Evaluating reduced models of aggregated different doubly fed induction generator wind turbines for transient stabilities studies

For the representation of wind farms in transient stability studies of electrical power systems, reduced models based on aggregating identical wind turbines are commonly used. In the case of a wind farm with different wind turbines coupled to the same grid connection point, it is usual to aggregate identical wind turbines operating in similar conditions into an equivalent one. However, in the existing literature, there are not any references to the aggregation of different wind turbines (same wind turbine technology but different rated power or components) into a single one. This paper presents a comparative study of four reduced models for aggregating different DFIG wind turbines, experiencing different incoming winds, into an equivalent model. The first of them is the classical clustering model, in which each equivalent model experiences an equivalent wind. The other reduced models have the same equivalent generation system but different equivalent mechanical systems. Thus, the second and third ones are compound models with a clustering aggregated mechanical system and individual simplified models, respectively, to approximate the individual mechanical power according to the incoming wind speeds. The fourth is a mixed model that uses an equivalent wind speed, which is applied to an equivalent mechanical system (equivalent rotor and drive train) in order to approximate the mechanical power of the aggregated wind turbines. The equivalent models are validated by means of comparison with the complete model of the wind farm when simulated under wind fluctuations and grid disturbances. Finally, recommendations with regard to the applicability of models are established. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

New M5P model tree‐based control for doubly fed induction generator in wind energy conversion system

This paper presents a new algorithm based on the combination of fuzzy logic control with M5 decision tree algorithm for doubly fed induction generator active and reactive power control. The M5 model tree is a machine learning algorithm that uses the extracted dataset from fuzzy logic for the aim of control performance enhancement. Because the fuzzy logic provides high design and implementation complexity, the new control approach is proposed to reduce its complexity and to achieve fast dynamic control by translating the fuzzy logic algorithm into simple if‐then instructions using M5 model tree. The obtained model shows good agreement with fuzzy logic in rotor side control. The effectiveness of the proposed control approach is investigated through Matlab/Simulink software. Furthermore, a cosimulated through processor in the loop testing is performed as an experimental verification using a low‐cost STM32F407 discovery board.     

Energy‐based excitation control of doubly‐fed induction wind generator for optimum wind energy capture

A novel nonlinear energy‐based excitation controlling strategy for variable‐speed doubly‐fed induction wind generator (DFIWG) is proposed in this paper. From the consideration of physical nature and energy flow of the DFIWG, the mechanical subsystem and the electromagnetical subsystem of the DFIWG first have their port‐controlled Hamiltonian (PCH) realization. Then taking advantage of the feedback interconnection between the subsystems, the entire PCH model of the DFIWG is established. On the basis of this model, the excitation control for the generator speed adjustment is achieved by energy shaping design with the purpose of optimum wind energy capture. Finally, simulation results via MATLAB/Simulink (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach for wind speeds in different operating stages. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A control scheme to enhance low voltage ride‐through of brushless doubly‐fed induction generators

The use of brushless doubly‐fed induction generator has been recently proposed for wind turbines because of its variable speed operation with fractional size converter without the need to brush and slip ring. This paper introduces a control scheme to improve low voltage ride‐through capability of doubly‐fed induction generator considering grid code requirements. The proposed control strategy is based on analysis of flux linkages and back electromotive forces and intends to retain the control‐winding current below the safety limit (typically 2 pu) during severe voltage dips. The time‐domain simulations validate effectiveness of the proposed scheme to protect the converter against failure as well as support reactive power required by German grid code. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Robust direct power control based on the Lyapunov theory of a grid-connected brushless doubly fed induction generator

This paper deals with robust direct power control of a grid-connected brushless doubly-fed induction generator(BDFIG). Using a nonlinear feedback linearization strategy, an attempt is made to improve the desired performances by controlling the generated stator active and reactive power in a linear and decoupled manner. Therefore, to achieve this objective, the Lyapunov approach is used associated with a sliding mode control to guarantee the global asymptotical stability. Thus, an optimal operation of the BDFIG in sub-synchronous operation is obtained as well as the stator power flows with the possibility of keeping stator power factor at a unity. The proposed method is tested with the Matlab/Simulink software. Simulation results illustrate the performances and the feasibility of the designed control.     

