赤泥-煤矸石基中钙体系胶凝材料的水化特性*

采用XRD、IR、TG-DTA、MIP等手段表征赤泥-煤矸石基中钙体系胶凝材料的水化产物及其硬化浆体的孔结构, 研究了解赤泥-煤矸石基中钙体系胶凝材料的水化特性。结果表明, 赤泥-煤矸石基中钙体系胶凝材料的水化产物主要有C-S-H凝胶、钙矾石和Ca(OH)₂, 前两者对其强度的发展有促进作用; 水化1 d至90 d其中Ca(OH)₂的含量呈先升高后降低的趋势; 随着水化反应的进行在CaO/SiO₂比值较低的赤泥-煤矸石基中钙体系胶凝材料中Si-OH基团之间发生聚合反应, 水化产物的聚合度升高; CaO/SiO₂比值为0.95和1.04的赤泥-煤矸石基中钙体系胶凝材料的硬化浆体具有较好的孔结构, 而CaO/SiO₂比值为1.13的胶凝材料硬化浆体的孔结构相对较差。     

钙硅比对铝硅酸盐凝胶形成与特性的影响

碱激发胶凝材料的主要凝胶产物可分为水化硅铝酸钙凝胶(C-A-S-H)和铝硅酸钠凝胶(N-A-S-H)两种,这两种凝胶产物的形成条件与特性尚不十分清楚。本工作利用溶胶-凝胶法合成了与上述水化产物具有类似结构特性的铝硅酸盐凝胶,研究了钙硅比(Ca/Si)的变化对铝硅酸盐凝胶形成与特性的影响。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶转换红外光谱(FTIR)、热重-差示扫描量热(TG-DSC)以及透射电镜-能谱(TEM-EDX)等测试技术对不同Ca/Si条件下合成凝胶的物相组成、特征化学结构基团、热稳定性及微观结构进行了分析。结果发现,当Ca/Si0.6时,N-A-S-H凝胶与C-A-S-H凝胶共存;Ca/Si≥0.6时,只生成C-A-S-H凝胶。当Ca/Si1.4时,随钙硅比增大反应产物中低聚合度的结构单元及C-A-S-H凝胶的含量增加,同时三维网络结构中高聚合度的结构单元含量降低;Ca/Si≥1.4时,体系形成富硅凝胶。随着体系中Ca/Si的提高,反应产物由生成无定形的N-A-S-H凝胶向生成结构相对有序的C-A-S-H凝胶转变。此研究结果为碱激发胶凝材料的组成设计提供了理论依据。     

活化煤矸石对水泥水化的影响

研究了活化煤矸石-氢氧化钙体系的水化热、水化产物成分以及活化煤矸石水泥体系的水化过程、水化产物的微结构,结果表明,在石膏的激发下,活化煤矸石能够发生二次水化,与Ca（OH）2反应形成钙矾石、水化硅酸钙、水化铝酸钙等有利于提高水泥石强度的水化产物;活化煤矸石水泥硬化浆体中Ca（OH）2的含量在水化3d时最多,而后随龄期逐渐减少;阐明了活化煤矸石能够降低水化产物中氢氧化钙的含量、抑制氢氧化钙晶体的生长和聚集,并改善水泥石结构．     

水玻璃模数对矿渣基胶凝材料水化特性及动力学的影响

为进一步明确水玻璃在矿渣基胶凝材料(SCM)水化过程中的作用机制,借助力学性能测试、X射线衍射和热重分析考察了水玻璃模数对SCM抗压强度和水化产物的影响。同时,采用等温量热法和Krstulovic-Dabic动力学模型,讨论了SCM结晶成核与晶体生长(NG)、相边界反应(I)和扩散(D)过程的水化动力学参数与水玻璃模数之间的相关性。结果表明,在水玻璃模数为0.7～2.5范围内,SCM的主要水化产物均为水化硅(铝)酸钙凝胶,其生成量随水玻璃模数的增加逐渐降低。低水玻璃模数(Ms=0.7)条件下,大量低聚合度硅(铝)酸钙凝胶的生成造成了SCM抗压强度的降低。动力学研究表明,SCM的水化过程符合Krstulovic-Dabic动力学模型,控制历程均表现为NG→I→D。水玻璃模数对SCM水化过程的作用机制在于对各阶段反应速率常数的影响,NG、I和D过程的反应速率常数均随水玻璃模数的增加逐渐降低,导致了SCM水化反应速率下降。     

