喷雾干燥法制备脊髓灰质炎微球减毒活疫苗

目的采用喷雾干燥法制备脊髓灰质炎微球减毒活疫苗。方法以正交试验法筛选最佳保护剂配方及最佳工艺条件,通过样品的得率、含水量、病毒滴度、微球形态、粒径大小分布和热力学性质等特性评价疫苗的稳定性。结果最佳喷雾干燥工艺为:入口风温180℃,入口风压3.9m/s,进样速度2.5ml/min,保护剂配方1.5%海藻糖+0.2%人血白蛋白(HSA)+0.2%聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)(w/v)。微球形态完整,分散性好,平均粒径为10.9μm,得率为54.25%,干粉疫苗37℃放置1周和25℃保存6个月,病毒的滴度下降不超过0.5lgCCID50/ml。结论喷雾干燥法制备的脊髓灰质炎微球减毒活疫苗稳定性好,工艺简便,易于工业化生产。     

冷冻干燥法制备1型糖尿病噬菌体展示疫苗

目的采用冷冻干燥法制备1型糖尿病噬菌体展示疫苗。方法将正交试验筛选的不同冻干保护剂与1型糖尿病噬菌体展示疫苗混合,优化冻干曲线进行冻干。检测冻干前后噬菌体疫苗的滴度,并通过各项指标对冻干后的疫苗进行评价。结果经筛选,最佳保护剂配方为:10.85%海藻糖+17.37%甘氨酸(w/v);最佳冻干曲线为:S1:-40℃4h,1.5℃/min;S2:-15℃5h,1.5℃/min;S3:25℃4h,1.5℃/min;真空度:0.02mbar。冻干后疫苗滴度下降不超过0.5pfu/ml,外观及电镜观察疫苗样品形态均较好,玻璃态转化温度能达到220℃以上,含水量小于3%。结论以海藻糖、甘氨酸为保护剂,采用冷冻干燥法制备的1型糖尿病噬菌体展示疫苗具有保护剂组成成分少、热稳定性强、含水量低、冻干曲线简化、保存时间长等特点。     

1型糖尿病反义肽噬菌体疫苗诱导CD8~+T细胞对病理性CD4~+T细胞的抑制作用

目的观察1型糖尿病反义肽噬菌体疫苗诱导CD8+T细胞对病理性CD4+T细胞的抑制作用。方法用1型糖尿病反义肽噬菌体疫苗免疫非肥胖型糖尿病(NOD)小鼠,并同时设立噬菌体空载体免疫组和未免疫空白对照组。于初次免疫后第20周,检测各组小鼠血糖;磁珠法分离免疫小鼠CD8+T细胞,并用合成反义肽及IL-2诱导刺激作为效应细胞;分离噬菌体空载体免疫组和空白对照组小鼠CD4+T细胞,用合成正义肽及IL-2诱导刺激作为靶细胞。将效应细胞与靶细胞按不同比例混合,以乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放法检测CTL的杀伤活性。结果初次免疫后第20周,1型糖尿病反义肽噬菌体疫苗免疫组小鼠血糖水平保持正常,而另外2组小鼠血糖均高于正常水平。1型糖尿病反义肽噬菌体疫苗免疫组诱导的CD8+T细胞作效应细胞,当效靶比为100∶1时,对噬菌体空载体免疫组CD4+T细胞的杀伤效率最高,达47.95%±11.30%,而噬菌体空载体免疫组诱导的小鼠CD8+T细胞对空白对照组的CD4+T细胞无杀伤作用。结论1型糖尿病反义肽噬菌体疫苗能够诱导CD8+T细胞抑制病理性CD4+T细胞。     

乙肝乙脑麻疹多表位噬菌体微球疫苗的体液免疫应答

目的探讨乙肝乙脑麻疹多表位噬菌体微球疫苗的体液免疫应答效果。方法用壳聚糖制备乙肝乙脑麻疹多表位噬菌体微球疫苗,经腹腔、皮下和鼻腔3种途径免疫小鼠,ELISA检测小鼠血清特异性IgG抗体水平。结果3种途径免疫的小鼠均能产生针对各表位的特异性IgG抗体,鼻腔免疫效果最好;多表位噬菌体微球疫苗的抗体水平明显高于多表位噬菌体疫苗。结论壳聚糖微球疫苗投递系统可以提高多表位噬菌体疫苗的体液免疫效果。鼻腔免疫是多表位噬菌体微球疫苗的最佳免疫途径。     

