Experimental and computational analysis of stall cells on rectangular wings

The present paper is the second part of a combined (experimental and computational) study on stall cells (SCs) on a rectangular wing. In the first part, tuft data were used in order to geometrically characterize a stabilized SC resulting from a localized spanwise disturbance introduced by a zigzag tape. Here, pressure measurements on the model and in the wake and aerodynamic polars at midspan are reported. The wing model had an aspect ratio value of 2, the Reynolds number was 10⁶ and the range of angles of attack (α) was from ?6^° to 16^°. Experimental results confirm previous findings. Furthermore, two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional Reynolds Averaged Navier‐Stokes RANS simulations are used in order to better understand the structure of SCs. 3D simulations reproduce the experimental data with a 3° delay in α and permit a qualitative analysis. It is found that the SC vortices start normal to the wing surface and extend downstream in the wake; the evolution of the SC vortices in the wake is in strong interaction with the separation line vortex and the trailing edge line vortex; as the SC vortex develops downstream in the wake, its centreline is contracted towards the SC centre; the wing wake is pushed upstream at the centre of the SC and downstream at the sides by the SC vortices; spanwise lift and drag distributions always attain their minimum at the SC centre. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风力机叶片S832翼型的两种湍流模型数值分析方法及其比较

采用S-A和RNGK-ε湍流模型对风力机专用S832翼型的绕流流动建立了二维不可压缩湍流模型,利用计算流体力学软件Fluent,对两种模型进行数值模拟,得到了雷诺数为3×10^6时该翼型在-16°～30°攻角下的升力系数和阻力系数与来流攻角的关系以及压力分布图,并进一步分析了不同攻角下翼型表面压力分布特性,预测了大攻角（达30°）下翼型分离流动特性。结合NREL的试验数据,对两种湍流模型模拟的精度进行了分析比较,结果表明在小攻角范围内采用RNGK-~模型预测该翼型气动性,其结果更加有效。     

吸力面弹片改善翼型失速特性的数值研究

为改善流动分离造成叶片气动效率降低,基于鸟鹰类翅膀羽毛在大范围流动分离时自适应弹起的特点,在翼型吸力面设置功能类似羽毛的弹片。弹片在未发生大范围流动分离时贴附翼型表面,使原始翼型轮廓发挥作用,并于攻角增大时弹起以改善翼型失速特性。以NREL S809为原始翼型,对不同攻角下多个弹片角度进行了数值计算,并对所得气动参数进行分析。研究表明:在大范围流动分离时,弹片可有效提高升阻比,最高达50%～60%;气流贴附弹片流动至其末端,从而抑制和拖延了涡的发展,进而提高了流场稳定性,使波动更规律且幅度更小;所研究攻角范围内,改善翼型气动性能的最佳弹片角度随攻角呈近似线性变化。     

基于两种湍流模型的某风机专用翼型数值研究

针对风力机专用S832翼型绕流流动建立了二维不可压缩湍流模型,利用计算流体力学软件Fluent,分别选用S—A、RNGk-ε两种湍流模型对S832进行数值模拟,对比了两种湍流模型对气动模拟精度的影响,得出了雷诺数为3×10^6时,该翼型在-16°～30°攻角下的升力系数和阻力系数随来流攻角的变化关系及压力分布图,分析了不同攻角下翼型表面压力分布特性并进一步预测了大攻角（达30°）下翼型分离流动特性．并与NREL的试验数据进行比较,研究结果表明：RNGk—ε在预测该翼型小攻角范围气动性方面更加有效。     