电力系统潮流计算中双馈式风电场节点的处理方法

潮流计算是风电场接入系统设计的重要环节之一。准确的潮流计算结果对于建立风电场稳态模型是十分必要的。文章提出了不同控制方式下的双馈机组风电场节点在潮流计算中的处理方法以及潮流计算的具体步骤,给出了节点间的转化方法。运用PSASP进行仿真验证,证实了所提方法的可行性。     

Doubly fed induction generator‐based variable‐speed wind turbine: Proposal of a simplified model under a faulty grid with short‐duration faults

The aim of this study is to provide a simplified model of a variable‐speed wind turbine (VSWT) with the technology of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), which operates under faulty grid conditions. A simplified model is proposed, which consists of a set of electrical and mechanical equations that can be easily modeled as simplistic electrical circuits. It makes it an excellent tool to achieve fault ride‐through capability of grid‐connected VSWT with DFIGs. Both symmetrical and unsymmetrical grid faults, which cause symmetrical and unsymmetrical voltage sags, have been applied to the system in order to validate the model. The proposed simplified model has been compared with the traditional full‐order model under multiple sags (different durations and depths), and the results reveal that both models present similar accuracy. As the idea is to reduce the computational time required to simulate the machine behavior under faulty grid conditions, the proposed model becomes suitable for that purpose. The analytical study has been validated by simulations carried out with MATLAB .     

Centralised power control of wind farm with doubly fed induction generators

At the moment, the control ability of wind farms is a prime research concern for the grid integration of large wind farms, due to their required active role in the power system. This paper describes the on-going work of a research project, whose overall objective is to analyse and assess the possibilities for control of different wind farm concepts. The scope of this paper is the control of a wind farm made up exclusively of doubly fed induction generators. The paper addresses the design and implementation issues of such a controller and focuses on the ability of the wind farm control strategy to regulate the wind farm power production to the reference power ordered by the system operators. The presented wind farm control has a hierarchical structure with both a central control level and a local control level. The central wind farm control level controls the power production of the whole farm by sending out reference power signals to each individual wind turbine, while the local wind turbine control level ensures that the reference power signal send by the central control level is reached. The performance of the control strategy is assessed and discussed by means of simulations illustrated both at the wind farm level and at each individual wind turbine level.     

VSC-based direct torque and reactive power control of doubly fed induction generator

This paper proposes a novel direct torque and reactive power control (DTC) for grid-connected doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) in the wind power generation applications. The proposed DTC strategy employs a variable structure control (VSC) scheme to calculate the required rotor control voltage directly and to eliminate the instantaneous errors of active and reactive powers without involving any synchronous coordinate transformations, which essentially enhances the transient performance. Constant switching frequency is achieved as well by using space vector modulation (SVM), which eases the designs of power converter and ac harmonic filters. Simulated results on a 2 MW grid-connected DFIG system are presented and compared with those of the classic voltage-oriented vector control (VC) and traditional look-up-table (LUT) direct power control (DPC). The proposed VSC DTC maintains enhanced transient performance similar to the LUT DPC and keeps the steady-state harmonic spectra at the identical level as the VC strategy when the network is strictly balanced. Besides, the VSC DTC strategy is capable of fully eliminating the double-frequency pulsations in both the electromagnetic torque and the stator reactive power during network voltage unbalance.     

