Synergistic effect of cyclic mechanical loading and moisture absorption on the bending fatigue performance of carbon/epoxy composites

This study investigates the effects of hygrothermal condition on the static bending strength, the bending fatigue and the residual bending strength of carbon/epoxy composite laminates. Displacement-controlled three-point bending fatigue tests were conducted on carbon/epoxy composite laminates of immersion for 0, 7 and 14 days, respectively. After 40000 cycles the fatigue test was stopped and the residual properties were measured on the tested specimens. The effects of hygrothermal condition and fatigue on the micrographs of the specimens have been studied by the metallurgical microscope and scanning electron microscope. Experimental results reveal that moisture absorption can accelerate damage propagation of the composite; the accumulation of irreversible structural damage under the cyclic loading leads to a change in the macroscopic mechanical properties of the composites; the bending strength and the residual strength retention decreased with increased immersion time; hygrothermal aging lowered the threshold level for the onset of fatigue.     

不同湿热条件下碳纤维/环氧复合材料湿热性能实验研究

对比研究了环氧5228A树脂及碳纤维/环氧5228A树脂复合材料层合板在3种湿热环境(水煮、70℃水浸,70℃85%相对湿度)下的湿热性能,考察了湿热条件对复合材料层间剪切性能的影响规律,并从吸湿特性、物理化学特性、树脂力学性能、湿应力等方面分析了不同湿热环境下复合材料性能衰减的机制。研究表明,碳纤维/高温固化环氧树脂复合材料层间剪切性能主要是由吸湿率决定,相同吸湿率不同湿热条件下性能的下降幅度基本相同;3种湿热条件下该树脂及其复合材料未发生化学反应、微裂纹等不可逆变化,复合材料层合板湿热老化机制主要是吸入水分后基体增塑和树脂、纤维湿应变不一致导致的湿应力对复合材料性能的负面作用。     

全湿热场下碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料弯曲性能及寿命预测

以碳纤维/环氧树脂（T700/TR1219B）复合材料为研究对象,采用湿度场和温度场单一及耦合的方式,研究了不同湿热环境下其弯曲性能的变化,通过断口形貌和表面粗糙度表征,分析其湿热损伤机制。结果表明:T700/TR1219B复合材料的弯曲性能受湿度场和温度场影响明显,当吸湿率达到2%时,弯曲强度从干态的1 440.60 MPa下降到1 081.07 MPa;随温度的升高弯曲性能呈下降趋势,且在玻璃化转变温度T_g所在温度区间发生陡降,当环境温度为180℃时,弯曲模量和弯曲强度分别下降了71.18%和93.32%;高温高湿环境下弯曲性能陡降的温度区间前移,且性能衰减并非单一湿度场和温度场下衰减量的简单叠加。通过微观形貌分析发现,湿度场主要导致树脂水解脱黏,温度场下树脂形态破坏严重,而湿热耦合场对纤维与树脂均产生较大程度的损伤。考虑湿度场和温度及湿热耦合相关项,建立并验证了全湿热场下剩余弯曲强度模型,结合湿热老化时间、环境当量等参数提出T700/TR1219B复合材料的寿命预测模型。      

Investigations on the fabrication and the characterization of glass/epoxy,carbon/epoxy and hybrid composites used in the reinforcement and the repair of aeronautic structures

This paper reports the fabrication and the characterization of glass/epoxy, carbon/epoxy and hybrid laminated composites used in the reinforcement and/or the repair of aeronautic structures. These composites were manufactured by the hand lay-up process. Their physical, thermal and mechanical behaviors are discussed in terms of moisture absorption, thermal stability, tensile strength, elastic modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus and abrasive wear resistance. The impact of hygrothermal aging on the mechanical properties of each composite group has been also investigated.The main results indicated that after water immersion, all composites showed significant moisture absorption especially for glass/epoxy composite. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the hybrid composite presented the best thermal stability behavior while the glass/epoxy composite the bad behavior. The mechanical properties of the carbon/epoxy composites, in the bulk material, were considerably higher than those of the glass/epoxy; the hybrid structure presented intermediate mechanical properties. The same trend was also observed in terms of wear properties. Finally, a deleterious effect on the strength of all composites due to hygrothermal exposure was established. However, carbon/epoxy composites seem to be less susceptible to aging damage after 90 days at 90 °C.     

Qualitative separation of the effect of voids on the bending fatigue performance of hygrothermal conditioned carbon/epoxy composites

This study investigates the effect of voids on the static bending and bending fatigue properties of T300/914 composite laminates that are exposed to room temperature, hygrothermal and drying environment, respectively. Displacement-controlled three-point bending fatigue tests were conducted on specimens, while damage in the composite was continuously recorded with a metallurgical microscope. After 40,000 cycles the fatigue test was stopped and residual properties were measured on the tested specimens. Reduction in material strength was found to depend on the level of the specimen’s void content. The changes in weight and size gradually increased with an increase in porosity from 0.33% to 1.50% in the hygrothermal environment. It is found that the maximum rate of dimensional change occurred in the thickness direction. Both bending strength and fatigue performance were reduced with increasing porosity. The damage evaluation of aged specimens was more severe than non-aged and drying specimens.     

