监理工程师在水利工程施工合同管理中的实践与体会

监理工程师对施工合同管理是实现建设工程控制目标的重要手段,也是监理工程师对建设工程进行监督管理的中心工作。本文围绕监理工程师对施工合同管理这一论题,针对监理工程师在水利工程施工合同管理中的作用和地位;监理工程师在施工合同管理中的主要义务和权利;施工合同管理的主要依据及内容;施工合同管理中的质量控制、进度控制、投资控制;合同变更管理和索赔处理等方面进行论述。     

监理工程师在施工合同管理中应注意的问题

监理工程师进行的三大控制目标等所有监理活动都是围绕施工合同展开的，合同管理是实现控制目标的重要手段。为了更好地实现合同管理目标，文中论述了监理工程师在施工合同管理中应注意的工程变更、工程索赔、合同争议及已完工程验收等几个主要问题。     

浅议水电工程施工监理与合同管理

水利水电工程是一个巨大、繁杂的系统工程。在工程施工阶段中,合同管理始终贯穿于项目建设的整个过程。项目施工监理全面负责“四控制、两管理、一协调”,并根据合同有关条款进行监理工作。监理工程师做好合同管理是实现水电建设工程控制目标的重要手段,也是监理工程师对水利水电建设工程进行监督管理的中心工作。围绕施工合同管理,论述监理工程师应如何进行工程质量控制、进度控制、投资控制、安全监督、变更和索赔受理等。     

浅议监理工程师对施工合同的管理

施工合同是发包人和承包人因工程建设为明确双方权利、义务、责任的协议,是监理工程师对工程项目实施监督管理的主要依据。监理工程师所有监理活动都必须围绕施工合     

纵谈监理工作与工程质量控制

我国的监理工作主要是施工阶段的监理，监理工程师主要对进度、质量、投资三项合同目标进行控制与相互关系的协调处理。三项内容中投资控制是基础。进度控制是条件，质量控制是核心。因此，工程建设监理必须抓住这个核心。施工阶段是使工程设计意图最终实现并形成工程实体的阶段，也是最终形成工程产品质量和工程项目的使用价值的重要阶段。监理工程师对工程施工的质量控制，是按合同赋予的权利，围绕影响施工质量的各种因素对工程项目的施工进行有效的监督和管理。     

一期工程建设监理信息管理的探讨

建设监理的主要方法是控制，控制的基础是信息，信息是监理工程师进行决策的依据。水电工程建设周期长，干扰因素多，施工环境复杂，工程建设监理信息管理难度大，监理信息是监理工程师决策的依据，它直接为工程质量，施工进度，合同支付合同目标控制服务，三峡一期工程建设监理重视信息管理，工程信息在加快工程进展，保证工程质量，控制合同支付中发挥了重要作用。     

监理工程师现场记录及其在合同管理中的作用

现场监理记录是监理工程师的重要工作之一,是监理工作的各项活动、决定、合同双方履约过程及施工环境条件的全面记录和重要的信息资源,也是工程师处理索赔和变更的重要证据,在很大程度上反映出监理工作的质量。依据FID IC合同条件,以二滩水电站地下厂房施工合同为例,重点阐述了现场监理记录的必要性、记录的内容、形式、分类管理以及其在评价索赔和变更中的作用。     

谈监理工程师与施工各方之间的关系

水利工程在实行监理制管理项目建设上，建设备参与方虽然是多方面，多单位的，但总体来看也不过4个方面：项目法人（建设单位）、承包商（施工单位）、监理工程师（监理单位）、设计代表（设计单位）。虽然说工程承包合同中只有建设、施工、设计3个签约主体，但对于确保施工合同顺利实施和确保工程质量来说，监理工程师是一个无法替代不可缺少的角色。水利建设监理的主要内容是“三控制，一协调”，即按照合同控制工程建设的投资、工期和质量，协调有关各方的工作关系。下面笔者就几年来的监理实践，谈监理工程师与施工现场各方面之间的关系…     

浅析工程监理与施工合同管理

在项目建设管理过程中，工程监理与施工合同管理是不可分割、相互联系的，且贯穿项目建设的始终。工程项目建设的“三控制、二管理、一协调”都是在合同的调整、保护和制约下进行。监理工程师通过对施工合同的管理实现项目建设的目标。     

西霞院反调节水库工程建设监理实践

对西霞院反调节水库工程近3a的主体工程监理实践进行了总结，认为：①必须强化监理工程师在合同管理中的作用；②监理工程师必须尽职尽责、公正、独立地开展监理工作；③监理工程师应掌握现场施工的主导权，具备快速反应、快速决策的能力；④合理制订监理取费标准是促进监理行业健康发展的保障。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。