PLGA微球粒径对HPV L1五聚体候选疫苗免疫效果的调控

以聚乳酸-羟基乙酸共聚物(PLGA)为疫苗递送和佐剂系统,采用快速膜乳化技术制备了粒径0.43和1.38 mm的均一PLGA微球,以其包埋HPV L1五聚体抗原,考察微球粒径对体内免疫应答强度和水平的影响. 结果表明,1.38 mm粒径载抗原PLGA微球组产生的IgG滴度(87771±24983.0)和中和抗体滴度(30720±15863.7)显著高于0.43 mm粒径组的IgG滴度(38400±14021.7) (P<0.05)和中和抗体滴度(2480±3892.6) (P<0.01),且1.38 mm载抗原PLGA微球能更显著提高Th2型细胞因子IL-6(0.43 mm微球的4.7倍)和IL-4(0.43 mm微球的1.5倍)的分泌水平;而0.43 mm载抗原PLGA微球能显著提升Th1型细胞因子IFN-γ(1.38 mm微球的2.1倍)的分泌水平,表明对于HPV疫苗佐剂与递送系统,小粒径微球有利于细胞免疫的提升,可用于治疗性疫苗的开发;而大粒径微球则有利于诱导高效体液免疫,可用于预防性疫苗的开发.     

噬菌体展示的1型糖尿病疫苗种子的稳定性

目的观察在不同温度保存条件下噬菌体展示的1型糖尿病疫苗种子的稳定性。方法将噬菌体展示的1型糖尿病疫苗种子样品分为两组,一组添加等体积的80%甘油,另一组不添加甘油,分别于不同温度条件下存放不同时间后取样,用噬斑法检测滴度。结果在37℃和25℃条件下保存,噬菌体疫苗种子滴度下降较快,在4℃和-20℃条件下保存噬菌体疫苗种子滴度下降相对较慢;37℃、25℃及4℃条件下保存,添加甘油并无明显的保护作用,而在-20℃条件下保存,添加甘油有明显的保护作用。结论噬菌体展示的1型糖尿病疫苗种子可在4℃条件下短期保存,-20℃条件下长期保存,并可添加甘油作为保护剂。     

羟丙基壳聚糖包覆胰岛素微球的性能研究

以壳聚糖和环氧丙烷为原料合成了羟丙基壳聚糖,并以此为壳材,以胰岛素为芯材,制备了平均粒径为13．34μm的微球,并考察了微球的各种性能。通过红外光谱表征了羟丙基壳聚糖和微球的化学结构;热重分析考察了羟丙基壳聚糖微球和包覆胰岛素后微球的热稳定性;采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察了不同液体中微球和干品微球的形貌;采用紫外分光光度计绘制胰岛素标准曲线和测定微球的包埋率;并对微球室温下、模拟胃液和模拟肠液中进行了微球稳定性考察。所制备的微球表面光滑、致密、平均粒径适中,且分布较窄,收率和包埋率较高,室温下稳定。根据稳定性考察得出,微球有缓释的功效。     

羟丙基壳聚糖微球的制备与性能

以壳聚糖、环氧丙烷为原料合成羟丙基壳聚糖,以此为壳材,以胰岛素为芯材,制备微球,并考察微球的性能.单凝聚法制备微球.通过IR、XRD和DSC表征微球的化学结构,采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜观察微球的形貌,并考察微球稳定性.搅拌速度为400 r/min、交联荆用量为0.15 mL、HPCS浓度为8%,得到的微球形状规整,包埋率为63%,粒径大小适中,分布范围窄;各种环境下稳定性合适.羟丙基壳聚糖包覆胰岛素微球各种性能研究表明:此载药微球满足药用需要.     