碱激发煤矸石胶凝材料的早期水化过程

随着采煤业的不断发展,煤矸石的堆积情况在我国日益严重,引起了煤矿周边区域的环境问题,治理和综合利用煤矸石已成为环境保护的一项主题工作.本文利用XRD、NMR、ESEM等测试手段,对用复合激发剂激发煤矸石体系的早期水化过程进行了研究.研究结果表明,G2(烧煤矸石 氢氧化钙 水玻璃)体系水化过程中存在一个诱导期,生成的水化产物比G1(烧煤矸石 氢氧化钙 NaOH)体系密实.NMR测试结果显示G2体系具有六配位铝的水化产物要少于G1体系,水化产物中硅酸盐结构的聚合度要低于G1体系.     

赤泥复合充填材料浸出行为及固化机制

针对赤泥高碱性、化学成分复杂、资源化利用率低的问题,以赤泥协同粉煤灰等多固废制备矿山充填材料,对比研究赤泥复合材料配比对充填体抗压强度的发展规律,采用XRD、SEM等微观分析手段揭示充填材料水化机制,通过淋溶试验、毒性浸出试验探明充填体固碱机制、浸出行为及毒害离子固化机制。结果表明：赤泥复合材料质量比为赤泥∶粉煤灰∶水泥=3:7:0.4时,充填体3、7、28天抗压强度分别为0.76、1.35、1.87 MPa,材料成本为78.08元/吨,满足矿山充填开采要求。在赤泥-粉煤灰-水泥的协同互锁作用下,充填体生成了以水化硅酸钙(C-S-H)凝胶、钙矾石、钠系菱沸石为主的水化产物,且赤泥∶粉煤灰质量比越小,粉煤灰比表面积越大,充填体结构越致密,固碱效果越好。钙矾石和C-S-H凝胶通过物理固封和化学结合的形式,使赤泥复合材料毒性离子浸出浓度满足固废要求。     

粉煤灰抑制ASR的机制

本文研究粉煤灰对ASR的抑制作用.测定了不同粉煤灰掺量砂浆棒膨胀率、水泥石中Ca(OH)2含量以及主要水化产物C-S-H凝胶的微观结构和化学组成,并对粉煤灰抑制ASR的机制进行探讨.结果表明:随粉煤灰掺量增加,其对ASR具有显著的抑制效果.水泥石中Ca(OH)2含量不断减少,二次反应生成大量低n(Ca)/n(Si)的C-S-H凝胶.随n(Ca)/n(Si)降低,C-S-H凝胶中固溶了大量的Al,凝胶的固碱能力增强,从而使混凝土孔溶液中的有效碱大大减少,减轻了ASR程度.凝胶的固碱能力增强除了因n(Ca)/n(Si)降低,使C-S-H凝胶的固碱能力增强之外.还可能因为Al3 代替Si4 形成[AlO4]5-四面体,由于Al3 比Si4 少一价,引起电价不平衡,系统带负电,因此碱离子更容易进入C-S-H凝胶中,减少了碱与活性集料反应的机会.     

高温堵漏剂的微观结构与堵漏机理

利用XRD、TG和SEM-EDS对XAN-RC高温堵漏剂在模拟实际作业环境的高温高压条件下水化的水化产物和硬化浆体微观结构进行了分析,对其高温堵漏机理进行了讨论.在高温高压条件下,除普通的硅酸盐水泥的水化反应外,XAN-RC高温堵漏剂中还存在硅质或硅铝质抗高温添加剂与硅酸盐水泥水化生成的Ca(OH)2之间的二次水化反应.初始水化生成的水化硅酸钙凝胶并不能转化为纤维状晶体;只有二次水化反应才能生成纤维状晶体,从而形成致密浆体,大幅度提高其高温粘结强度.     

