舰船远程尾流气泡群的前向光散射特性研究

利用Mie理论计算了舰船尾流气泡群的归一化体散射函数和散射能量分布函数,分析了尾流气泡群的前向光散射特性。计算和分析结果表明,气泡群的前向散射光强度远大于后向散射,前向散射能量占总散射能量的90%以上;散射能量分布函数在小于1°的前向小角度散射角范围内迅速增加到40%以上,然后随散射角的增加缓慢增加;气泡表面附着的有机膜会显著地增强气泡群的后向散射,但对前向散射的影响不大。     

舰船尾流的激光散射特性

根据Mie 散射理论,在认为气泡不相干的情况下,计算了气泡在不同散射方向的散射强度,得出舰船尾流某个横截面上气泡群的光散射特性;计算结果表明气泡群的后向散射增强非常明显;舰船尾流横截面上尾流中心气泡的散射强度远大于尾流边缘处的散射强度,说明利用舰船尾流中气泡与背景海洋中的气泡对光散射的差异来作为鱼雷自导的一种手段是可行的。     

舰船尾流的前向光散射对光束衰减测量的影响

为优化前向光尾流自导的探测系统的设计,分析了舰船远程尾流中气泡群的前向光散射对测量气泡群衰减系数的影响。根据消光定理和Mie理论,推导了单散射条件下测量气泡群衰减系数的公式,给出了因前向光散射导致的测量误差因子和修正因子的表达式。基于此表达式对干净的尾流气泡群和覆盖着两种典型有机膜的脏尾流气泡群的误差因子和修正因子进行了数值计算,分析了探测系统的接收视场角和气泡表面附着的有机膜对衰减系数测量的影响。结果表明,前向散射对尾流气泡群的衰减测量影响很大,在前向1°的散射角范围内这种影响尤为显著;气泡表面附着的有机膜对尾流气泡群的衰减测量影响很小。     

尾流气泡激光散射的测量

采用收发分置的光学结构实现了尾流气泡对532 nm激光在散射角5°～175°内的散射测量,同时测量了水的激光散射。散射角度的改变是通过发射系统不动而转动接收系统来实现的。解决了散射信号大动态范围的压缩问题,讨论了接收视场内散射体积随散射角的变化。分析了气泡散射的信号特征,并提出了气泡散射信号的功率谱密度处理法。将实验结果与米氏理论结果进行了对比,发现尾流气泡的激光散射强度及其随散射角的变化趋势与米氏理论结果吻合得很好,与水的散射相差近一个数量级。研究结果表明利用激光可以将气泡和水的散射区别开,即利用激光探测尾流气泡的存在具有可行性。     

激光探测尾流微气泡的偏振特性研究

为了研究尾流中激光照明气泡幕的散射光强度和偏振的特性,利用基于偏振光传输的蒙特卡洛模型,对偏振激光入射含气泡群水体的三维空间分布模式进行仿真计算。研究了气泡和气泡群在不同气泡尺度,不同散射角条件下的散射光强和偏振状态;分析了气泡幕的气泡数密度,厚度对于散射光强度和偏振状态的影响。研究表明,散射光的强度和偏振度对气泡尺度和散射角较为敏感,气泡尺度参数越大,散射光强和偏振特征越趋向于集中在传输方向的小角度散射;气泡幕的数密度和厚度越大,散射光的强度随散射角度变化的敏感度下降,退偏振效果增强。     

多尺度复杂水质尾流气泡的激光探测仿真与实验

舰船尾流气泡具有尺度范围大、稀疏、离散等特征。利用蓝绿激光的海水穿透性能以及气泡对激光的后向散射特性，可以实现舰船尾流气泡的远场检测。舰船尾流的稀疏、离散特征导致气泡的激光散射回波信噪比极低，对光学接收处理系统及尾流信号处理方法带来了困难与挑战。建立了舰船尾流气泡的激光后向散射模型，通过蒙特卡罗仿真验证了不同水质、不同气泡距离和不同尺度气泡的激光后向散射特性，设计了可抑制近场水体强散射干扰的水下气泡激光测试分析系统，实现了激光能量与雪崩光电二极管接收增益间的匹配调节。针对室内和湖泊环境，开展了不同水质和光电探测参数下的尾流气泡检测性能测试，通过对数据进行统计处理分析得到了舰船尾流气泡的激光探测特征规律。设计的水下气泡激光测试分析系统可以实现对舰船尾流气泡的有效探测，为舰船尾流探测系统在不同水质环境下的工程应用提供了理论及数据支撑。     

水中气泡光学特性的蒙特卡罗模拟

基于Mie散射理论的单个气泡光散射,考虑光的多次散射,用蒙特卡罗方法模拟计算水中气泡群的光散射特性.计算结果表明：光的后向散射随气泡数密度的增加而明显增强,并且在折射率较大的海水中这种增强会更加明显,从而说明利用尾流中气泡群的光散射特性研究光自导鱼雷是可行的.     