双馈电机的Crowbar参数整定及保护特性研究

为了防止变速恒频双馈风力发电机短路电流对转子侧变换器造成损坏,常采用Crowbar保护电路。建立风力发电机短路电磁过渡过程的数学模型,通过对数学模型进行拉普拉斯变换及其反变换,求取短路电流的表达式,并求出最不利的情况下电流的最大值,在该值下对Crowbar电路的参数进行整定及保护。为了验证所整定的Crowbar电阻的精确性,分别以3 MW,2.75 MW,660 kW发电机为例进行分析,仿真结果表明,在该数学模型下,所整定的电阻提高了对Crowbar电路的旁路电阻整定的准确性,不仅能对转子侧变换器进行保护,同时也能对发电机和机械结构起到保护作用。     

Minimization of the energy storage requirements of a stand‐alone wind power installation by means of photovoltaic panels

Autonomous wind power systems are among the most interesting and environmentally friendly technological solutions for the electrification of remote consumers. In many cases, however, the battery contribution to the initial or the total operational cost is found to be dominant, discouraging further penetration of the available wind resource. This is basically the case for areas possessing a medium–low wind potential. On the other hand, several isolated consumers are located in regions having the regular benefit of an abundant and reliable solar energy supply. In this context the present study investigates the possibility of reducing the battery size of a stand‐alone wind power installation by incorporating a small photovoltaic generator. For this purpose an integrated energy production installation based exclusively on renewable energy resources is hereby proposed. Subsequently a new numerical algorithm is developed that is able to estimate the appropriate dimensions of a similar system. According to the results obtained by long‐term experimental measurements, the introduction of the photovoltaic panels considerably improves the operational and financial behaviour of the complete installation owing to the imposed significant battery capacity diminution. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

PSCAD/EMTDC环境下双馈风力发电机组的建模与仿真

介绍了一种在PSCAD/EMTDC环境中建立双馈风电机组模型以用于电磁暂态分析的方法。分析了风力机风速与输出转矩的关系,建立了机侧换流器的定子磁链定向矢量控制模型、网侧换流器的电网电压定向矢量控制模型,并考虑了低电压穿越控制策略。最后在PSCAD/EMTDC环境中建立了双馈风电机组的模型,仿真验证了建模方法的有效性和正确性。仿真结果表明,在PSCAD/EMTDC环境中,双馈风机建模方法能够准确地描述风电机组的电磁暂态特性。     

Parameterization of a synchronous generator to represent a doubly fed induction generator with chopper protection for fault studies

This paper addresses the representation of the wound rotor asynchronous generators by an equivalent synchronous generator, valid for short circuit current calculations. Modern wind power plants are required and designed to ride through faults in the network, subjected to fault clearing. Accurate knowledge of the wind turbine short circuit current contribution is needed for component sizing and protection relay settings during faults within the wind power plant collector system or in the external networks. When studying fault currents and protection settings for wind power installations, the industry standard is to employ software packages where generators are represented by their equivalent synchronous generator operational impedances. Hence, it is of importance to represent non‐synchronous wind generators by an equivalent synchronous generator. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Initialization of DFIG wind turbines with a phasor‐based approach

The objective of this paper is to propose a simple approach to solve the steady state of a wind turbine (WT) equipped with a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG), which can be used to initialize dynamic studies of the machine. The idea is to model the rotor‐side converter (RSC) as a constant current source connected to the rotor of the DFIG. The resulting equivalent circuit consists of a voltage source in series with a reactance, which makes it possible to obtain simple phasor expressions that can be used to obtain the Park components of the variables. The proposed method is compared with the traditional Newton–Raphson algorithm, showing that it is easier and faster to implement, as it makes use of the phasor expressions and it does not require an iterative process to obtain the final solution. Finally, the results of the proposed method are used to simulate a 2‐MW DFIG‐based WT under three‐phase faults, considering three different WT‐operating points. In these simulations, the idea of constant rotor current is extrapolated to the entire event. The simulated results show that both current at torque peaks are reduced. The analytical study and the simulations have been carried out in Matlab ?.     