速凝剂对低水胶比浆体早期水化与微观结构的影响

低水胶比、高胶凝材料掺量的超高性能混凝土(UHPC)在常温养护条件下易产生凝结硬化不及时的问题。为促进UHPC在隧道初支、工程结构快速修复中的推广应用,拟采用有碱速凝剂(NA)和无碱速凝剂(AS)提升低水胶比浆体的早期凝结硬化速率。本工作通过水化热、水化溶出离子浓度、凝结时间和抗压强度试验研究速凝剂作用下低水胶比浆体的早期水化行为及凝结硬化规律,采用X射线衍射、SEM形貌观察和EDS能谱等手段对水化产物物相组成及微观结构演变规律进行了分析。结果表明,速凝剂的掺入加快了低水胶比复合胶凝材料浆体的早期水化速率,同时也促进了浆体的凝结硬化;NA对UHPC的促凝效果优于AS,其中NA-2%的1 d抗压强度为53.3 MPa, 28 d强度比为94.9%,而AS-4%的1 d抗压强度为38.9 MPa, 28 d强度比为92.3%;速凝剂促使低水胶比浆体快速生成大量水化产物,进而提高了浆体早期微观结构的致密性,且水化产物物相组成受速凝剂类型的影响较为显著。     

碱激发再生砖粉地聚物的抗压强度与微观特性

废弃黏土砖在建筑垃圾中占有较高比例，经过破碎、研磨后得到的再生砖粉存在火山灰活性，可作为地聚物的原料进行使用。采用正交实验方法研究矿物掺合料、激发剂、水与胶凝材料的质量比(水胶比)等因素对再生砖粉地聚物抗压强度的影响，并通过X射线衍射、扫描电镜能谱、红外光谱等微观手段系统地进行表征。结果表明：矿粉取代率、水玻璃掺量对再生砖粉地聚物抗压强度影响显著；矿粉取代率的提高，促使水化硅铝酸钠凝胶向水化硅铝酸钙凝胶转变，提高再生砖粉地聚物的抗压强度；高钙体系再生砖粉地聚物中含钠的水化硅铝酸钙、水化硅酸钙等多种凝胶与Ca(OH)₂晶体共存；偏高岭土的掺入促进含钠的水化硅铝酸钙凝胶的生成，提高聚合反应程度，延缓裂缝的生长，内部微结构得到较大改善，利于强度的发展。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...     

Effect of Oxide Assisted Metal Nanoparticles on Microstructure and Morphology of Gallium oxide Nanowires

Several researches have been reported about the characteristic of β-Ga2O3 nanowires which was synthesized on nickel oxide particle. But indeed, recent researches about synthesis of β-Ga2O3 nanowires on oxide-assisted transition metal are limited to nickel or cobalt oxide catalyst. In this work, Gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3 ) nanowires were synthesized by a simple thermal evaporation method from gallium powder in the range of 700 - 1000℃ using the iron, nickel, copper, cobalt and zinc oxide as a catalyst, respectively. The β-Ga2O3 nanowires with single crystalline without defects were successfully synthesized at the reaction temperature of 850, 900 and 950℃ in all the catalysts. But optimum experimental condition in synthesis of nanowires varied with the kind of catalyst. As increasing synthesis temperature,the morphology of gallium oxide nanowires changed from nanowires to nanorods, and its diameter increased. From these results, we could be proposed that the growth mechanism of β-Ga2O3 nanowires was changed with synthesis temperature of nanowires. Microstructure and morphology of Synthesized nanowire was characterized by HR-TEM, FE-SEM, EDX and XRD.     

Brainstorming for ISO Strategy 2016-2020

正Responding to ISO’s appeal for survey for the to-be-developed ISO Strategy Plan for 2016-2020,SAC hosted a special workshop over the needs and comments of various fi elds on June 8 in Beijing.The workshop was attended by ISO President-elect and Ansteel General Manager Zhang Xiaogang,SAC Vice-Administrator Yu Xinli,and 30 experts from