壳聚糖-海藻酸钠包被的副溶血弧菌外膜蛋白K微球疫苗的制备及其口服免疫效果

目的制备壳聚糖-海藻酸钠包被的副溶血弧菌外膜蛋白(outer membrane protein,omp)K微球疫苗,并检测其对大黄鱼的口服免疫效果。方法采用乳化-离子交联法制备副溶血弧菌ompK微球疫苗,筛选表面活性剂司盘-80添加量及壳聚糖包被浓度,经正交试验优化微球疫苗的制备工艺,筛选微球疫苗的冻干保护剂。检测采用优化条件制备的微球疫苗的理化特性及其在不同条件下的释放特性,并将微球添加到饵料中,连续5 d投喂大黄鱼,第28天以副溶血弧菌zj2003攻击,检测口服微球疫苗的免疫保护率。结果最适司盘-80添加量为2%~4%,壳聚糖包被浓度为0.6%~0.7%;优化的微球疫苗制备条件为:抗原蛋白浓度10 mg/ml,海藻酸钠浓度1.0%,水油比1∶2,搅拌速度2 000 r/min;微球疫苗的最佳冻干保护剂为2%甘露醇;以优化的条件制备的微球圆整性、分散性好,平均直径为(1.91±1.02)μm,表现出酸性条件稳定、中性和弱碱性条件溶胀的特性;微球疫苗口服免疫的大黄鱼对副溶血弧菌zj2003攻击表现出中等程度的保护力。结论制备了壳聚糖-海藻酸钠包被的副溶血弧菌ompK微球疫苗,并验证了其口服免疫的有效性,为鱼类口服弧菌疫苗的研制及应用奠定了基础。     

多杀霉素/壳聚糖控释微球的制备及其释药温敏性

[目的]优化多杀霉素/壳聚糖微球的制备条件,并初步探究其在不同温度下的释药行为。[方法]采用均相沉淀法制备多杀霉素/壳聚糖微球。通过测定微球在不同温度下的溶胀度和累积释药率,研究其药物释放温敏性。[结果]微球适宜制备条件:壳聚糖水溶液1%,多杀霉素甲醇溶液1.5%,壳聚糖与多杀霉素的质量比2∶1,乳化剂吐温80 5%,15 000 r/min下剪切3 min,沉淀剂为3%的氨水和异丙醇的混合液(体积比4∶1),加入量为壳聚糖溶液与多杀霉素甲醇溶液总体积的60%。微球包封率大于90%,载药量大于30%,中粒径D_(50)为40μm左右。在pH值6.86的缓冲溶液中,微球的溶胀度、释药速率和累积释药率均随着温度的升高而升高,表现出明显的温度敏感性。[结论]多杀霉素/壳聚糖微球有望开发为温度响应型环境友好控释制剂。     

Chitosan microspheres: modification of polymeric chem‐physical properties of spray‐dried microspheres to control the release of antibiotic drug

Antibiotic drug releasing from chitosan and acylchitosan microspheres was studied. The acylchitosan microspheres were prepared by modifying the microencapsulation process from spray‐drying to spray in‐liquid coagulating process for the improvement of chem‐physical properties of polymer in controlling the release of antibiotic drug. A higher yield of microspheres was recovered by this improved process. Crystallinity, swelling ability, and the morphology of various microspheres were investigated by X‐ray, water adsorption, and scanning electron microscopy studies. Results show that by modifying the microencapsulation process from spray‐drying to spray in‐liquid coagulating process, the chemical properties of the microsphere were varied from a hydrophilic chitosan microsphere to a hydrophobic acylchitosan microsphere, while the physical structure of the microsphere was varied from a porous chitosan microsphere to a dense acylchitosan microsphere. For the reasons, drug release rate of acylchitosan microspheres prepared by the novel spray microencapsulation method were apparently depressed, and the long‐acting release of antibiotic drug was possible to be achieved. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 747–759, 1999     

Preparation,characterization, and adsorption properties of chitosan microspheres crosslinked by formaldehyde for copper (II) from aqueous solution

The chitosan microspheres crosslinked by formaldehyde were prepared by spray drying method and used as an adsorbent for copper (II) from aqueous solution. A batch adsorption system was applied to study the adsorption of copper (II) from aqueous solution by chitosan microspheres. The maximum adsorption capacity of the chitosan microspheres for copper (II) was 144.928 mg/g at pH 6.0. Langmuir adsorption model was found to be applicable in interpreting the adsorption process. To elucidate the adsorption mechanism, the chitosan microspheres before and after copper (II) adsorption were further characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra, zeta potential analysis, and scanning electron microscope. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009     

单宁酸对海藻酸钠/壳聚糖微球性能的影响

研究了单宁酸的引入对海藻酸钠/壳聚糖水凝胶在微球化和微胶囊化应用性能方面的影响.首先制备了单宁酸交联改性的海藻酸钠/壳聚糖水凝胶微球.利用傅里叶变换红外光谱分析了共混物分子结构间的相互作用,采用热重分析仪考察了微球热稳定性,并研究了单宁酸的加入对微球粒径、含水量和溶胀性的影响.结果表明由于单宁酸与海藻酸钠/壳聚糖之间的...     