Airfoil wind tunnel correction for angles of attack from −180° to 180°

Wind tunnel corrections are investigated for two‐dimensional low‐speed wind tunnel tests that are performed for three similar airfoils for angles of attack ranging from ?180° to 180° at Re = 0.75 × 10⁶. Aided by the Blasius theorem, wind tunnel corrections are deduced for the lift, drag and pitching moment of the airfoil at high angles of attack. The wall pressure signature method is applied to determine the strengths of the equivalent singularities. The tunnel wall‐induced force and pitching moment are obtained by calculating the force and moment exerted on the equivalent singularities. The maximum correction for drag is determined to be about 50%. The corrected forces and pitching moments for three similar airfoils are coincident with one another. A method to determine an optimum singularities distribution range is presented. The results indicate that the correction method in the paper is effective for airfoil testing at high angles of attack. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

前缘改形对翼型气动噪声特性影响

为得到高气动性能、低噪声的风力机专用翼型,基于参数化建模翼型,研究前缘外形对风力机翼型气动性能及气动噪声的影响规律。通过分离涡模拟方法和声学类比方程建立噪声预测方法。针对非对称翼型S809通过样条函数参数化处理前缘改形进行气动噪声计算。结果表明:翼型压力面前缘加厚,对翼型升阻力系数无明显影响,但大攻角时翼型周围压力分布均匀,流动相对稳定,且气动噪声声压级低于原始翼型,随压力面厚度增加气动噪声越大;吸力面加厚使得翼型升力系数增大,阻力系数减小,能抑制翼型失速时尾缘涡与前缘涡的生成,变形量越大气动噪声越小;翼型前缘上弯,翼型在失速区升力系数减小,阻力系数增大,流动越加不稳定,声压级随着攻角的增加呈递增趋势;翼型前缘下弯,翼型处于失速区升力系数增大,阻力系数减小,能抑制流动分离,未生成前缘涡和尾缘涡,当前缘下弯不变时,随加厚厚度增加翼型声压级呈减小趋势,且前缘下弯翼型声压级小于前缘上弯。     

潮流能水轮机叶片翼型水动力性能的数值模拟研究

鉴于潮流能水轮机叶轮叶片性能的好坏关系到叶轮的捕能效果,而叶片翼型的水动力性能是叶片设计的基础,基于CFD软件ANSYS CFX对部分翼型的水动力性能进行了分析。首先在不同湍流模型下对NACA2412翼型的部分水动力特性进行数值模拟并与试验值做对比分析;然后在SST湍流模型下,对NACA64421翼型在攻角为0°时,探讨了边界层网格对数值模拟结果的影响;并对其在攻角为-2°~20°情形下的水动力性能进行了数值模拟。结果表明,湍流模型的选用、边界层网格划分及近壁尺寸的选取对数值模拟结果的影响均较大,并通过数值模拟得到了NACA64421翼型的升力系数、阻力系数、最佳攻角、失速角等水动力性能参数,可为水轮机叶片设计时翼型的选取提供参考。     

Analysis of vortex‐induced and stall‐induced vibrations at standstill conditions using a free wake aerodynamic code

Vortex‐induced and stall‐induced vibrations of a 2D elastically mounted airfoil at high angles of attack in the vicinity of 90° are investigated using a vortex type model. Such conditions are encountered in parked or idling operation at extreme yaw angles provoked by control system failures. At very high angles of attack, massive flow separation takes place over the entire blade span, and vortex shedding evolves downstream of the blade giving rise to periodically varying loads at frequencies corresponding to the Strouhal number of the vortices shed in the wake. As a result, vortex‐induced vibrations may occur when the shedding frequency matches the natural frequency of the blade. A vortex type model formulated on the basis of the ‘double wake’ concept is employed for the modelling of the stalled flow past a 2D airfoil. By tuning the core size of the vortex particles in the wake, the model predictions are successfully validated against averaged 2D measurements on a DU‐96‐W‐180 airfoil at high angles of attack. In order to assess the energy fed to the airfoil by the aerodynamic loads, the behaviour under imposed sinusoidal edgewise motions is analysed for various oscillation frequencies and amplitudes. Moreover, stall‐induced and vortex‐induced vibrations of an elastically mounted airfoil section are assessed. The vortex model predicts higher aeroelastic damping as compared with that obtained using steady‐state aerodynamics. Excessive combined vortex‐induced and stall‐induced edgewise vibrations are obtained beyond the wind speed of 30 m s^?1. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Numerical/experimental investigations on reducing drag penalty of passive vortex generators on a NACA 4415 airfoil