湿热环境下Carbon/Epoxy复合材料层合板动态压缩性能

随着纤维增强复合材料的广泛应用, 研究其在湿热环境下的动态力学性能具有重要的理论研究意义与工程应用价值。首先对碳纤维增强环氧树脂基(Carbon/Epoxy)复合材料层合板试件进行了湿热处理, 其后采用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)技术开展了干/湿态试件高应变率压缩实验并对实验结果进行分析。结果表明: 材料脱(吸)湿过程呈现出两段式特点, 存在二次脱(吸)水现象; Carbon/Epoxy复合材料层合板的强度在垂直铺层方向具有显著的应变率敏感性, 随着应变率从1 500 s-1增加至6 000 s-1, 其强度增加近3倍, 与此同时应变率对其弹性模量的影响却非常微弱; 此外, 湿热处理有助于提升该材料的动态力学性能, 经20 d吸湿后材料动态强度有最大12.45%的增幅, 吸湿使得材料动态强度的上升在应变率较低时比较明显。      

天然纤维/环氧树脂-混凝土的力学性能及老化规律天然纤维/环氧树脂-混凝土的力学性能及老化规律

环氧树脂-混凝土是由混合树脂、固化剂和砂石骨料等原料固化成型的一种复合材料,因其优异的性能已成为土木与建筑应用中富有潜力的新型工程材料。本文将高性能的天然纤维（剑麻和苎麻）引入环氧树脂-混凝土中,以进一步增强其力学性能。实验结果表明,极少含量的天然纤维便能够提升环氧树脂-混凝土的抗弯拉强度,体积分数为0.36vol%的剑麻纤维和苎麻纤维可以将混凝土的抗弯拉强度分别提高10.5%和8.4%。天然纤维对环氧树脂-混凝土抗弯拉强度的增强效应可以用基于混合率的并联模型描述,模型预测结果与实测结果相比,相对误差低于5.1%。利用紫外光耐气候试验箱模拟华南地区自然环境的日照辐射和湿热条件,研究了天然纤维/环氧树脂-混凝土抗弯拉性能随老化时间的衰减。当等效老化时间为6年时,天然纤维/环氧树脂-混凝土的抗弯拉强度分别下降了14.3%（剑麻纤维）和15.9%（苎麻纤维）。实验观察到的衰减规律可采用复合材料湿热老化的剩余强度模型描述。      

Response of hygrothermally aged GLARE 4A laminates under static and cyclic loadings

An experimental investigation focusing on the hygrothermal aging-structural degradation–mechanical property relationship of GLARE 4A laminates was conducted. Water immersion conditioning at 80 °C for up to 4 months was carried out on GLARE 4A laminates. It was found that although the outer aluminum layers effectively protected the glass/epoxy composite layers from hygrothermal attack, the composite layers absorbed moisture through the edges. Consequently, significant decrease in both, the tensile strength and fatigue life of the GLARE 4A laminates, was observed although no structural defects were apparently identifiable in the microstructures of the conditioned laminates. Detailed experimental investigation was conducted to study the mechanism of mechanical property decay due to hygrothermal aging. It is proposed that the strength of the S2-glass fibers was not fully realized due to the weakening of the fiber/matrix interface and the deterioration of the sizing, which consequently led to the reduction in the tensile strength and fatigue life of the GLARE 4A laminates. The stiffness degradation characteristics of GLARE 4A laminates under cyclic loading were also investigated.     

湿热环境下复合材料层板拉-压性能

通过对碳纤维环氧复合材料试样进行不同湿热环境下的拉伸和压缩实验,分析其吸湿特性、拉压力学性能、破坏后断口形貌以及动态力学性能,探讨湿热对该复合材料的拉伸和压缩性能的影响。结果表明:碳纤维环氧复合材料的吸湿过程满足Fick定律,饱和吸湿率约为0.86%。吸湿后材料表面变得光滑,有少量纤维拔出和树脂破坏发生,但吸湿后没有发生化学反应和新物质生成。吸湿后在130℃下,复合材料的拉伸性能保持率为96%,而压缩性能保持率仅为69%。吸湿后玻璃化转变温度比干态时下降了33℃。     