尾流气泡群的激光多普勒检测方法

提出了一种基于气泡群后向散射光多普勒频移谱特性的舰船尾流检测方法。利用蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo)方法对尾流区运动气泡群后向散射激光多普勒频移谱进行了理论模拟,分析了气泡数密度和速率分布对后向散射光信号多普勒频移谱特性的影响。在此基础上,利用差动型激光多普勒探测方法,实验研究了模拟尾流气泡群后向散射光多普勒频移谱特性,实验结果与理论模拟基本符合。研究表明,随着尾流中气泡数密度和速率分布范围的增大,后向散射光信号的多普勒频移谱的幅度、截止频移也随之增大。这证明了激光后向散射多普勒频移谱特性分析法可作为一种有效的尾流检测方法。     

舰船气泡尾流散射光斯托克斯特征研究

针对当前探测器距离尾流较近时目标回波信号淹没在水体散射信号中,以及对低密度、微小气泡群较难探测的问题,通过对尾流散射光的斯托克斯参量特征进行研究,可全面反映光经过尾流散射后的完全偏振光、部分偏振光全非偏振的特征。仿真计算了尾流中微小气泡在不同半径、不同散射角条件下斯托克斯散射矩阵的变化,并对比了水分子的散射特征,研究分析发现:（1）不同大小尾流微气泡的斯托克斯散射特征既有相似之处,也有一定的差异;（2）微气泡的散射参量,与水分子相对应参量比较,差异更加明显,水分子的散射参量不存在震荡现象且散射特征稳定。利用斯托克斯参量进行光尾流特征分析,信息量较全面,光散射特征差异明显,证实了其用于尾流信号分析、探测的可行性。     

舰船尾流气泡多重散射偏振特性研究

舰船尾流气泡的多次散射效应对光尾流探测领域的研究具有重要意义.针对水中气泡多次散射对后向散射光强以及偏振度的影响规律问题,基于矢量Monte Carlo方法,采用欧拉矢量法对光子在水中气泡后向散射偏振态进行跟踪,对比分析了线偏振、圆偏振激光入射情况下,不同散射次数回波信号在强度和偏振度特性上的差异性,验证了欧拉矢量法用于光尾流探测仿真领域的可行性.     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Teleportation of an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state under the controlling of M controllers

A new quantum protocol to teleport an arbitrary unknown N-qubit entangled state from a sender to a fixed receiver under M controllers(M < N) is proposed. The quantum resources required are M non-maximally entangled Greenberger-Home-Zeilinger (GHZ) state and N-M non-maximally entangled Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) pairs. The sender performs N generalized Bell-state measurements on the 2N particles. Controllers take M single-particle measurement along x-axis, and the receiver needs to introduce one auxiliary two-level particle to extract quantum information probabilistically with the fidelity unit if controllers cooperate with it.     

Diode-end-pumped Nd:YVO4/LBO lasers with 4.2W continuous-wave output at 457 nm

A continuous-wave (CW) 457 nm blue laser operating at the power of 4.2 W is demonstrated by using a fiber coupled laser diode module pumped Nd: YVO4 and using LBO as the intra-cavity SHG crystal With the optimization of laser cavity and crystal parameters, the laser operates at a very high efficiency. When the pumping power is about 31 W, the output at 457nm reaches 4.2 W, and the optical to optical conversion efficiency is about 13.5% accordingly. The stability of the out putpower is better than 1.2% for 8 h continuously working.     

Call for Papers

正Wireless Body-area Networks The last decade has witnessed the convergence of three giant worlds:electronics,computer science and telecommunications.The next decade should follow this convergence in most of our activities with the generalization of sensor networks.In particular with the progress in medicine,people live longer and the aging of population will push the development of wireless personal networks     

Call for Papers—Feature Topic,Vol.12,No.7,2015

正Information Centric Networking Information-Centric Networking(ICN) is an emerging direction in Future Internet architecture research,gaining significant tractions among academia and industry.Aiming to replace the conventional host-to-host communication model by a data-centric model,ICN treats data content as the first