A study emphasizing the effects of passive vortex generators (VGs) on aerodynamic characteristics of a NACA 4415 airfoil is presented. Both experimental and numerical works have been carried out on an array of VGs attached to a NACA 4415 airfoil. Lift and drag measurements are made at various angles of attack by using three‐axis component balance system. On the numerical side, Reynolds‐averaged Navier‐Stokes (RANS) equations have been solved with ANSYS FLUENT 14.5 commercial code with fully structured mesh and three turbulence models (realizable k‐ε, k‐ω shear stress transport [SST] and the Spalart‐Allmaras model) at Reynolds number Re = 2 × 10⁵. Parametric studies have been conducted to find out optimal configurations with respect to span‐wise separation distance between VGs, along with their location along the chord. A very good agreement has been obtained between experimental and computational results indicating that this optimized configuration is robust for the considered parameters. It turns out that increasing the span‐wise separation length increases the aerodynamic performances (lift‐to‐drag ratio) at low attack angles for which low parasitic drag is achieved but conversely degrades it at higher ones. For the stream‐wise location along the chord, upstream position of VGs degrades the lift‐to‐drag ratio at low attack angles and conversely improves it at higher ones.     

水介质中尾部锯齿结构叶片数值计算

为了验证将空气动力学中翼型部件采用的锯齿形尾部结构引入到水力机械翼型部件中的可行性,建立了NACA0012型对称型叶片的几何模型,并在此基础上建立了尾部带锯齿的NACA0012型叶片修改模型,利用数值计算方法计算了在入流速度10 m/s下带锯齿与不带锯齿的NACA0012型叶片在0°及10°攻角下的流场数据及压力脉动数据。计算结果表明,锯齿形边缘结构在攻角为10°时能有效减小叶片尾部、背水面的脱流及尾迹中的漩涡和流场中的水力振动,锯齿结构改善叶片水力性能效果显著;而攻角为0°时流场中水力振动轻微增加。由此说明,锯齿结构可起到改善水介质中翼型部件水力特性的作用。     

A study on rotational augmentation using CFD analysis of flow in the inboard region of the MEXICO rotor blades

This work presents an analysis of data from existing as well as new full‐rotor computational fluid dynamics computations on the MEXICO rotor, with focus on the flow around the inboard parts of the blades. The boundary layer separation characteristics on the airfoil sections in the inboard parts of the rotor are analysed using the pressure and the skin friction data at a range of angles of attack. These data are used to gain insight on the relative behaviour of separated boundary layers in 3D flow compared with 2D flow. It has been found that separation on airfoils in rotating flows is different from that in 2D flows in two respects: (i) there is a chord‐wise postponement (or delay) of the separation point, and (ii) the angle of attack at which separation is initiated is higher in 3D compared with 2D. Comments are made on the mechanism of stall delay, and the main differences between the skin friction and pressure distribution behaviours in 2D and 3D rotating flows are highlighted. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

风力机翼型大攻角分离流的数值模拟

为了准确预测风力机翼型在大攻角下分离流动的气动性能,并且为风力机的设计与安全运行提供一种可靠的数值模拟手段,针对某风力机专用翼型,分别采用基于非定常不可压缩Navier-Stokes方程的大涡模拟(LES)模型、RNG k-ε模型和Standard k-ε模型对其气动性能进行数值模拟,并计算出翼型攻角为35～90°,雷诺数为2×106时的气动力参数。将不同湍流模型的计算结果与风洞试验数据进行比较,并分析流场结构。分析结果表明,LES模型能够准确地模拟出翼型表面的分离流动,计算结果与试验数据取得了很好的一致性,并且优于RNG k-ε模型和Standard k-ε模型的模拟结果。     