三维正交机织玄武岩/环氧树脂复合材料高温老化后低速冲击性质

研究了三维正交机织玄武岩/环氧树脂复合材料在180℃高温环境下老化不同时间后的低速冲击力学性能,测试得到了不同老化时间的试样在低速冲击过程中的载荷-位移曲线。研究发现:随着老化时间增加,三维正交机织玄武岩/环氧树脂复合材料能承受的最大载荷下降,位移逐渐增加,载荷-位移曲线斜率逐渐下降;随着冲击能量增加,老化条件相同的三维正交机织玄武岩/环氧树脂复合材料试样最大承受载荷增大,位移和曲线斜率增加。对高温老化后三维正交机织玄武岩/环氧树脂复合材料试样进行SEM观察,发现纤维与树脂基体脱粘有裂纹产生,且裂纹数目和面积随着老化时间延长而增加。      

碳纤维缠绕复合材料NOL环的吸湿过程与性能关系

以碳纤维缠绕复合材料NOL环为研究对象,建立了一种研究碳纤维缠绕复合材料的壳体或压力容器在存贮和使用过程中湿热性能的加速老化方法。将复合材料NOL环分别浸泡在35℃、55℃、65℃和75℃蒸馏水中,研究其吸湿特性、动态力学性能以及静态力学性能的变化。结果表明,根据NOL环的吸湿特性,其吸湿过程可分为3个阶段：固有自由体积控制扩散吸湿阶段;分子链松弛控制吸湿阶段;界面破坏及裂纹扩展控制吸湿阶段。当湿含量达到1wt%左右时,复合材料进入界面破坏吸湿阶段,性能明显下降,剪切强度和弯曲强度保留率约为75%和67%,Tg下降了20℃。该结果可为碳纤维缠绕复合材料壳体或压力容器的存贮寿命的预测与评价提供重要依据。     

An engineering approach for predicting residual strength of carbon/epoxy laminates after impact and hygrothermal cycling

A semi-empirical analysis on residual compressive strength (RCS) of carbon/epoxy woven composite laminate was developed which included the damage effects caused by impact and hygrothermal cycling. Impact damage is modelled as a soft inclusion with an exponentially reduced stiffness and the stiffness is further reduced due to hygrothermal cycling. A complex variable method was used to determine the in-plane stress distribution near the impact-induced damage and point stress failure criterion is then used to predict the failure load. Based on the semi-empirical model, the RCS can be related to damage width, damage intensity, undamaged strength and a degradation factor due to hygrothermal cycling. The results from the analysis coincide reasonably well with the experimental data for the plain-woven fabric laminates.     

湿热环境下含分层平面编织玻璃纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料层合板振动特性

通过理论推导与有限元仿真,研究了湿热环境下一端固支与四端固支约束含分层平面编织玻璃纤维/环氧树脂基复合材料层合板的不同分层夹角及分层位置的振动特性。首先基于Mindlin一阶剪切变形理论与Hamilton原理,考虑湿热应力和质量效应,依据湿度与温度的等效性,推导了受湿热环境影响的含分层层合板的湿热本构方程与固有频率表达式。利用有限元软件ABAQUS自带的用户材料子程序（UMAT）接口,编制相应的接口程序,建立了一系列温湿度组合下的分层损伤模型。并将数值结果与文献中试验值进行了验证。算例结果表明:湿热效应下,分层加剧了湿热环境下平面编织层合板各阶固有频率的下降;不同的分层夹角会引起固有频率值的改变,夹角越大固有频率下降幅值越大;湿度对分层层合板振动特性的影响比温度对分层层合板振动特性的影响显著;湿热效应会引起高阶频率向低阶的漂移,加剧局部共振现象;表面分层与中面分层都会引起各阶固有频率值下降,但下降幅值两者之间差别不大。      

碳纤维表面状态对其复合材料界面性能的影响

为了研究上浆剂和湿热处理对复合材料微观界面性能的影响,通过单丝断裂实验测试去浆处理及湿热处理前后T300、T700SC、T800S碳纤维单丝/环氧树脂体系的界面剪切强度(IFSS),结合扫描电镜测试手段分析了纤维表面物理特性对IFSS的影响.结果表明:去浆及湿热处理均会引起三种单丝复合材料体系IFSS降低,断点形貌由X状向鞘状发生变化,但不同的单丝复合体系IFSS降幅以及断点形貌变化程度不同;去浆后,T700SC/环氧树脂体系IFSS降幅达70.67%,T300/环氧树脂体系仅下降6.05%;湿热处理72 h后,T300/环氧树脂体系IFSS下降幅度最小;湿热作用下,去浆后的单丝/环氧树脂体系IFSS的下降更为显著.     