An input‐output linearization–based control strategy for wind energy conversion system to enhance stability

This paper proposes a novel control strategy for doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)‐based wind energy conversion system to investigate the potential of enhancing the stability of wind energy transmission system, a synchronous generator weakly integrated to a power system with a DFIG‐based wind farm. The proposed approach uses state feedback to exactly linearize the nonlinear wind energy transmission system from control actions (active power and reactive power control order of DFIG) to selected outputs (power angle and voltage behind transient resistance of synchronous generator) at first. Then, on account of the linearized subsystem, the stability enhancement controller is designed based on linear quadratic regulator algorithm to contribute adequate damping characteristics to oscillations of the synchronous generator system under various operation points. The proposed control strategy successfully deals with the nonlinear behaviors exist from the inputs to outputs and improve the robustness with respect to the variation of system operation points. Furthermore, not only the rotor angle stability but also the voltage stability is enhanced by using the proposed control strategy. The simulation results carried on the studied system verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy of wind energy conversion system for system stability enhancement and the robustness against various system operation points.     

DFIG sliding mode control fed by back-to-back PWM converter with DC-link voltage control for variable speed wind turbine

This paper proposes an indirect power control of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) with the rotor connected to the electric grid through a back-to-back pulse width modulation (PWM) converter for variable speed wind power generation. Appropriate state space model of the DFIG is deduced. An original control strategy based on a variable structure control theory, also called sliding mode control, is applied to achieve the control of the active and reactive power exchanged between the stator of the DFIG and the grid. A proportional-integral-(PI) controller is used to keep the DC-link voltage constant for a back-to-back PWM converter. Simulations are conducted for validation of the digital controller operation using Matlab/Simulink software.     

Direct power control of wind‐turbine‐driven DFIG during transient grid voltage unbalance

In this paper, a direct power control (DPC) of a wind‐turbine‐driven doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) under unbalanced network voltage conditions is studied. Variations of the stator output active, reactive and electromagnetic powers are fully deduced in the presence of negative sequence supply voltage. The rotor side converter is controlled on the basis of DPC to eliminate the electromagnetic torque oscillations at double supply frequency under unbalanced stator supply. The rotor voltage references estimation requires only simple calculations without any integral operation. The proposed control scheme removes rotor current regulators and the decomposition processing of positive and negative sequence rotor currents. The performance of the proposed and conventional DPC schemes is compared under the same operating conditions. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink are carried out for a 1.5 MW DFIG wind generation system to show the validity of the proposed scheme during unbalanced voltage supply. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Design and coordination of a capacitor and on‐load tap changer system for voltage control in a wind power plant of doubly fed induction generator wind turbines

Larger percentages of wind power penetration into the grid translate to more demanding requirements coming from grid codes; for example, voltage support at the point of connection has been introduced recently by several grid codes from around the world, thus making it important to analyse this control. Voltage control is actuated by reactive power injection, and for a wind power plant of doubly fed generator turbines, reactive power capability can be a challenge, which typically is overcome by installing reactive power compensators. The integration and the interaction between all these reactive power sources and the on‐load tap changer of the main substation transformer need to be analysed and taken into account in the control design. In this paper, a novel coordination and control strategy for capacitor banks and on‐load tap changer for a wind power plant is introduced. The capacitor banks are controlled in such way that the steady‐state usage of the converters for reactive power injection is driven below to a maximum desired value of 0.1 pu. Additionally, the control transients because of the capacitor bank switching are minimized by using a suitable control structure. The tap changer control is coordinated with the plant control to decrease the impact of the capacitors reactive power in the line drop calculation, thus reducing the amount of tap operations and improving the accuracy of the line drop voltage estimation. The coordination of the central controller with the plant components is analysed and tested through electromagnetic transient program simulations. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

双馈风力发电机并网新型控制策略分析

通过研究已有的风力发电机空载并网控制的文献,指出定子磁链并网控制策略的不足之处,提出了电网电压并网控制策略,同时通过试验设计了并网前相位与相序的检测方法。通过仿真发现,在此控制策略下,双馈风力发电机定子侧的电压在频率、幅值、相位上接近电网电压,达到了无冲击并网的目的,验证了此控制策略的正确性和有效性,是空载并网方式的一种理想的控制策略。