不同相对厚度前缘缝翼对S809翼型气动性能的影响

文章通过数值模拟方法研究了不同相对厚度的前缘缝翼对S809翼型气动性能的影响,并揭示了前缘缝翼相对厚度对流动控制产生影响的机理。研究结果表明:在大攻角下,空气流经过前缘缝翼会在其尾部产生涡旋,尾缘涡旋的形成有助于抑制S809翼型流动分离,进而改善翼型绕流场;不同相对厚度的前缘缝翼产生尾缘涡旋不同的流动轨迹,对翼型的流动控制作用效果不同;相同条件下,前缘安装最大相对厚度为35%的前缘缝翼能够将S809翼型最大升力系数提升至1.25,失速攻角推迟至17.21°;安装最大相对厚度为14%的前缘缝翼,能够使S809翼型最大升力系数提升至1.53,并使翼型在攻角为20.16°时仍未发生失速。     

直接测力俯仰振荡翼型动态气动性能研究

在西北工业大学NF-3低速风洞二元实验段开展翼型俯仰振荡运动动态气动性能深入研究。实验模型为展向三段式测力模型,测力仅在模型中段进行以减小风洞侧壁干扰的影响。实验中采集模型的转动瞬态迎角、计算模型中段的惯性力和惯性力矩、并从天平采集数据中扣除以修正模型惯性对结果的影响。结果表明,迎角超过正向或负向静态失速迎角是升力系数和俯仰力矩系数产生大的迟滞环的必要条件。随着振荡缩减频率增大,动态失速会推迟,升力系数迟滞环增大,阻力系数增大,最大迎角附近的俯仰力矩系数减小。在迎角小于静态失速迎角或超过不大的迎角范围,随着缩减频率的增大,翼型振荡运动俯仰力矩系数上行时减小,下行时增大。随着振荡振幅的增大,翼型振荡运动动态升力系数和俯仰力矩系数的迟滞环增大。随着平均迎角的增大,翼型迎角更多地进入正向失速区,升力系数迟滞环增大,俯仰力矩系数最小值变小。雷诺数对升力系数、阻力系数和俯仰力矩系数迟滞环无明显影响;但是,在翼型模型下行过程,随着雷诺数的增大,升力恢复提前,同时迟滞环随雷诺数增大而减小。     

Boundary layer transition modeling on leading edge inflatable kite airfoils

We present a computational fluid dynamic analysis of boundary layer transition on leading edge inflatable kite airfoils used for airborne wind energy generation. Because of the operation in pumping cycles, the airfoil is generally subject to a wide range of Reynolds numbers. The analysis is based on the combination of the shear stress transport turbulence model with the transition model, which can handle the laminar boundary layer and its transition to turbulence. The implementation of both models in OpenFOAM is described. We show a validation of the method for a sailwing (ie, a wing with a membrane) airfoil and an application to a leading edge inflatable kite airfoil. For the sailwing airfoil, the results computed with transition model agree well with the existing low Reynolds number experiment over the whole range of angles of attack. For the leading edge inflatable kite airfoil, the transition modeling has both favorable and unfavorable effects on the aerodynamics. On the one hand, the aerodynamics suffer from the laminar separation. But, on the other hand, the laminar boundary layer thickens slower than the turbulent counterpart, which, in combination with transition, delays the separation. The results also indicate that the aerodynamics of the kite airfoil could be improved by delaying the boundary layer transition during the traction phase and tripping the transition in the retraction phase.     