Polyanhydride microspheres. IV. Morphology and characterization of systems made by spray drying

The morphology of bioerodible polyanhydride microspheres produced by spray drying is described. Microspheres prepared from a variety of homo- and copolymers were studied and characterized using X-ray powder diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Crystalline polymers, such as poly(sebacic anhydride) (P(SA)) and poly(fumaric acid) (P(FA)), yielded microspheres with a crenelated and porous surface, as judged by SEM. Polymers, with lower crystallinity, such as copolymers of carboxyphenoxypropane and sebacic acid P(CPP-SA), yielded microspheres with a smooth external surface. Polymer crystallinity decreased after spray drying, for both blank and drug loaded microspheres.     

Preparation of injectable paclitaxel sustained release microspheres by spray drying for inhibition of glioma in vitro

The major aim of this work was to prepare injectable paclitaxel‐loaded poly(D ,L ‐lactide) microspheres for the inhibition of brain glioma. Paclitaxel‐loaded PLA microspheres were prepared by spray drying method employing ethyl acetate as solvent. And the microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the morphology and differential scanning calorimetry for thermal analysis. The encapsulation efficiency (EE) and in vitro release profiles of paclitaxel‐loaded microspheres were determined by using ultraviolet spectrophotometer. The results showed that the microspheres possess a narrow size distribution with the average diameter of 4.6 μm. The surface of the microspheres was smooth, and the paclitaxel dispersed in microspheres in amorphous state. The solvent residue was 0.03%, and the EE reaches ～ 90%. The microspheres exhibited a sustained release behavior, and the release period last for at least three months, depending on the EE of the microspheres. The γ irradiation sterilization had little effect on the EE and drug release in vitro. Compared with the commercial formulation, the sustained release microsphere showed a stronger inhibition on the tumor cells, suggesting the potential application of long‐term delivery of paclitaxel‐loaded PLA microspheres in clinic tumor therapy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010     

聚乳酸/聚乙醇酸可生物降解微球的制备及其对RNP的佐剂作用

目的　制备包裹狂犬病毒核衣壳 (RNP)的PLA/PLG可生物降解微球 ,并观察其对RNP的佐剂作用。方法　以蛋白载量、包裹率、微球形态及粒径分布作为评价微球质量的指标 ,通过变换制备条件 ,获取质量较好的微球 ;观察三种不同聚合物材料制成的RNP微球在体外 37℃条件下的水解和释放 ;比较不同微球免疫效果。结果　PLA/PLG微球作为RNP载体 ,单剂接种诱生实验动物的抗NP抗体与AL(OH) 3 佐剂两次接种的滴度接近 ,但明显好于不加佐剂的对照组。结论　PLA/PLG微球对RNP具有良好的佐剂作用。     

无明胶保护剂在麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗中的应用

目的研制一种安全有效的无明胶保护剂,并应用于麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗的制备。方法制备麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗原液,取同一批麻疹病毒原液,分别加入不同成分和配比的无明胶保护剂,制成成品,以含明胶保护剂作对照,检测成品外观、病毒滴度及水分,确定保护剂的成分,再确定保护剂的配比。将麻疹与风疹病毒原液混合,加入筛选出的无明胶保护剂,制备麻疹风疹联合减毒活疫苗(共3批),同时制备3批含明胶保护剂对照疫苗。按《中国药典》三部(2010版)要求对联合疫苗原液、半成品、成品进行检定;分别将制备的联合疫苗于2～8℃放置3和6个月,检测疫苗外观、病毒滴度及水分的变化,于37℃放置1、2、3、4周,检测病毒滴度的变化;按《中国药典》二部(2010版)要求进行过敏试验。结果含海藻糖和右旋糖酐成分的保护剂为首选保护剂。制备的无明胶保护剂联合疫苗原液、半成品及成品的各项检定指标均符合《中国药典》三部(2010版)要求;无明胶保护剂联合疫苗成品于2～8℃放置6个月的水分和病毒滴度及37℃放置4周的病毒滴度与对照组疫苗相比,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);注射了无明胶保护剂联合疫苗的豚鼠在试验期内均未发生过敏反应,符合《中国药典》二部(2010版)的要求。结论无明胶保护剂对麻疹和风疹病毒具有较好的保护作用。