during a voltage dip transient. To achieve this, the references of the powers are readjusted to adapt the wind energy conversion system to the fault conditions. Robust control strategies, combining the merits of sliding mode theory and fuzzy logic, are then proposed in this paper. These controllers are derived from the dynamic model of the DFIG considering the variations in the stator flux generated by the voltage drop. This approach is found to yield better performance than other control design methods which assume the flux in the stator to remain constant in amplitude. This control scheme is compliant with the fault‐ride‐through grid codes which require the wind turbine generator to remain connected during voltage dips. A series of simulation scenarios are carried out on a 3‐MW wind turbine system to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control schemes under voltage dips and parameter uncertainty conditions.     

Multivariable control strategy for variable speed, variable pitch wind turbines

Reliable and powerful control strategies are needed for wind energy conversion systems to achieve maximum performance. A new control strategy for a variable speed, variable pitch wind turbine is proposed in this paper for the above-rated power operating condition. This multivariable control strategy is realized by combining a nonlinear dynamic state feedback torque control strategy with a linear control strategy for blade pitch angle. A comparison with existing strategies, PID and LQG controllers, is performed. The proposed approach results in better power regulation. The new control strategy has been validated using an aeroelastic wind turbine simulator developed by NREL for a high turbulence wind condition.     

基于自抗扰控制器的风力发电系统的最大风能捕获控制

根据自抗扰控制器的原理,设计了风力发电系统的最大风能捕获控制器。将风能转矩的不确定性与系统的摩擦不确定性统一视为系统的未知干扰,通过扩张状态观测器来估计,然后利用非线性反馈控制律进行补偿,使系统的控制律仅与系统的给定输入和输出有关,减少控制过程中的检测量,将复杂的控制过程简化。通过非线性跟踪一微分器的适当设计,实现了最大风能捕获,证明控制策略的可行性,同时通过参数的改变,验证了该控制方法的具有很强的适应性和鲁棒性。     

基于LQR方法的风电机组变桨距控制的动态建模与仿真分析

为了获得更好的变桨距控制效果,将扰动校正LQR(Linear Quadratic Regulator)应用到风电机组变桨距控制中,该方法通过设计扰动状态观测器估计出作为扰动量的风速,在输入量中加入一个反馈量来消除风速产生的扰动影响,然后根据LOR控制理论,计算出状态反馈矩阵.建立了风电机组的动态模型,并根据动态模型在Mat-lab7.1/simulink环境下进行了仿真.仿真结果表明,基于扰动校正的LQR控制方法超调小,变桨距执行机构疲劳度小,具有良好的动态性能.该方法易于工程实现,适用于变桨距控制系统.     

风电叶片双作动器疲劳加载同步激振算法研究

针对双作动器驱动的风电叶片疲劳加载系统中两作动器同步控制问题,提出一种基于自抗扰控制算法的交差耦合同步控制策略;根据双作动器同步系统中同步误差与跟踪误差的控制要求,建立交叉耦合控制系统模型;进一步从安排过渡过程、跟踪估计系统状态和扰动、误差反馈及扰动补偿方面出发,利用最优控制综合函数设计一套自抗扰控制器;最后搭建一套风电叶片双作动器疲劳加载试验系统。试验结果表明,基于自抗扰控制算法的交叉耦合控制策略应用于双作动器疲劳加载系统能较好地保证作动器的速度同步性和位移同步性,受风载影响较小,系统鲁棒性强。