Heat transfer enhancement by using a rectangular wing vortex generator on the triangular shaped fins of a plate‐fin heat exchanger

The present numerical analysis pertains to the heat transfer enhancement in a plate‐fin heat exchanger employing triangular shaped fins with a rectangular wing vortex generator on its slant surfaces. The study has been carried out for three different angles of attack of the wing, i.e., 15°, 20° and 26°. The aspect ratio of the wing is not varied with its angle of attack. The flow considered herein is laminar, incompressible, and viscous with the Reynolds number not exceeding 200. The pressure and the velocity components are obtained by solving the continuity and the Navier– Stokes equations by the Marker and Cell method. The present analysis reveals that the use of a rectangular wing vortex generator at an attack angle of 26° results in about a 35% increase in the combined spanwise average Nusselt number as compared to the plate‐triangular fin heat exchanger without any vortex generator. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/htj.20285     

翼型表面随行波结构流动控制的数值研究

针对翼型表面的流动分离,采用数值模拟方法研究随行波结构流动控制的机制。为了验证计算方法的可靠性,将翼型表面静压曲线与实验测试结果进行对比,发现两者吻合程度较好。数值计算结果表明,适当增加随行波的相对弦长长度,有助于改善翼型的气动性能。当攻角小于3°时,随行波位于分离点之前,沟槽内形成顺时针旋转的二次涡,有助于加速边界层低速条带;在大攻角下,随行波位于分离点之后,顺时针卷起的分离涡在沟槽内形成逆时针旋转的二次涡,与分离涡互为反向涡对,减小了尾缘分离区范围。翼型表面随行波能有效地控制边界层流动。     

Comparison of pneumatic jets and tabs for Active Aerodynamic Load Control

A fast, efficient way to control loads on utility scale wind turbines is important for the growth of the wind industry. Microtabs and microjets are two Active Aerodynamic Load Control devices, which address this need. Both act perpendicular to the surface of the airfoil, and these actively controlled devices are used to mitigate changes in aerodynamic loading experienced by wind turbine rotors due to wind gusts, wind shear, or other atmospheric phenomena. This work explores the aerodynamic effects of microjets and then compares them to those of microtabs. Flow around an airfoil with an activated microjet at the trailing edge has been simulated using the Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes solver OVERFLOW‐2. Using a Chimera overset grid topology, a microjet has been placed near the trailing edge of the lower surface of a NACA 0012 airfoil. For a jet velocity about half of the freestream velocity, the microjet can change the lift up to ΔC_L = 0.2, but the amount of change varies with the momentum coefficient of the jet. The change in lift is not symmetric for positive and negative angles of attack due to changes in the boundary layer thickness with angle of attack. Increasing the Reynolds number reduces the effectiveness of the microjet only slightly. The effects of jet velocity, jet activation time, and airfoil angle of attack on airfoil lift, drag, and pitching moment are compared with previous work, which illustrates the deployment of a microtab at the 95% chord location of a NACA 0012 airfoil. This study shows that microjets and microtabs have very similar responses in lift and pitching moment, but the drag for the microjet is noticeably lower. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

尾缘气动弹片对翼型动态失速特性影响研究

通过研究尾缘气动弹片对翼型动态失速特性影响,提出一种基于气动弹片的主动控制策略,使其于大攻角时抬起,小攻角时闭合。并采用计算流体动力学方法对比分析主动式气动弹片对不同厚度翼型抑制流动分离作用的效果。结果表明：对于薄翼型,发生动态失速时,气动弹片可延缓翼型尾缘涡旋与前缘主流涡的相互作用,减小翼型升力系数骤降幅度;随翼型厚度增加,流动分离点从翼型前缘转向后缘,气动弹片可有效分割较大分离涡,减轻流动分离程度,限制分离涡发展,同时抑制尾缘伴随小涡产生,提高翼型升阻比。     

振荡扰流提高风力机翼型气动性能的研究

利用振荡扰流进行了改善风力机翼型大攻角下性能的研究。应用有限体积法，数值模拟了头部附加振荡扰流的翼型分离流动，并对振荡扰流增升效果的参数影响进行了分析。结果表明在深失速条件下，翼型头部附加的振荡扰流在一定的频率和振幅时能够显著改善翼型的气动性能，提高翼型的升力。与扰流振幅相比，调节扰流振荡频率更能改善翼型深失速条件下的气动性能。