剧烈塑性变形:不仅是晶粒细化（英文）

剧烈塑性变形在生产超细晶材料方面已经显示了巨大的潜力.虽然大量的研究集中在晶粒细化上,等通道转角挤压和高压扭转等剧烈塑性变形过程正在越来越多地被应用于其他领域诸如粉末固结,利用变形引发相变制作新颖结构与成分,获得多相及多尺度材料以及固态回收技术.本文引用我们近十年来的研究成果以介绍剧烈塑性变形在晶粒细化之外的诸多应用.特别是利用剧烈塑性变形颗粒固结来制取大块铝、钛、铝/钛双相合金和铝基纳米复合材料,利用机械激活和强制合金化来获得包括面心立方在内的新型钛结构,利用剧烈塑性变形引发的相变来制备纳米晶beta钛合金,以及利用等通道转角挤压来固态回收钛合金切削料.最后,对存在的挑战和机会进行了探讨.     

剧烈塑性变形：不仅是晶粒细化

剧烈塑性变形在生产超细晶材料方面已经显示了巨大的潜力。虽然大量的研究集中在晶粒细化上,等通道转角挤压和高压扭转等剧烈塑性变形过程正在越来越多地被应用于其他领域诸如粉末固结,利用变形引发相变制作新颖结构与成分,获得多相及多尺度材料以及固态回收技术。本文引用我们近十年来的研究成果以介绍剧烈塑性变形在晶粒细化之外的诸多应用。特别是利用剧烈塑性变形颗粒固结来制取大块铝、钛、铝/钛双相合金和铝基纳米复合材料,利用机械激活和强制合金化来获得包括面心立方在内的新型钛结构,利用剧烈塑性变形引发的相变来制备纳米晶beta钛合金,以及利用等通道转角挤压来固态回收钛合金切削料。最后,对存在的挑战和机会进行了探讨。     

模具参数对纯钛等通道转角挤压工艺变形规律影响的有限元分析

等通道转角挤压(Equal Channel Angular Pressing,ECAP)工艺能够通过材料的剧烈塑性变形,获得块状超细晶材料.等通道转角挤压(ECAP)工艺通过改变应变量大小及其均匀性对晶粒细化有着显著的效果.通过DEFORM-3D软件模拟纯钛等通道转角挤压过程,研究了不同模具参数对试样变形的影响规律,给出了不同模具转角、模具外转角和模具内转角半径对ECAP试样变形区等效应变的影响,为获得纯钛试样变形分布提供了有效的规律.     

控轧过程中KQ450钢的晶粒细化和析出物行为

通过定量金相、扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线小角度散射方法研究KQ450微合金钢在不同控制轧制条件下,工艺参数对其铁素体晶粒细化和析出物行为的影响.结果表明:加热温度对KQ450微合金钢晶粒粗化比较敏感;析出相是面心立方结构的NbC,VC和V(CN).析出物的平均尺寸随冷却速度的增大而减小.     

块体超细/纳米结构金属材料的累积叠轧制备技术

综述了一种制备大块状超细/纳米结构金属材料很有效的剧烈塑性变形工艺——累积叠轧(Accumulative Roll Bonding,ARB).重点阐述了ARB的工艺原理及变形过程中的界面结合机理、ARB材料的晶粒细化机理、组织特征、织构演变及强韧化机制等,分析了ARB工业应用中存在的主要问题及应对措施,并展望了该技术在制备超细晶材料领域的应用前景.     

β型钛合金TB2超高强丝材

通过对钛合金进行大的塑性变形获得了TB2丝材, 分别对TB2丝材进行直接时效和固溶时效处理. 发现经过大的塑性变形后获得了具有良好综合性能的TB2丝材, 尤其是对丝材进行直接时效处理后, 其抗拉强度最高可达1690 Mpa, 同时具有良好的延性性能. 金相观察结果显示, 经过大变形直接时效后的晶粒为等轴状, 比固溶时效后的组织更为细密. 采用大变形和直接时效的方法来获得高强度高韧性良好配合的材料应具有稳定的面心立方或体心立方结构, 低的应变硬化指数, 较高的回复温度和有效的硬化机制.     

Al0.5CoCrFeNiBx多主元高熵合金的组织结构和力学性能

采用真空电弧炉熔炼不同B含量的Al0.5CoCrFeNiBx(x为摩尔分数,x=0,0.1,0.2,0.25,0.3)高熵合金,通过XRD分析、SEM观察和力学性能测试研究了不同B含量对Al0.5CoCrFeNiBx高熵合金微观组织结构与力学性能的影响.结果表明:Al0.5CoCrFeNiBx合金主要由简单的面心立方结构和体心立方结构相组成.Al0.5CoCrFeNi合金组织为典型的树枝晶形貌,B元素的加入使枝晶组织细化,且枝晶间形成针状β相和岛状a1相.适量B元素能提高合金的抗拉强度,但降低合金的塑性.     