湿热环境下碳纤维增强乙烯基树脂复合材料长期力学性能

碳纤维增强聚合物基复合材料(CFRP)因其耐腐蚀、轻质高强等特点被广泛应用于海洋环境,进而长期遭受湿热环境的考验。为了解湿热环境和极端温度对碳纤维增强乙烯基树脂复合材料的影响,测试了湿热老化前后和不同温度下CFRP的压缩性能、面内剪切性能和层间剪切强度变化。FTIR和SEM结果表明：纯树脂试样在湿热环境中发生了水解,使试样表面的微裂纹和孔隙不断扩展并向试样内部渗透;碳纤维的埋入抑制了水的扩散和水解,因而CFRP的吸湿曲线与Fickian模型高度吻合;纯树脂由于水解反应影响了吸湿通道使吸湿曲线偏离Fickian模型。力学性能表明：湿热老化90天后压缩强度和层间剪切强度分别降低7.6%、12.3%;试样在高温(70℃)下的压缩强度、面内剪切强度、层间剪切强度分别急剧降低36.2%、26.9%、37.4%,且高温对试样力学性能的影响具有部分可逆性。     

碳纤维表面结构对复合材料吸湿性能的影响

通过改变阳极氧化处理程度得到了具有不同表面结构的碳纤维, 然后将其与环氧树脂加工成碳纤维/树脂基复合材料, 研究了碳纤维的化学结构与湿热环境下复合材料吸湿之间的关系。结果显示: 阳极氧化处理后碳纤维表面的活性显著提高, 碳纤维表面含氧官能团的含量大幅增加, 尤其是-OH由处理前18.62%提高到处理后的34.84%。随着湿热处理条件的改变, 复合材料的吸湿机理也有所差异, 且温度是影响复合材料吸湿的重要因素。碳纤维表面活性越高, 复合材料达到吸湿平衡时的平衡吸湿量越大, 而平衡吸湿量的增加又会导致复合材料层间剪切强度(ILSS)下降幅度增大。     

Moisture absorption,tensile strength and microstructure evolution of short jute fiber/polylactide composite in hygrothermal environment

In this research, aging behaviors of short jute fiber/Polylactide (PLA) composite material in hygrothermal environment were investigated. The material was fabricated by using film stacking hot pressed method. The aging was carried out for uncoated samples and adhesive tape coated samples in saturated vapor at 70 °C. Moisture absorption rates of the samples were measured during the aging process. It is found that the moisture absorption process of uncoated samples includes three stages: a short and quick moisture uptaking stage, a slow stable uptaking stage and an abrupt very quick moisture uptaking stage. Microstructures of the samples in different aging stages were observed. The main defects occurred during the aging process include pores, microcracks, delamination and complete relaxation in the whole structure. The results reveal that the moisture absorption and aging process can be effectively retarded by coating. The molecular weight measurement by gel permission chromatography (GPC) indicated that the PLA matrix was severely degraded in hygrothermal environment. Tensile strength severely decreased after aging.     

Ultimate Strength Prediction of Carbon/Epoxy Tensile Specimens from Acoustic Emission Data

The objective of this paper was to predict the residual strength of post impacted carbon/epoxy composite laminates using an online acoustic emission (AE) monitoring and artificial neural networks (ANN). The laminates were made from eight-layered carbon (in woven mat form) with epoxy as the binding medium by hand lay-up technique and cured at a pressure of 100 kg/cm2 under room temperature using a 30 ton capacity compression molding machine for 24 h. 21 tensile specimens (ASTM D3039 standard) were cut from t...     

Evaluation of the residual strength degradation in composite laminates under fatigue loading

Residual strength degradation in graphite/epoxy composite laminates is evaluated and a model proposed relating the residual strength to the applied fatigue cycles and the maximum applied stress. Based on this model, the statistical distribution of the residual strength is derived and compared with available experimental data. Good agreement is observed between the proposed model and experimental results.     

Hygrothermal influence on the interlaminar shear strength of Kevlar-graphite/epoxy hybrid composites

The hygrothermal influence on the interlaminar shear strength of Kevlar 49-graphite/epoxy hybrid composite was investigated in the temperature range –50 to 150 ° C. Moisture was introduced into the specimen by immersion in distilled water until a specified weight gain occurred. Two material lay-up were used in this investigation. In Kev 49/T-300/Kev 49, Kevlar 49 and graphite prepreg tapes were used as outer and centre layer, respectively and in T-300/Kev 49/T-300, it was vice versa. In both cases the tapes were alternated until the total thickness was achieved. The results show that interlaminar shear strength change with the ply sequence of hybrid laminates. The interlaminar shear strength of T-300/Kev 49/T-300 is relatively higher than that of Kev 49/T-300/Kev 49. The interlaminar shear strength of both T-300/Kev 49/T-300 and Kev 49/T-300/Kev 49 decrease with the increase of temperature in the range –50 to 150 ° C. The addition of moisture further degrade the interlaminar shear strength in the same temperature range. Close physical observation showed clear evidence of interlaminar shear failure for most of the specimens.