细化剂和冷却速率对Al-Mg-Mn合金凝固组织的影响

细化剂含量和冷却速率对凝固过程具有重要影响.分别加入不同含量的Al-3Ti-B晶粒细化剂,研究其对一种Al-Mg-Mn合金晶粒组织的影响.结果表明,随着晶粒细化剂含量的增加,晶粒愈加细小,在本实验范围内当细化剂含量为0.1%Ti时,组织最为均匀细小.采用连续测温的方法,测定了使用不同铸模时,铸锭的冷却速率,并分析了冷却速率对凝固组织的影响.与使用耐火材料铸模相比,使用石墨铸模时,铸锭的冷却速率提高1～2个数量级,铸态组织得到显著细化,平均晶粒尺寸由138μm细化到35μm.     

稀土对BNbRE重轨钢微观组织的影响

通过实验测定、金相观察和理论分析,系统研究了稀土在BN bRE重轨钢中的赋存状态和存量的变化规律,及其对微观组织的影响作用机制。研究发现,对于BN bRE重轨钢而言,加入大量的稀土并不能增加钢中的固溶稀土含量,固溶稀土含量均保持在0.0012%以下。少量的固溶稀土可以细化BN bRE重轨钢的奥氏体晶粒度和珠光体片层结构。     

稳恒磁场对低碳锰铌钢晶粒细化的影响

了在低碳锰铌钢的奥氏体向铁素体和珠光体墨迹的过程中外加稳恒磁场的晶粒细化作用。实验结果表明：稳恒磁场对相变过程中的晶粒细化有影响。在本的实验条件下,随上加磁场磁通密度的增大,昌粒尺寸减小。在磁通密度为１．５Ｔ时,昌粒尺寸为不加磁场时线性尺寸的６０％。强磁场作用于相变时引起的高温钢辐射散热 加是导致晶粒细化的主要原因之一。由于在稳恒磁场中低碳钢的磁导率较大,磁场的产董的晶粒细化作用使试样组织的均匀     

Processing of Ultrafine-Grained Materials through the Application of Severe Plastic Deformation

Processing through the application of severe plastic deformation (SPD) has become an absorbing tool because it provides the potential for refining the grain size of polycrystalline bulk metals to the submicrometer or even the nanometer level. Several SPD methods are now available, but the more promising procedures seem to be equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) and high-pressure torsion (HPT). This report examines these procedures with an emphasis on the principles of grain refinement and the mechanical properties developed at high temperatures in materials after processing by ECAP and the hardness homogeneity and microstructural evolution in materials processed by HPT. Moreover, recent observations on the ECAP and HPT processing also are discussed.     

Recent developments of the high strength and high ductility nanostructured materials

This talk will summarize the recent work related to a kind of new nanomaterials produced by the SMAT (surface mechanical attrition treatment).The concept of surface nanocrystallization of materials will be presented.In terms of the grain refinement mechanism induced by plastic deformation,a novel surface mechanical attrition(SMA) technique was developed for synthesizing a nanostructured surface layer on metallic materials in order to upgrade the overall properties and performance.The grain refinement mechanism of the surface layer during the SMA treatment will be analyzed in terms of the nanostructure observations in several typical materials.Very high yield stress(5 times of the base material) on the surface layer of the material obtained by the SMAT has been observed.The effect of surface nanostructures on the mechanical behavior and on the failure mechanism of metallic material shows the possibility to develop a new strength gradient composite using co-rolling and nitriding.The role of residual stress induced during the treatment will be investigated and discussed.The developed materials are also porosity free materials which can be used as reference material for the local mechanical behavior investigation technique such as the nanoindentation.A general concept for obtaining high strength and high ductility nanostructured materials will be presented.The exceptional high strength and high ductility steels have developed.The simulation of the mechanisms for improving ductility of high strength nanostructured materials will be presented.The potential applications for the land transportation vehicles(car,bus,train) and wind energy have been investigated.Some examples of concept design for the integration of the advanced nanostructured steels will be presented.     

Metal processing by severe plastic deformation

The mechanics of severe plastic deformation (SPD) is considered. Unlike steady-state plastic flows with the continuous evolution of dislocation structures, the SPD-induced microlocalization strongly depends on the deformation mode. The quantitative characteristic of a deformation mode is determined by the distribution of strain rates over the principal directions of a continuum shear and corresponds to the limiting states of pure shear and simple shear. Simple models of SPD mesomechanics demonstrate that a deformation mode affects a transition to localization, localization in shear bands, and rotational localization. The simple shear mode is shown to correspond to the optimum scheme of plastic structure formation, including the development of high-angle boundaries and grain refinement. Various SPD processes are analyzed in terms of simple shear.     

TEM studies on recovery and recrystallisation in Equal Channel Angular Extrusion processed Al-3%Mg alloy

Equal Channel Angular Extrusion (ECAE) is a promising severe plastic deformation (SPD) process which can produce polycrystalline materials with ultra-fine grains (UFG) of sub micrometer range or nanometer range. Large plastic shear deformation induced by the high applied pressure in ECAE material processing is the prime reason behind the grain refinement. The focus of the present work is to study the evolution of dislocation microstructure during dynamic recovery (due to intense strain deformation) and static recovery (due to static annealing after deformation) in commercial Al-3%Mg alloy processed by ECAE. It is observed that local concentrations of shear strain can take place and high angle boundary (HAGB) segments are formed initially at random locations. When thermal energy is provided, during static annealing, the boundary segments get further defined and extended. This leads to the formation of very fine size grains with high mis-orientations which subsequently develop into an ultra-fine grain distribution in the material. Also, it appears dynamic recrystallisation (DRX) occurring during the deformation itself is a general phenomenon leading to refinement of grains. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) is the characterizing tool used in the present study. The influence of precipitates/second phase particles on the deformation characteristics and on the increased degree of grain fragmentation is also detailed.     

烧结温度对内燃机用TiZrVMo高熔合金组织和力学性能的影响

运用放电等离子烧结方法(SPS)制备TiZrVMo合金,并通过控制不同的烧结温度获得了不同力学特性与组织结构的试样。测试结果表明,对合金烧结处理后其基体中形成了包含BCC与FCC两种晶体结构,BCC组织形成了比FCC组织更高的衍射峰。当烧结温度增加后,晶粒尺寸呈现增大的现象,塑性先增大后降低。经过1100℃烧结得到的试样压缩屈服强度为1501.4MPa,塑性应变31.4%。随着烧结温度的增加,屈服强度先减少后增加,塑性应变先增大后减小。当烧结温度上升后,合金材料从准脆性断裂逐渐转变为微孔聚集型断裂,之后形成了大尺寸晶粒并发生沿晶断裂的现象,呈现脆性解理断裂的特点。     

Limit of ferrite grain refinement by severe plastic deformation of austenite

High-angle grain-boundary spacing in deformed austenite is analyzed using Ni-30Fe alloy to explain the change of ferrite grain size by severe plastic deformation (SPD) of austenite in low carbon steel. It is suggested that constant high-angle grain-boundary spacing in deformed austenite resulting from dynamic recrystallization (DRX) or geometric DRX is responsible for the limit of ferrite grain refinement over a certain level of plastic deformation of austenite.     

Studies on Kinetics of BCC to FCC Phase Transformation in AlCoCrFeNi Equiatomic High Entropy Alloy

Kinetics of face-centered cubic (FCC) phase evolution in equiatomic AlCoCrFeNi alloy has been studied in this work, measuring the phase fraction from X-ray diffraction (XRD). As-cast alloy showed a body-centered cubic (BCC)+B2 structure. Heat treatments performed at different temperatures showed the formation up-to 30 to 35 pct FCC phase between 1073 K and 1373 K. A systematic decrease in hardness from 540 to 390 HV₁₀ with increase in temperature suggested an increase in the FCC volume fraction. Kinetics of FCC evolution were analyzed using the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov equation and Arrhenius law to calculate the activation energy for the phase transformation. Furthermore, a time-temperature-transformation diagram was constructed from the isothermal transformation studies. Detailed microstructural investigation suggests faster kinetics of FCC phase formation near dendritic boundaries compared to interdendritic regions. The Kurdjumov–Sachs orientation relationship between FCC and BCC phases suggested a coherent interface between these phases. Results of the present study pave the way to decide on heat treatment practices in AlCoCrFeNi alloy.

     

Strain-path effects on the evolution of microstructure and texture during the severe-plastic deformation of aluminum

Microstructure and texture evolution during the severe-plastic deformation (SPD) of unalloyed aluminum were investigated to establish the effect of processing route and purity level on grain refinement and subgrain formation. Two lots of aluminum with different purity levels (99.998 pct Al and 99 pct Al) were subjected to large plastic strains at room temperaturevia four different deformation processes: equal-channel angular extrusion (ECAE), sheet rolling, conventional conical-die extrusion, and uniaxial compression. Following deformation, microstructures and textures were determined using orientation-imaging microscopy. In commercial-purity aluminum, the various deformation routes yielded an ultrafine microstructure with a ∼1.5-μm grain size, deduced to have been formedvia a dynamic-recovery mechanism. For high-purity aluminum, on the other hand, the minimum grain size produced after the various routes was ∼20 μm; the high fraction of high-angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) and the absence of subgrains/deformation bands in the final microstructure suggested the occurrence of discontinuous static recrystallization following the large plastic deformation at room temperature. The microstructure differences were underscored by the mechanical properties following four ECAE passes. The yield strength of commercial-purity aluminum quadrupled, whereas the high-purity aluminum showed only a minor increase relative to the annealed condition.